Suresight手持验光仪在儿童屈光检查的应用

目的探讨Suresight手持自动验光仪应用于儿童验光的准确性及其特点,为儿童屈光普查和流行病学调查寻找简便可行的验光方法.方法对89例患者(178眼),分别用Suresight手持验光仪进行自然状况下和使用阿托品后验光及散瞳检影验光.结果儿童屈光不正种类以远视性屈光不正为主(82.0%).Suresight手持验光仪与散瞳检影验光相比较,球镜度数:使用阿托品后手持验光仪与散瞳检影法检出的结果呈高度正相关(r=0.890);自然状况下手持验光仪与散瞳检影法检出的结果亦有相关性(r=0.591.).柱镜度数:使用阿托品散瞳后手持验光仪与检影法检出的结果呈高度正相关(r=0.950),自然状况下手持验光仪与散瞳检影法检出的结果亦呈高度正相关(r=0.910).手持验光仪比检影验光法散光的检出率高,但主要是≤0.75D的低度散光.柱镜轴向:手持验光仪在睫状肌麻痹状态下与视网膜检影法测定结果比较,轴向差值≤10°者占81.3%,自然状况下与视网膜检影法比较,轴向差值≤10°者占82.7%.结论Suresight手持验光仪对屈光普查和流行病学调查有较好的使用价值.     

NIDEK手持自动电脑验光仪在儿童屈光不正中的应用

目的:了解手持自动电脑验光仪的准确性及在儿童屈光不正中的应用价值。方法:对27例4～16岁儿童用10g/L阿托品眼膏3次/d,连续3d,睫状肌麻痹前后,分别进行视网膜检影、NIDEKAUTOREF/KERATOMEARK-30手持自动电脑验光仪验光和综合验光仪主观验光。结果:睫状肌麻痹后,手持自动电脑验光仪与视网膜检影结果间相关系数为0.980,差值均数±标准差为-0.37±0.52,95%可信区间为-0.51～-0.23;手持自动电脑验光仪与综合验光仪主观验光结果间相关系数为0.982,差值均数±标准差为-0.37±0.49,95%可信区间为-0.51～-0.24,以上两组配对t检验均P=0.000,均差异显著。表明在95%的测量中,结果差异均在0.50D以内。不同屈光状态下,在95%可信区间内,屈光度相差范围为远视<0.75D,近视<0.50D。结果均为手持自动电脑验光仪比视网膜检影、综合验光仪主观验光偏负值。睫状肌麻痹前由于调节的影响3种检查结果相差较大,远视结果相差比近视结果相差大。结论:睫状肌麻痹后,手持自动电脑验光仪验光和视网膜检影、综合验光仪主观验光有极高的一致性,在儿童屈光不正检查中是一种很有价值的、方便的、可靠的屈光检查工具。     

PR-2000型自动验光仪在儿童屈光筛查中的价值

目的探讨PR-2000型自动验光仪应用于儿童屈光检查中的准确性及特点。方法对260例（520眼）屈光不正患者,用PR-2000型自动验光仪,分别在非睫状肌麻痹状态和睫状肌麻痹状态下验光,并分别与视网膜检影法的验光结果进行比较。结果球镜度数：非睫状肌麻痹状态下和使用阿托品后,PR-2000型自动验光仪验出的结果与阿托品散瞳检影法验出的结果均呈高度正相关（r=0．922,r=0．946）。柱镜度数：非睫状肌麻痹状态下和使用阿托品后,PR-2000型自动验光仪验出的结果与阿托品散瞳检影法验出的结果呈高度正相关（r=0．888,r=0．890）。对于≤0．75D的低度散光,自动验光仪比检影验光法的检出率高。结论PR-2000自动验光仪用于婴幼儿屈光筛查较为可靠实用,也可用于大面积屈光普查和流行病学调查。     

