Thin superficial inferior epigastric artery perforator flap for reconstruction of the tongue

The superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap is widely used in the repair of large soft tissue defects of the extremities and in breast reconstruction. Because of the high fat content of the abdomen, it has been less used for glossectomy reconstruction. Here we present a series of seven patients who each underwent reconstruction with a thin SIEA flap after resection of the tongue. There were six men and one woman (mean age 48, range 24–66 years). All patients underwent preoperative computed tomographic (CT) angiography, and colour Doppler ultrasound (US) was used to select and map the most suitable SIEA. The flap was raised above the Scarpa's layer while adjusted the plane of dissection according to the specific needs for bulk in each case. All the flaps survived; one flap required a secondary anastomosis because of a venous anastomotic embolus. The size of flap used was 5.0 cm × 6.0 cm - 7.0 cm × 9.0 cm, and the flap was 0.8 cm-1.4 cm thick. The functional outcome was evaluated at 6 - 18 months follow up, when speech and swallowing were both good in all cases. The dissection above the pubic symphysis is an important refinement of the SIEA flap, and we conclude that the thin SIEA flap is a good choice for reconstruction after excision of cancer of the tongue.     

Venous superdrainage using superficial circumflex iliac vein in deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap with iliac crest for oromandibular reconstruction

The deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap with iliac crest (DCIAPF) is considered a favourable single-flap option for oromandibular reconstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of venous superdrainage using the superficial circumflex iliac vein (SCIV) in the DCIAPF for oromandibular reconstruction. The data of 22 patients (12 female, 10 male) aged 10–76 years (median 53 years) who underwent simultaneous oromandibular reconstruction with a DCIAPF were reviewed retrospectively. Eleven patients received the DCIAPF with SCIV for superdrainage (group A) and another 11 patients received the conventional single-pedicled DCIAPF flap (group B). No flap loss occurred in either group. Venous congestion due to relative venous insufficiency was significantly more frequent in group B (P = 0.045). There was no significant difference in the incidence of partial flap necrosis and wound dehiscence, or in the total operation time between the two groups. Superdrainage using the SCIV has the potential to reduce the incidence of venous congestion due to relative venous insufficiency in DCIAPF used for oromandibular reconstruction.     

腹壁浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损3例报道

目的: 评价腹壁浅动脉（superficial inferior epigastric artery,SIEA）穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面部肿瘤术后软组织缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法 选择临床诊断为舌癌、颊癌、口底癌的患者各1例,术前应用彩色多普勒超声和（或）计算机体层扫描血管造影对双侧下腹部血管条件进行评估,明确腹壁浅动、静脉的起始管径和走行,并完成体表定位。根据病灶部位和缺损大小、形态,设计血管蒂的长度和皮瓣的大小、位置。术中解剖血管蒂,制备皮瓣,转移至受区,完成缺损修复。评价患者的受区重建效果及供区并发症发生情况。术后随访12~14个月。结果 3例患者的腹壁浅动、静脉血管条件良好。根据术区缺损大小,制取的SIEA穿支皮瓣分别为9 cm×6 cm、8 cm×5 cm、10 cm×6 cm,血管蒂长度8~10 cm,血管蒂动脉管径0.7~1.0 mm,静脉管径1.8~2.0 mm,血管分别与受区的甲状腺上动脉、面总静脉吻合。术后皮瓣成活,受区软组织缺损修复效果良好,下腹部供区无并发症。结论 SIEA穿支皮瓣的血管蒂位置比较表浅,可通过影像学检查进行体表定位,降低了皮瓣制备的难度;同时,皮瓣制备过程中不损伤腹直肌鞘及腹部肌肉,术后供区并发症少,且瘢痕隐蔽。SIEA穿支皮瓣可望成为口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复重建较好的临床选择。     

A combined anterolateral thigh flap and vascularized iliac crest flap in the reconstruction of extended composite defects of the anterior mandible

