泌尿生殖系癌肉瘤6例

目的:探讨泌尿生殖系癌肉瘤的诊断和治疗.方法:6例均行手术切除.结果:术后病理和免疫组化证实为癌肉瘤,1例于术后2个月死于肺转移,1例术后5个月死于肝、肺、骨转移,1例术后10个月死于肝、肺转移,1例术后30个月死于远隔转移,1例失访,1例现已生存28个月.结论:泌尿生殖系癌肉瘤临床罕见,术前诊断困难,免疫组化有助于诊断.恶性程度高,预后差,尽早行根治性切除是最佳治疗方法.     

乳头状肾细胞癌的临床治疗分析——附23例报告

目的总结分析乳头状肾细胞癌的临床特点,提高其治疗水平。方法回顾性分析1980～2000年收治的23例乳头状肾细胞癌患者的临床资料。男14例,女9例。中位年龄48岁（24～71岁）。左侧11例,右侧12例。在19例初治的患者中,临床表现血尿8例（42．1％）,腰痛7例（36．8％）,无症状者4例（21．1％）;肾脏肿瘤中位最大径5．5cm（2．5～10．0cm）。另4例为外院术后出现复发和转移。结果乳头状肾细胞癌占同期收治肾癌的2．4％（23／975）。失随访4例。术后总5年生存率69．6％。其中初治19例,5年生存率为84．2％。14例早期局限性癌（T1a～T2N0M0）患者5年生存率100％,但2例分别于术后7年6个月和10年出现转移,其中1例双肺转移患者行肺转移瘤切除和生物化疗后已生存9年且健在,1例失访。3例局部淋巴结转移和2例远处转移的患者中,1例术后2年6个月出现肺转移瘤和切口转移手术联合生物化疗后生存3年,1例同期肺转移瘤患者行肺转移瘤切除和放疗后生存6年,而余3例中,2例失访,1例生存6个月。而外院初治出现复发的4例中,2例患者再次行复发肿瘤切除,分别生存1年和2年6个月,另2例转移患者中,1例生存9个月,1例失访。结论乳头状肾细胞癌在国内少见。早期局限性乳头状肾细胞癌术后预后良好。对于复发或转移的乳头状肾细胞癌患者,手术切除转移瘤或复发瘤可提高生存期。     

肾上腺转移癌12例临床病理分析

目的探讨肾上腺转移癌的临床病理特征。方法回顾性分析我科2005年12月至2012年11月经病理确诊为肾上腺转移癌患者12例,统计并分析其原发部位、治疗手段及生存期。结果原发肿瘤为肾癌6例（50．00％）,胃癌2例（16．67％）,胰腺恶性肿瘤2例（16．67％）,肺癌1例（8．33％）,肝癌1例（8．33％）。手术切除组10例生存期为4—24个月,非手术切除组2例生存期为2-4个月。结论肾上腺转移癌临床症状无特异,不易早期诊断。外科手术切除转移灶及术后放化疗可延长患者的生存期。     

一期结直肠癌切除与射频消融治疗肝转移癌

目的:探讨一期结直肠癌切除与射频消融治疗肝转移癌的临床价值。方法:对5例术前确诊为结直肠癌,经CT和B超发现肝脏有转移病灶的患者,在行结直肠癌切除术后,同时在手术中一期完成B超或腹腔镜下多电极射频消融治疗肝转移癌。结果:5例患者随访3个月至29个月,其中1例病灶较大(直径6cm)者在术后 12个月死于肺转移及全身衰竭,另外4例术后已经分别生存3个月、6个月、22个月、25个月。结论:一期结直肠癌切除与射频消融治疗肝转移癌,具有疗效满意、方法安全、创伤小及痛苦小、避免二次剖腹手术等优点。     

一期结直肠癌切除与射频消融治疗肝转移癌

目的:探讨一期结直肠癌切除与射频消融治疗肝转移癌的临床价值.方法:对5例术前确诊为结直肠癌,经CT和B超发现肝脏有转移病灶的患者,在行结直肠癌切除术后,同时在手术中一期完成B超或腹腔镜下多电极射频消融治疗肝转移癌.结果:5例患者随访3个月至29个月,其中1例病灶较大(直径6cm)者在术后12个月死于肺转移及全身衰竭,另外4例术后已经分别生存3个月、6个月、22个月、25个月.结论:一期结直肠癌切除与射频消融治疗肝转移癌,具有疗效满意、方法安全、创伤小及痛苦小、避免二次剖腹手术等优点.     