小儿静态视网膜检影与自动验光仪的屈光检查比较

目的用强度矢量法研究小儿静态屈光不正,比较视网膜检影与自动验光仪的屈光检查结果。方法分别用视网膜检影与自动验光仪对76人152眼行静态屈光检查。将屈光不正结果表达成三维直角屈光度坐标上的点。直角屈光度坐标上的每一点坐标(X,Y,Z)对应于屈光处方的三个分解成分：等效球镜成分、Jackson交叉柱镜JO成分在90°和180°轴位上、和Jackson交叉柱镜J45成分在45°和135°轴位上。结果视网膜检影与自动验光仪的等效球镜成分高度相关(相关系数0．984,P＜0．001)。视网膜检影与自动验光仪的JO成分高度相关(相关系数0．948,P＜0．001)。视网膜检影与自动验光仪的J45成分高度相关(相关系数0．673,P＜0．001)。视网膜检影与自动验光仪在配对t检验中,等效球镜成分的均值和标准差为(0．1050±0．5269,P=0．015),Jackson交叉柱镜JO成分的均值和标准差为(-8．91E-03±0．2272,P=0．63),Jackson交叉柱镜J45成分的均值和标准差为(-1．63E-02±0．2586,P=0．439)。结论临床上可用自动验光仪的结果代替视网膜检影法,散光部分基本不变,而在球镜上常需要一些调整。     

摄影屈光检查自动分析系统的临床研究

目的　根据温州医学院研制的双裂隙摄影验光仪原理 ,自行设计摄影屈光检查自动分析系统 ,对其临床应用进行评价。方法　数码摄影与计算机相结合对我院门诊及库尔勒市雅亮眼镜行 44 6例 (932只眼 ) 12岁以下屈光不正患者进行摄影验光检查 ,常规用 1%阿托品滴眼液散瞳后先作检影验光 ,以作对照。结果　 6 30例 (12 6 0只眼 )均显示角膜反光与瞳孔区不同形态的眼底视网膜反光 ,并通过计算机 SQF软件程序处理得出屈光度 ,与检影验光结果基本相符 ,误差在± 0 .2 5 D以内。结论　此法为一种简单、快捷、敏感的验光手段 ,对学龄前儿童、婴幼儿作大规模的屈光状态普查提供了一个十分有效、方便的检测手段。     

Suresight手持式自动验光仪筛查学龄前儿童屈光不正的可行性探讨

目的通过对Suresight手持式自动验光仪在学龄前儿童中筛查屈光不正可行性的探讨,为其在婴幼儿屈光不正筛查中的应用提供理论支持,寻求一种能简单、方便、可靠、客观反映婴幼儿屈光发育情况的筛查方法。方法对就诊的4～6岁的学龄前儿童共148人次,296眼在自然状态下使用Suresight手持式自动验光仪进行屈光检查,与连用1%阿托品2次/日,5天后检影验光的结果比较。结果Suresight手持式自动验光仪屈光检查的结果中柱镜及其轴向与散瞳验光结果的差异无统计学意义(柱镜t=0.902,P=0.368;柱镜轴向t=0.935,P=0.350),球镜及等效球镜的差异有统计学意义(球镜t=2.231,P=0.026;等效球镜t=10.731,P=0.000),Suresight手持式自动验光仪屈光检查的结果球镜及等效球镜比散瞳验光结果轻度偏正,球镜平均0.1759±1.3444D,等效球镜平均0.8679 1.3796D。本文4～6岁的学龄前儿童296眼中远视性屈光不正占多数,比例为64.2%。结论Suresight手持式自动验光仪是一种用于学龄前儿童比较可靠的屈光不正的筛查工具。提示它在婴幼儿屈光不正的筛查中有一定的临床意义。     

屈光不正儿童眼屈光状态变化规律探讨

目的 :了解屈光不正儿童屈光发育变化的规律。方法 :眼科初诊病例 ,经常规检查 ,无眼部器质性病变或显斜者 ,用 1%阿托品眼膏进行睫状肌麻痹视网膜检影验光后 ,选择 3～ 10岁屈光不正儿童进行 3年追踪观察。每年验光一次。结果 :3年来的主要表现为远视等效球镜值增加 ,球镜度减少 ,远视散光明显增多P <0 0 1。结论 :屈光不正的儿童 ,其屈光度及屈光状态不是一成不变的 ,为了确保儿童斜视弱视的治疗 ,在对屈光不正儿童处方配镜时 ,要重视追踪管理 ,散光和屈光参差的不稳定性必须给以考虑 ,不能像成人那样多年使用一付眼镜     