The technique of lower anterior facial reconstruction using a combination of an anterolateral thigh flap (ALTF) and a microvascular iliac crest flap is described and the results of 18 cases are reported. Eleven patients suffered recurrence after surgery and radiotherapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the lower face. These patients underwent a second surgery and reconstruction. In seven patients reconstruction was performed during primary surgical therapy, followed by postoperative radiotherapy. The pedicle of the ALTF was used for elongation of the iliac crest pedicle. There were no problems with the pedicle length and anastomoses even in patients who had received previous surgery and irradiation of the neck. There was no flap loss. There were no severe postoperative complications. One patient had distant metastases 18 months postoperatively. In all other patients there was no tumour recurrence or metastasis within 10-43 months of follow-up. The ALTF and vascularized iliac bone flap combination is useful in reconstruction of the lower face. The main advantage is the elongation of the iliac flap pedicle by the ALTF pedicle in patients with previous surgery in the neck.     

旋髂深动脉穿支嵌合髂骨皮瓣修复下颌骨复合性缺损

目的 探讨旋髂深动脉穿支嵌合髂骨皮瓣（DCIAPF）在下颌骨复合性缺损重建中的应用价值与优缺点。方法 2014年3-7月应用DCIAPF游离移植一期修复6例下颌骨及软组织复合缺损患者。根据术前定位的旋髂深动脉皮肤穿支设计并逆行切取皮岛,随后于腹股沟区顺行解剖血管蒂并切取髂骨瓣,继续解剖旋髂深血管直至终末段与皮岛相续。完成DCIAPF切取后供区分层严密关闭以预防腹疝。结果 6例患者所制备的髂骨瓣长5.0~11.0 cm,皮岛3.5 cm×5.0 cm~7.0 cm×10.0 cm,供区均一期关闭未行植皮。1例皮岛穿支来自旋髂浅血管需另行吻合,其余5例成功制备为DCIAPF。移植的髂骨皮瓣均成活,仅1例因行皮岛修薄处理出现表皮剥脱和少量边缘坏死,经修剪及换药处理后愈合。术后随访3~6个月,牙槽嵴高度恢复满意,供区均未出现明显并发症。结论 DCIAPF血运丰富可靠,能提供足够的骨量供下颌骨重建并恢复牙槽嵴高度,为后期义齿修复创造有利条件;其皮肤穿支解剖较为恒定,携带皮岛组织量大,摆放灵活,供区隐蔽,是下颌骨复合性缺损修复重建的有效方法。     

数字化三维重建技术辅助腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的应用研究

目的:探讨数字化三维重建技术在腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损中的应用价值。方法:选取2018年1月至2019年10月就诊于蚌埠医学院第一附属医院口腔颌面外科拟行腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复的口腔癌患者12例,其中男性8例,女性4例;年龄（57.4±12.6）岁。其中鳞状细胞癌10例,腺样囊性癌1例,黏液表皮样癌1例。术前均行下...     

A mass guide for the harvest of cortico-cancellous bone from the posterior iliac crest for mandibular reconstruction

This study sought to find the mass of particulate cortico-cancellous bone graft required per 1 cm continuity defect of the mandible. Harvested bone was weighed, milled and maximally compressed in a syringe. The defect length (DL) was measured in centimetres, and the compressed bone volume (CBV) used was recorded. The wet bone mass (WBM) of bone required per centimetre of mandibular defect, and the mass of bone yielding 1cc of compressed bone was calculated. Results were analysed statistically to determine if clinically meaningful differences exist between male and female iliac crest. Forty three patient records were reviewed (28 female). Thirty patients had bilateral, and 13 patients had unilateral iliac crest harvest. Mean WBM used per centimetre of mandible defect was 6.9 g.WBM required to produce 1cc of CBV was 2.0 g. For the bilateral harvest group the mean DL was 10.3 cm, the mean WBM was 66.7 g, and the mean CBV was 33.9cc. There was no significant difference in mean WBM between male (72.8 g) and female (62 g) patients. The mean CBV for males (39.7 g) was significantly higher than females (29.5 g). For patients who had unilateral harvest the mean DL was 7.7 cm, the mean WBM harvested was 59.1 g, and the mean CBV was 29.4cc. The mean wet bone mass of posterior iliac crest required to graft each centimetre of mandibular segmental defect is 6.9 grams. A unilateral posterior iliac crest harvest will yield on average 59.1 grams of bone whilst a bilateral posterior iliac crest harvest will yield on average 66.7 grams     