转移性肾上腺癌的临床治疗（附15例报告）

目的:分析我院收治的15例肾上腺转移性恶性肿瘤的临床资料，结合文献复习，总结临床诊治体会。方法:回顾性分析我院2011年1月至2019年5月收治的15例肾上腺转移性恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。男12例，女3例；平均年龄为63岁(53～73岁)。肾上腺转移瘤的最大径中位值为4.4 cm（2.0~9.8 cm），左侧11例，右侧3例，双侧1例。原发恶性肿瘤来源:肺7例，肝3例，肾2例，子宫1例，胰腺1例，腹膜后肿物1例。本研究中15例肾上腺转移恶性肿瘤为原发肿瘤确诊后诊断，距离原发肿瘤诊断的中位时间为15.6个月(5~28个月)。15例患者均行手术切除治疗。结果:术后病理细胞类型:腺癌4例，肝细胞癌3例，透明细胞癌2例，弥漫性大B细胞瘤2例，神经内分泌癌1例，癌肉瘤1例，肺小细胞癌1例，肺大细胞癌1例。术后定期随访患者，15例患者生存4~78个月。患者最终死于肿瘤广泛转移。结论:我院肾上腺转移性恶性肿瘤的原发肿瘤以肺癌最为常见，多数转移瘤在定期复查中无意发现。我院肾上腺转移瘤以左侧多见。肾上腺转移瘤治疗方式有手术治疗、介入治疗、经皮肿瘤消融、免疫治疗、放疗和化疗等。     

肾上腺转移癌28例临床诊治分析

目的:探讨肾上腺转移癌的临床特点和诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析我院1999年6月至2005年2月收治的28例肾上腺转移癌患者的原发疾病、临床表现、诊治及预后的临床资料。结果:28例肾上腺转移癌患者的原发肿瘤中肺癌12例(42.9%)、肾癌9例(32.1%)、乳腺癌4例(14.3%)、肝癌3例(10.7%)、结肠癌2例(7.1%)、胃癌和甲状腺癌各1例(各占3.4%)。5例临床表现为腰背部压迫感、胀痛,2例乏力、消瘦。手术切除肾上腺转移癌8例,介入动脉灌注化疗及栓塞治疗7例,化疗、放疗共10例,3例放弃治疗。随访22例,随访时间至2007年12月,平均随访时间3年;手术组术后平均生存15.7个月±5.1个月,非手术组平均数生存10.3个月±4.7个月(P(0.05)。结论:肾上腺是恶性肿瘤转移的好发部位之一,肺癌是最常见的原发肿瘤,肾上腺转移癌大多数无典型的临床症状,影像学检查在肾上腺转移癌的临床诊断具有重要作用,外科手术可能延长部分患者的生存期。     

同侧小体积肾及肾上腺肿瘤一期手术16例体会

目的 总结同侧小体积肾及肾上腺肿瘤患者一期行后腹腔镜肾部分及肾上腺部分切除术的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析2010年9月至2021年11月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的16例同侧小体积肾及肾上腺肿瘤一期后腹腔镜手术患者的临床资料。结果 所有患者均在后腹腔镜下完成肾部分及肾上腺部分切除手术,其中机器人辅助手术3例,无中转开放手术者。肾肿瘤直径0.9～4.0(2.4±1.0) cm;肾上极肿瘤7例,肾中极4例,肾下极4例,1例多发;肾上腺肿瘤直径1.0～4.0(2.0±1.0) cm。术后病理示肾透明细胞癌12例,嫌色细胞癌1例,极性倒置的乳头状肾肿瘤1例,肾错构瘤2例;肾上腺皮质腺瘤15例,嗜铬细胞瘤1例。肾透明细胞癌合并肾上腺皮质腺瘤最常见,占比68.75%。术后随访1～90个月（中位随访时间24个月）,均无复发或转移。结论 小体积肾肿瘤合并的同侧肾上腺肿瘤多为良性,此类患者一期行后腹腔镜肾部分及肾上腺部分切除术安全有效,术后需长期随访。     

原发性双侧肾上腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤(附2例报告并文献复习)