广州市荔湾区学龄儿童屈光不正患病率的现况调查

目的 探讨广州市荔湾区5～15岁儿童的屈光不正患病率情况.方法 采用人群为基础的横断面调查方法.在2002年10月至2003年1月期间,中山大学巾山眼科中心对广州市荔湾区居住的全部5～15岁儿童,通过随机整群抽样和逐户登记确定样本与受检对象,在71个学校和19个社区检查点进行检查,眼部榆查包括视力、眼球运动、散瞳检影验光、自动验光、外眼、眼前段、屈光间质及眼底检查.屈光不正与儿童的年龄、性别及家长教育程度的关系采用多元回归模型进行分析.结果 在登记的5053名儿童中,实际检查4364人,受检率为86.4%.以等效球镜-0.50 D以下作为界定,近视的患病率为35.1%(95%可信区间:33.2%～36.9%),患病率从5岁的3.3%增加到15岁时的73.1%(根据检影验光);女性儿童具有较高的患病率,调整比数比为1.29(95%可信区间:1.11～1.51);以等效球镜+2.00 D以上作为界定,远视患病率为5.8%(95%可信区间:5.3%～6.3%),从5岁时16.7%减少到15岁时低于1.0%.散光(柱镜屈光度≥0.75 D)的患病率在视网膜检影法为33.6%,而在自动验光法为42.7%.Logistie回归模型显示近视与年龄(OR=1.52,95%可信区间:1.48～1.56)、女性(OR=1.29,95%可信区间:1.11～1.51)和父母教育程度(OR=1.22,95%可信区间:1.05～1.42)有关.结论 广州市荔湾区学龄儿童具有较高的近视患病率,近视已经成为重要的公共卫生问题,提高儿童屈光矫正的覆盖率和质量足当前的主要挑战.     

手持电脑验光仪在儿童屈光筛查中的应用

目的 探讨手持电脑验光仪在自然状态下和散瞳情况下屈光测量结果与散瞳视网膜检影结果的一致性.评价其在儿童屈光筛查工作中的应用价值.方法 对124例2～17岁儿童共248只眼分别进行自然状态下和散瞳后NIDEK AR-20手持电脑验光仪验光,同时行散瞳后视网膜检影验光.结果(1)散瞳后NIDEK验光结果与视网膜检影结果的Pearson相关分析显示,两者球镜值之间、柱镜值之间均高度相关(r=0.989,0.934,P＜0.001),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001).其中,球镜差值绝对值≤0.50 D的占80.2％,≤1.00 D的累计94.8％,柱镜差值绝对值≤0.50 D的占76.2％,≤1.00 D的累计95.6％;(2)自然状态下NIDEK电脑验光结果与散瞳视网膜检影结果的球镜值之间、柱镜值之间均高度相关(r=0.904,0.926,P＜0.001),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001).球镜差值绝对值≤0.50 D的占30.7％,≤1.00 D的累计53.2％,柱镜差值绝对值≤0.50 D的占77.0％,≤1.00 D的累计95.6％.其中,低度近视、正视及远视者两值差异较中-高度近视者大.进一步按年龄分组分析,学龄前儿童自然状态下电脑验光球镜值与散瞳视网膜检影结果差异最大,两组学龄儿童的球镜值与散瞳视网膜检影结果差异相对较小.结论 散瞳情况下,NIDEK手持电脑验光结果与散瞳视网膜检影结果一致性好;自然状态屈光筛查,学龄儿童球镜度≥±1.50 D、柱镜度≥±1.00 D,建议进一步散瞳验光确定屈光不正程度,对于学龄前儿童,则建议散瞳后再进行屈光筛查.NIDEK手持电脑验光仪具有操作容易、携带方便等优点,与人工检影结果有较高一致性,在儿童屈光筛查工作中具有一定的临床应用价值.     