颊部岛状皮瓣在口腔软组织缺损修复中的临床应用

目的 应用颊部岛状皮瓣修复口腔肿瘤根治性切除术后软组织缺损,并对其临床效果进行评定。方法 选择2006.07—2011.07口腔癌症患者23例,其中男13例,女10例,全部行病灶根治切除及颈淋巴清扫术,同期应用颊部岛状皮瓣修复舌、口底及其邻近组织缺损,皮瓣面积最大为10.4 cm×5.0 cm,最小为7.5 cm×3.5 cm,供区伤口直接拉拢缝合。术后观察皮瓣的成活、修复区外形及口腔与舌功能的恢复情况。结果 23例皮瓣均完全成活,创口一期愈合,术后外形满意,功能恢复良好,无明显面部畸形。结论 颊部岛状皮瓣是修复口腔内软组织缺损较为理想的组织瓣。     

游离腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣一期修复下颌骨及软组织缺损

目的寻找一种既能满足下颌骨及软组织复合缺损重建需要，又不影响供区功能的新的修复材料。方法对１０例各种原因所致的下颌骨及周围软组织缺损患者，采用游离腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣进行修复重建。所切取的腓骨平均长度９１ｃｍ，肌皮瓣平均大小为４５ｃｍ×６２ｃｍ。结果术后２周经９９ｍＴｃＯ－４骨扫描等证实，９例（９／１０）骨肌皮瓣成活，患者下颌功能与外形良好，行走无障碍。结论腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣骨量充足，骨质坚硬，腓骨血供具二重性，利于塑形，可以用作下颌骨及软组织缺损的修复。     

腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣的临床手术解剖研究

了解腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣血供特点,手术实施种植义齿的可行性,为其临床应用提供临床手术解剖 基础。方法对１０例病人切取腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣以供修复下骨及周围软组织,观察腓骨肌皮复合组织瓣的（１）血供特点;（２）手术操作要点;（３）手术并发症;（４）腓骨与种植义齿的关系。     

用面动脉肌皮瓣修复舌及其毗邻组织缺损

目的：了解面动脉肌皮瓣修复舌及其毗邻组织缺损的临床效果。方法：以面动脉肌皮瓣修复２７例患者舌及其毗邻组织缺损，供区伤口直接拉拢缝合。观察皮瓣的成活、修复区外形及口腔与舌功能的恢复情况。结果：２５个皮瓣完全成活，２个皮瓣有部分尖端坏死，坏死部份经处理后痊愈。修复外形满意，功能恢复良好，无明显面部畸形。结论：面动脉肌皮瓣是修复舌及其毗邻组织缺损的理想材料。     

面动脉为蒂的鼻唇沟岛状皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损17例分析

目的：总结以面动脉为蒂的鼻唇沟岛状皮瓣转移修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的经验。方法：自1997年4月～2006年2月，对17例口腔颌面部软组织缺损，以解剖学研究为基础，采用以面动脉为蒂的鼻唇沟岛状皮瓣进行整复。其中恶性肿瘤13例，良性肿瘤1例，外伤性面部缺损3例。结果：17例患者，口腔、面部等创口一期愈合，皮瓣成活率100％。随访6个月～9a，肿瘤未见复发，皮瓣生存良好，色泽正常，外观形态满意，语言与咀嚼等生理功能良好，面部、取瓣区无明显畸形。结论：以面动脉为蒂的鼻唇沟岛状皮瓣与鼻唇沟皮下蒂瓣相比，具有血供丰富、成活率高、弹性好、收缩小的优点，而且皮瓣取材范围增大，移位距离延长，活动度更灵活。只要临床应用条件许可，当是优先选用的修复材料。     