目的:探讨肾上腺原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床特征及治疗.方法: 结合文献回顾性分析2例双侧肾上腺原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床病理资料.结果:1例患者误诊,行左侧肾上腺肿瘤切除,生存2.1年.1例患者CT介导下穿刺活检明确诊断后,未手术治疗,生存2.7年.诊治过程中2例均发生中枢神经系统的延迟复发,复发后经放化疗,分别生存8个月和14个月.结论:原发性肾上腺恶性淋巴瘤是一种罕见的恶性度较高的肿瘤,预后差.治疗应以化疗为主.易发生中枢神经系统的延迟复发,治疗过程中应行脑部CT检查密切监测.     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和手术方法的探讨--附6例临床分析并文献复习

背景与目的:肾癌下腔静脉癌栓临床处理困难,肾癌根治性切除的同时再切除肾静脉癌栓和取出下腔静脉癌栓,预后仍然良好。术前明确诊断,特别是对癌栓延伸范围的判断,对手术方式的选择十分重要。本研究结合我们的经验,进一步探讨肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和手术治疗。方法:回顾性分析我院2000～2004年收治的6例肾癌并发下腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料,包括诊断方法、手术治疗和预后。结果:6例患者术前均经B超、CT和MRI明确诊断,肾静脉型1例,肝下型3例,肝内型2例;1例肝内型患者术中死亡,余5例均手术成功。术后随访3～30个月,1例肝下型和1例肝内型患者分别于术后9个月、3个月死于远处转移,其余3例仍存活。结论:CT、MRI是目前无创诊断肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓的最佳方法;对无淋巴结和远处转移的患者,应积极手术治疗;手术方式的选择取决于癌栓的延伸范围以及是否侵犯下腔静脉壁。     

Adrenalectomy for solitary adrenal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The treatment of patients with adrenal metastases from lung cancer (non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) remains controversial. Several studies of adrenalectomy in cases of isolated adrenal metastases from NSCLC suggest that these patients could have improved survival. Our aim is to define the history of patients after resection of solitary metastases to the adrenal gland and to identify characteristics of patients who achieved prolonged survival. METHODS: Between January 1997 and July 2000, 11 patients underwent curative resection for metastatic NSCLC of the adrenal gland in our institution. In all patients who were accepted for curative adrenalectomy, the primary NSCLC had been treated by complete resection. RESULTS: Eleven patients (seven men and four women) with unilateral adrenal metastases of NSCLC entered the study. Median age was 59 years (range 47-67 years). There was no perioperative death. The overall median survival after metastasectomy was 12.6 months (CI: 9.2-16.1 months). Patients with curative resection and metachronous disease (n=6) had a median survival of 30.9 months and tended to do better than patients with synchronous adrenal metastases (n=5) (median survival: 10.3 months). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that adrenalectomy for clinically solitary, resectable metastases can be performed safely. It appears reasonable that such selected patients should be considered surgical candidates.     

A successful surgical treatment for solitary pulmonary and adrenal metastases after hepatic resection to hepatocellular carcinoma--a case report

We report a 65-year-old man who received a successful surgical treatment for both pulmonary and adrenal metastases after curative resection to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). He received a partial hepatic resection for HCC of the right hepatic lobe. Thirty-eight months after the first hepatic resection, a metastatic lesion of the right pulmonary lobe was detected by computed tomography (CT). He was orally administered of UFT (600 mg/day). After 6 months of the chemotherapy, a metastatic lesion of lung became decreased in size. However, a metastatic lesion of the right adrenal gland was detected by abdominal CT scan. Fifty six months after the first operation, we performed right adrenalectomy. A further 4 months later, we performed partial resection of the right pulmonary lobe. Eight months after the pulmonary resection, intrahepatic recurrence was detected and he received transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) twice. Eighty one months after the first operation, he died of liver failure due to tumor progression. Surgical resection for metastases from HCC resulted in long-term survival even if there were extrahepatic metastases in two different sites.     

Metachronous solitary metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the contralateral adrenal gland after nephrectomy