便携式电脑验光仪筛查屈光不正的可行性探讨

目的 探讨便携式电脑验光仪的准确性及用其筛查屈光不正的可行性.设计诊断试验.研究对象2008年6月至9月南通大学附属医院眼科就诊的屈光不正患者65例（130眼）.方法 对所有病例分别行SHIN-NIPPON SRH-2000便携式电脑验光仪验光及视网膜检影.主要指标屈光值（球镜度数、柱镜度数及轴向）的差异性检验、相关分析及受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析.结果 以视网膜检影为金标准,电脑验光的球镜度数轻度偏正,其中睫状肌麻痹后电脑验光与检影的差值为（＋0.33±0.56）D,呈高度正相关（r=0.98,P〈0.01）,差异有统计学意义（t=6.87,P〈0.01） 电脑验光的柱镜度数轻度偏负,其中睫状肌麻痹后电脑验光与检影的差值为（-0.23±0.45）D,呈中度正相关（r=0.81,P〈0.01）,差异有统计学意义（t=-5.85,P〈0.01）.电脑验光在睫状肌麻痹前后比较无统计学差异（球镜度数t=1.31,P=0.26 柱镜度数t=-0.28,P=0.78）.电脑验光对散光的检出率高,但主要是≤0.75D的低度散光,且与视网膜检影的轴向差值多数≤150.以视网膜检影的等效球镜为参考指标,电脑验光的ROC曲线下面积〉0.95（睫状肌麻痹后为0.984,睫状肌麻痹前为0.979）.结论 便携式电脑验光仪筛查屈光不正的准确性与视网膜检影一致,可用在群体眼病流行病学调查中筛查屈光不正.     

Follow-up studies in pattern VECP in demyelinating diseases in children

Spectral sensitivity functions and the transient decrease of sensitivity to short wavelengths after the offset of yellow light (transient tritanopia) were measured by increment threshold techniques in patients suffering from hereditary macular degenerations. Color vision defects were determined by arrangement tests and the anomaloscope. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy was found to produce a mild protan defect and to reduce foveal spectral sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum by a factor of 100; it also abolishes transient tritanopia. Electroretinogram (ERG) was normal, electrooculogram (EOG) subnormal. Stargardt's disease, despite numerous fluorescent macular spots, does not abolish transient tritanopia nor does it reduce spectral sensitivity, although scotopic matches were performed on the Nagel anomaloscope. Only in severe, advanced cases was transient tritanopia reduced and spectral sensitivity found to follow the absorption spectrum of rods. Routine ERGs and EOGs were normal. Vitelliform macular degeneration, despite the ophthalmoscopically pronounced dystrophic macula, produced only very small changes in spectral sensitivity and transient tritanopia, although a widened matching range on the Nagel anomaloscope and electrophysiological abnormalities were found. Apparently damage of the retinal circuit which connects long and short wavelength-sensitive cones, caused by hereditary conditions, is different from that caused by retinotoxic drugs.     

p53 expression in pterygium in two climatic regions in Turkey

Purpose:

To assess accumulation of p53 protein in samples of primary pterygium from people living in two different climatic regions in Turkey.

Materials and Methods:

Group 1 included 101 pterygium specimens from people in Adana located in southern Turkey. Group 2 included 39 pterygium specimens from people in Ankara, located in the middle of Turkey. Climatic conditions throughout the year are sunnier and warmer in Adana than they are in Ankara. The control group (Group 3) included 30 specimens of conjunctiva that had been excised during cataract surgery from 30 patients without pterygium. The pterygial specimens and control conjunctiva were studied by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against p53 protein. Pearson''s chi-square test was used to compare the p53 immunoreactivity.

Results:

The p53 immunoreactivity in Groups 1 and 2 was greater than it was in the control group (P<0.001). There were no differences in p53 immunoreactivity between Groups 1 and 2 (P= 0.060).