Free thoracodorsal,perforator-scapular flap based on the angular artery (TDAP-Scap-aa): Clinical experiences and description of a novel technique for single flap reconstruction of extensive oromandibular defects

PurposeThe reconstruction of oromandibular defects can be challenging, particularly when considerable amounts of bone and soft tissues are lost. In such cases, the use of a single flap may be unsatisfactory and a concomitant free flap is needed. Here we present a chimeric, thoracodorsal perforator-scapular free flap based on the angular artery of the subscapular system (TDAP-Scap-aa) as an alternative technique for single flap reconstruction of extensive oromandibular defects.Materials and methodsThe authors studied patients who underwent reconstructions of extensive oromandibular defects with a TDAP-Scap-aa free flap. The operative technique and the clinical experiences are described. Postoperatively, surgical complications were classified with the Clavien-Dindo Classification.ResultsFive male patients (59.4 ± 8.8 years) were treated with the TDAP-Scap-aa. Average sizes for harvested hard and soft tissue components, which are both included in the flap and completely independently from each other, were 10.4 ± 1.5 cm of bone length, 2.6 ± 0.3 cm of bone height, 11.6 ± 4.8 cm of skin paddle length and 8.4 ± 1.7 cm of skin paddle width. The overall mean operation time (cut-suture) was 14.6 ± 0.9 h. The postoperative follow-up was 6 months. No complications requiring surgical treatment as well as donor site nerve damages were observed.ConclusionsIn comparison to other double free flaps, the TDAP-Scap-aa offers several advantages such as higher amounts of hard and soft tissues without prolonged operation times, and provides satisfying aesthetic outcomes and little donor site morbidity due to the preservation of muscle and nerve structures. Therefore, the TDAP-Scap-aa constitutes a clinically reliable alternative in extensive oromandibular defect reconstruction.     

Vertical ridge augmentation of the atrophic posterior mandible with interpositional bloc grafts: bone from the iliac crest vs. bovine anorganic bone. Clinical and histological results up to one year after loading from a randomized-controlled clinical trial

Objectives: To compare two different techniques for vertical bone augmentation of the posterior mandible: bone blocs from the iliac crest vs. anorganic bovine bone blocs used as inlays.
Materials and methods: Ten partially edentulous patients having 5–7 mm of residual crestal height above the mandibular canal had their posterior mandibles randomly allocated to both interventions. After 4 months implants were inserted, and after 4 months, provisional prostheses were placed. Definitive prostheses were delivered after 4 months. Histomorphometry of samples trephined at implant placement, prosthesis and implant failures, any complication after loading and peri-implant marginal bone-level changes were assessed by masked assessors. All patients were followed up to 1 year after loading.
Results: Four months after bone augmentation, there was statistically significant more residual graft (between 10% and 13%) in the Bio-Oss group. There were no statistically significant differences in failures and complications. Two implants could not be placed in one patient augmented with autogenous bone because the graft failed whereas one implant and its prosthesis of the Bio-Oss group failed after loading. After implant loading only one complication (peri-implantitis) occurred at one implant of the autogenous bone group. In 16 months (from implant placement to 1 year after loading), both groups lost statistically significant amounts of peri-implant marginal bone: 0.82 mm in the autogenous bone group and 0.59 mm in the Bio-Oss group; however, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups.
Conclusions: Both procedures achieved good results, but the use of bovine blocs was less invasive and may be preferable than harvesting bone from the iliac crest.