Background. Metachronous solitary metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to the contralateral adrenal gland is very rare. We assessed the clinocopathological findings of such patients who received adrenalectomy. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the records of all 495 patients who underwent nephrectomy for RCC; excluding those in stage IV, between 1980 and 1993. Of these patients, 5 who showed metachronous solitary metastasis to the contralateral adrenal gland, and also received adrenalectomy were the subjects of this study. Results. The adrenal metastasis was found between 14 and 132 months (median, 81 months) after nephrectomy. After the solitary adrenalectomy, patient survival ranged from 450 to 2160 days (median, 660 days); 2 patients were alive with no evidence of disease at 660 and 1830 days, respectively, and 3 patients died of this disease, at 450, 480, and 2160 days, respectively, after adrenalectomy. The overall survival rate was 100% at 5 years, 80% at 6 years, 60% at 7 years, and 40% thereafter. The 2 patients with no evidence of disease did not receive steroid supplementation, because they had not received ipsilateral adrenalectomy. No significant difference was observed between survivors and non-survivors in terms of clinicopathological factors such as affected side, location of the tumor, tumor size of primary/metastatic lesion, and stage or grade of primary/metastatic lesion. From the viewpoint of outcome, patients with early recurrence tended to show an unfavorable prognosis compared with prognosis in those with late recurrence. Conclusion. The prediction of outcome in patients with RCC who undergo, adrenalectomy for metachronous solitary metastasis to the contralateral adrenal gland is difficult. Although the factors that affect prognosis are uncertain, long-term observation for unusual metachronous metastasis to the contralateral adrenal gland is mandatory in patients with RCC. Received: May 31, 1999 / Accepted: September 20, 1999     

Adrenalectomy for solitary adrenal metastasis from colorectal carcinoma

A 60-year-old man underwent anterior resection for advanced rectal carcinoma. Seven years and 2 months later, right lower pneumonectomy was performed for a metastatic lung tumor. Two years and 2 months thereafter, left adrenalectomy was performed for solitary adrenal metastasis. The patient remained disease-free for 10 months postoperatively, until multiple lung metastases appeared. The patient is alive and well, under mild chemotherapy with oral doxifluridine, 3 years and 5 months after left adrenalectomy. We conclude that patients with solitary adrenal metastasis may benefit from surgical resection and that resection could be considered as a therapy for solitary adrenal metastasis from colorectal carcinoma.     

Kidney cancer metastasis to the adrenal gland. Role of adrenalectomy

We analysed case records of 2507 patients with renal cell carcinoma treated in the department of onco-urology of Cancer Research Center (Moscow). 1939 of them underwent nephrectomy between 1971 and 1999. The overall incidence of adrenal metastases according to CT and histological findings was 4.7%. Synchronous metastases occurred in 90 and metachronous ones in 30 patients. Radical nephrectomy with adrenalectomy was performed in 18 out of 90 patients with synchronous metastases, palliative nephrectomy in 20 and 52 patients were not considered for surgery. Among 18 patients who underwent complete surgical resection, 12(66%) had either lymph node involvement or distant metastases. A microscopic metastasis was found on histological examination only in 1 patient with normal CT scan and macroscopically intact adrenal on intraoperative assessment. Mean survival after radical nephrectomy with adrenalectomy in 6 patients with solitary lesions was 57 months compared to the longest survival of 31 months in patients with widespread disease. Solitary metachronous ipsilateral and contralateral adrenal involvement was present in 7 patients. The average interval between nephrectomy and appearance of adrenal metastasis in this group was 73 months. One patient was lost for follow-up and one died of adrenal deficiency 4.3 months after adrenalectomy. One patient underwent a consecutive removal of brain and lung metastases 33 and 38 months following adrenalectomy while the remaining 4 were alive in 15, 16, 26 and 34 months with no evidence of the disease. Thus, ipsilateral adrenalectomy is obligatory only in patients with severe disease as shown by CT scan or at nephrectomy. About one-third of the patients will benefit from the surgery. Adrenalectomy should be performed in case of obvious adrenal involvement. The aggressive surgical approach is justified in solitary metachronous adrenal involvement because of long-term survival expected in some of such patients.     

后腹腔镜下切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤的临床观察

目的 总结后腹腔镜下切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤（≥6cm）的临床经验。方法 自2007年6月至2013年3月对32例巨大肾上腺肿瘤（直径≥6cm）的患者行后腹腔镜下切除术,回顾性分析其临床资料。结果 患者均顺利完成手术。平均手术时间80min（45～110min）,术中出血量平均80ml（30～180ml）。术后随访时间3～50个月,平均19.5个月,仅1例患者复发转移。结论 后腹腔镜下切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤安全可行,肿瘤大小不是腹腔镜下切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤的决定因素。优先阻断肾上腺中央静脉可以有效地减少出血和功能性肿瘤术中突发症状。     

Successful surgical management of pulmonary and adrenal metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma.