Conclusion:

The p53 immunoreactivity was not correlated with ultraviolet irradiation exposure. The p53 immunoreactivity in our pterygium specimens suggests that pterygium could be a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation.     

Changes in Bruch's membrane in experimental hypercholesteremia in rats

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of high cholesterol diet for the aging changes in Bruch's membrane of rats. METHODS: After feeding a 4% cholesterol diet for 15 weeks to three young rats 3 months old and four aged rats 23 months old, we observed the morphological changes of Bruch's membrane by electron microscopy, and made a comparison with rats fed an ordinary diet. RESULTS: In one young rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris formed multiple folds separated from the plasma membrane of the endothelium and showed lamellar thickening and crack in some areas. The elastic fiber layer in Bruch's membrane disappeared partly and some new microfibrils appeared. In one aged rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris showed more lamellar thickening with lumps in some parts. Compared with rats fed an ordinary diet, rats fed a high-cholesterol diet showed thickening of the basement membrane and the changes were more severe. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that high-cholesterol diet might promote age-related changes of Bruch's membrane.     

Trends in Patterns of Anterior Uveitis in a Tertiary Institution in Singapore

Purpose: To report the trends in etiology of patients with anterior uveitis (AU) in Singapore over 6 years.

Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical records of all new patients who presented with anterior uveitis to the uveitis subspecialty clinic from 2005 to 2010 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.

Results: There were 552 new cases of AU. This comprised 59.5% of a total of 928 new patients diagnosed with uveitis from 2005 to 2010. The mean age was 48.0?±?17.2 years. There was a male predominance (62.5%), with a male:female ratio of 1.7:1. The majority were of Chinese ethnicity (69%), followed by Malays (13.2%). Most cases were unilateral (79.5%) and idiopathic (50.4%). Common etiological causes included Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) (5.6%), ankylosing spondylitis (AS)-related AU (5.1%), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (4.7%), and herpes zoster virus (HZV) (4.5%). There were increasing trends in AS-related AU from 3.2% in 2008 to 6.5% in 2010, and psoriasis-associated AU from 1.7% in 2005 to 4.0% in 2008. There were decreasing trends in the incidence of FHI from 10.6% in 2006 to 4.7% in 2009. No change in incidence of viral etiologies was noted, but cytomegalovirus-related immune-recovery uveitis (IRU) comprised 7.4%. IRU showed an increasing trend from 1.7% in 2005 to 11.9% in 2007, then decreased to 3.3% in 2010. Using the Pearson chi-square test, there was no statistically significant association between ethnicities (Chinese, Malay, Indian) comparing infectious and noninfectious cases (p?=?0.788), idiopathic and nonidiopathic cases (p?=?0.170), or between the various etiologies of uveitis (p?=?0.168).

Conclusions: AU was the predominant form of uveitis seen at our centers. Infectious etiologies (18.5%) are the most common among nonidiopathic cases, with herpes viruses (9.2%) being most prevalent. Despite increased use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of microbial and viral DNA, there was no overall increase in detection of infectious causes for uveitis. The changes in CMV-related immune recovery uveitis from 2005 to 2010 could reflect a change in HIV management in Singapore.     

Orthokeratology practice in children in a university clinic in Hong Kong*

Purposes: The aim of this study was to analyse clinical data of children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho‐k) and to investigate patients’/parents’ perspective on ortho‐k via telephone interviews. Methods: Clinical records of children undergoing ortho‐k from a university optometry clinic were reviewed and the effects of ortho‐k on refraction, vision and cornea were investigated. A telephone interview was conducted to solicit patients’/parents’ perspective of the treatment. Results: One hundred and eight files were reviewed. Median age of the children was nine years (range six to 15); mean (±SD) pre‐treatment refractive sphere was ‐3.56 ± 1.49 D and the median refractive cylinder was ‐0.50 D (range zero to ‐4.25 D). Significant refractive spherical reduction (58 per cent), improvement in unaided vision and corneal topographical changes were noted after only one night of wear. No significant change in astigmatism was found. Corneal staining was the most commonly observed complication with ortho‐k and more than 80 per cent of patients were advised to apply ocular lubricants to loosen the lens before lens removal. Ortho‐k was mainly undertaken for myopic control and about 90 per cent of the respondents reported good/very good unaided vision after ortho‐k and ranked the treatment as satisfactory or very good. Lens binding and ocular discharge were the most frequently reported problems during the treatment. Conclusion: Under close monitoring, overnight ortho‐k is effective and safe for reducing low to moderate myopia and the treatment is well accepted by the children.     

内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎的巨噬细胞中Toll样受体4的表达

目的 探讨在内毒素诱导的Wistar大鼠葡萄膜炎中Toll样受体4(TLR4)阳性细胞与虹膜组织中巨噬细胞的动态变化和分布.方法 实验研究.Wistar大鼠50只,用随机数字法随机分为5组,每组10只,分别为正常对照(0 h)组、6 h组、12 h组、24 h组及48 h组.除0 h组外其余各组均足垫部注射霍乱弧菌内毒素200μg,注射后于裂隙灯显微镜下观察双眼前节炎症反应变化.按实验分组于0、6、12、24、48 h处死大鼠.取虹膜一睫状体及脉络膜组织.通过葡萄膜铺片免疫组织化学方法检测TLR4和巨噬细胞的标记CD163的表达.人工计数虹膜中TLR4~+与CD163~+的细胞并计算细胞密度,计算圆形和多形性的CD163~+细胞占所有CD163~+细胞的百分比.进一步采用免疫荧光双标记检测TLR4和CD163共表达的情况.通过单因素方差分析分别对大鼠虹膜内阳性细胞密度以及圆形、多形性CD163~+细胞的百分比进行统计学检验.结果 正常大鼠虹膜睫状体组织不表达TLR4.6 h组有2只大鼠虹膜内可见少量TLR4~+细胞,12～48 h组所有大鼠虹膜内TLR4~+细胞明显增多(F=167.2,P＜0.001),虹膜内TLR4~+细胞密度分别为(506.1±39.5)个/mm~2(12 h组)、(492.3±54.5)个/mm~2(24 h组)及(663.8±150.2)个/mm~2 (48 h组).在注射LPS后12～48 h期间TLR4~+细胞形态无明显变化.0～48 h组大鼠虹膜内均有CD163~+细胞,0 h组圆形和多形性CD163~+细胞百分比为13%,12～48 h组其百分比约为80%,且圆形细胞主要位于虹膜基质层.免疫荧光双标记可见TLR4和CD163的共表达,TLR4位于细胞膜,CD163位于细胞质.5组大鼠脉络膜内均未见TLR4表达.结论 内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎中虹膜内TLR4表达增高,部分虹膜固有巨噬细胞表达TLR4.TLR4可能在葡萄膜炎的发生发展中起一定作用.     

弱视眼底光学相干断层扫描的研究进展

弱视是由于视觉发育关键期内各种异常的视觉经验导致单眼或双眼最佳矫正远视力低于正常同龄儿童,而眼部无明显器质性病变。目前普遍观点认为,弱视的发病机理主要源于视皮层。近年来,光学相干断层扫描（OCT）作为一种先进的活体成像技术,促进了对视网膜形态结构的大量研究,同时也被应用到弱视的研究领域。陆续有不同的研究人员利用OCT发现弱视患者眼底视网膜、脉络膜等眼部结构存在改变。笔者将对弱视眼底OCT的研究进展做一综述。     

实验性糖尿病视网膜微血管病变的病理研究

目的：观察糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）的组织学改变。方法：应用光镜、免疫组织化学、电镜及组织化学电镜等技术,研究在不同时间点Spregue-Dawley(SD)大鼠视网膜毛细血管基底膜中的Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白和视网膜毛细胞血管基底膜的厚度,以及其负电荷位点数目的变化。结果：随着糖尿病病程的发展,视网膜毛细血管基底膜下不断增厚伴有Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,同时负电荷位点数目减少。结论：视网膜毛细血管基底膜增厚,Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,负电荷位点数目减少可能是导致DR渗出性病变的病理基础。