This article reports a rare case of successful surgery for both lung and adrenal metastases after hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A 55-year-old Japanese man with a 5-year history of chronic liver disease was admitted with an elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) value and a liver tumour detected by ultrasonography. Hepatic angiogram showed a tumour stain with the right hepatic vein as a venous drain from the tumour. He underwent posterior-inferior subsegmentectomy of the right hepatic lobe following preoperative chemoembolization. Sixteen months after the first operation, he received pulmonary resection for a solitary metastasis in the right lung. A further 10 months later, a metastatic tumour was detected in the left adrenal gland without any recurrent or metastatic foci, and he underwent left adrenalectomy as his third operation. He is still alive, 8 months after his last operation, and 34 months after hepatic resection, with a normal value of AFP and without any recurrent or metastatic foci. This may be the first report of a patient who underwent successful surgery for pulmonary and adrenal metastases of HCC.     

A case of rectal cancer with solitary adrenal metastasis

This is the case of a 67-year-old woman with a sudden on-set of lower abdominal pain and pre-shock. A physical examination showed signs of pan-peritonitis. Emergency was operation performed 5 hours after the onset. She had undergone Hartmann's operation for rectal cancer. Six month after the operation, abdominal CT scan revealed the mass of puriform acites, about 20 mm in diameter, in the right suprarenal region. Right adrenalectomy was performed with a diagnosis of solitary adrenal metastasis from rectal cancer. Histologically, the metastatic adenocarcinoma was moderately differentiated to the adrenal medulla. The capsule was kept intact, and no swelled lymph nodes were found around the adrenal gland. There have been no signs of recurrence for 4 years after the operation.     

Bilateral adrenal leiomyosarcoma treated with multiple local therapies

A 62-year-old woman presented with right flank pain, and computed tomography (CT) showed bilateral adrenal tumors (right, 8 cm; left, 4 cm). There were no abnormal findings on physical examination, and adrenal hormone levels in serum and urine were within normal limits. Radiological studies showed a right adrenal tumor with intratumoral hemorrhage, a cystic tumor in the left adrenal gland, and no sign of distant metastasis. Because laboratory tests showed normal levels of adrenal hormones, we considered the tumors to be nonfunctioning adrenal tumors. The right adrenal tumor was surgically removed because it was thought to be malignant, and histological examination revealed that it was a leiomyosarcoma. Postoperative CT showed a pleural metastasis in the right chest wall. The patient received combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, and dacarbazine. The metastasis was also treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Because the left adrenal tumor grew rapidly despite two courses of the chemotherapy, it too was surgically removed. After the operation, metastasis in the right iliac bone was treated with RFA and radiotherapy. Positron emission tomography detected bilateral femoral metastases, and these were treated with radiotherapy in combination with a low dose of cisplatin. A liver metastasis and a small metastasis in the left kidney were treated with RFA and a metastasis in the pancreatic tail was removed surgically. Sixteen months after the right adrenalectomy, the patient died due to systemic spread of the disease. Multiple local treatments including RFA, radiotherapy, and resection were effective for the local control of metastatic lesions of adrenal leiomyosarcoma.     

Preoperative evaluation of adrenal lesions based on imaging studies and laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with otherwise operable lung cancer

PURPOSE: An unsuspected adrenal mass (AM) could be discovered in patients with operable non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), but it is difficult to determine the nature of AM. The purpose of the study is to answer the question as to which decision should be made when assessing AM in patients with NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1997 to 2005, 40 patients (31 male; mean age: 63 years) were identified to have both NSCLC and AM. We tried to determine the nature of AM based on imaging studies with or without laparoscopic adrenalectomy. When AM was considered benign on CT or PET-CT, surgical resection of NSCLC was performed (group 1, n=25). When AM was considered indeterminate on CT or PET-CT, we performed MRI to determine the operability. In eight patients, surgical resection of NSCLC was performed, because AM was considered benign on MRI (group 2). In seven patients, adrenalectomy was performed to confirm AM pathologically, because all imaging studies were indeterminate (group 3). RESULTS: Follow-up was complete for all patients with a mean duration of 33.1 months (3-104.5). In group 1, no patients showed adrenal metastases, except one who died of adrenal metastasis. In group 2, three patients revealed that they had had adrenal metastases when staging and two died of adrenal metastasis. In group 3, one patient had an adrenal metastasis and the others had benign lesions. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that when AM is considered benign on CT or PET-CT, surgical resection of NSCLC is indicated. However, when AM is indeterminate on CT or PET-CT, histopathologic confirmation is needed to determine the nature of AM.