肺高压患者焦虑、抑郁心理状况与社会支持的相关性研究

目的 探讨社会支持干预对肺高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)患者焦虑、抑郁状况的影响,为临床护理肺高压患者提供科学的理论依据.方法 采用自行设计的PH一般状况调查表、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS),对131例住院PH患者进行问卷调查,对患者的焦虑、抑郁状况与社会支持水平进行统计分析.结果 PH患者焦虑、抑郁心理状况明显高于国内正常人群,差异显著;131例患者中16例患者存在焦虑占12.21%,21例患者存在抑郁占16.03%.28例患者处于高水平社会支持,92例患者处于中等水平社会支持,11例患者处于低水平社会支持,处于中等水平及以上社会支持的患者占91.6%.焦虑、抑郁评分分别与社会支持总分、客观支持分、主观支持分存在显著负相关;不同类型PH患者的焦虑、抑郁得分差异显著.特发性肺动脉高压患者的焦虑、抑郁评分与先天性心脏病所致肺动脉高压患者的焦虑、抑郁评分差异显著.肺静脉闭塞病抑郁得分与先天性心脏病所致肺动脉高压抑郁得分差异显著.结论 护理人员在护理PH患者时,对不同类型的PH患者应给予针对性的社会支持力量,注意调动患者的社会支持源泉,帮助其采取积极的态度面对疾病,增加对治疗护理的依从性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of social support intervention on anxiety and depression of pulmonary hypertension(PH)patients,then provide a scientific basis for nursing of patients with pulmonary hypertension.Methods The general condition of PH questionnaire,self-rating anxiety scale (SAS),self-rating depression scale(SDS),social support rating scale(SSRS)were distributed to 131 patients with PH.Then make statistical analysis of patients'anxiety,depression and social support conditions.Results The score of anxiety and depression psychological conditions of patients with pulmonary hypertension was significantly higher than normal population,the difference wag statistically significant.Among 131 patients,16 patients with anxiety,accounting for 12.21% ;21 cases of patients with depression,accounting for 16.03% .28 patients at a high level of social support,92 patients at a medium level of social support,11 patients at a low level of social support,a total of 91.60% of the patients in the middle and higher levels of social support.Anxiety and depression scores had significant negative correlation with social support,objective support points and subjective support points.The anxiety,depression difference among different types of pulmonary hypertension was statistically significant.The difference of anxiety and depression scores between patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and patients with pulmonary hyper tension caused by congenital heart disease were significant.The depression scores between pulmonary hy pertension caused by pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and congenital heart disease were significantly different.Conclusions When nurses care pulmonary hypertension patients.those with different types of PH should be given targeted social support.Attention should be paid to transfer the source of social support to help them adopt a positive attitude to face the diseabe,then improve the treatment and care compliance of patients.     

Why there is a need to discuss pulmonary hypertension other than pulmonary arterial hypertension?

Pulmonary hypertension(PH) is a condition characterized by the elevation of the mean pulmonary artery pressure above 25 mm Hg and the pulmonary vascular resistance above 3 wood units. Pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH) is an uncommon conditionwith severe morbidity and mortality, needing early recognition and appropriate and specific treatment. PH is frequently associated with hypoxemia, mainly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and DPLD and/or left heart diseases(LHD), mainly heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Although in the majority of patients with PH the cause is not PAH, a significant number of published studies are still in regard to group Ⅰ PH, leading to a logical assumption that PH due to other causes is not such an important issue. So, is there a reason to discuss PH other than PAH? Chronic lung diseases, mainly chronic obstructive lung disease and DPLD, are associated with a high incidence of PH which is linked to exercise limitations and a worse prognosis. Although pathophysiological studies suggest that specific PAH therapy may benefit such patients, the results presented from small studies in regard to the safety and effectiveness of the specific PAH therapy are discouraging. PH is a common complication of left heart disease and is related to disease severity, especially in patients with reduced ejection fraction. There are two types of PH related to LHD based on diastolic pressure difference(DPD, defined as diastolic pulmonary artery pressure- mean PAWP): Isolated post-capillary PH, defined as PAWP 15 mm Hg and DPD 7 mm Hg, and combined post-capillary PH and pre-capillary PH, defined as PAWP 15 mm Hg and DPD ≥ 7 mm Hg. The potential use of PAH therapies in patients with PH related to left heart disease is based on a logical pathobiological rationale. In patients with heart failure, endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as a cause of PH and hence as a target for treatment, supported by the presence of increased endothelin-1 activity and impaired nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation. Unfortunately, so far, there is no evidence supporting the use of specific PAH therapies in patients with PH related to left heart disease. In conclusion, the presence of PH in patients with conditions other than PAH contributes to the severity of the disease, affecting the outcome and quality of life. The disappointing results regarding the effectiveness of specific PAH therapies in patients withchronic lung diseases and LHD underline the need for seeking new underlying mechanisms and thus novel therapies targeting PH due to left heart disease and/or lung diseases.     

When cure is care: diagnosis and management of pulmonary arterial hypertension

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to provide nurse practitioners with an understanding of the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) disease, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, drug therapy, strategies for health promotion, and relevant care issues for patients and families. DATA SOURCES: Selected clinical and research articles, as well as current government guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms expressed are more apparent as PAH disease progresses, leaving fewer treatment options in advanced disease stages. New drugs are currently being tested for the treatment of PAH; however, the costs of many of the currently approved treatments may be prohibitive. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Earlier recognition of disease symptoms leads to prompt initiation of diagnostic evaluation and referral to specializing medical centers. Upon referral, specialty centers may begin appropriate treatment regimens earlier in the disease process, which could improve clinical outcomes and quality of life.     

阿托伐他汀钙治疗肺源性心脏病并肺动脉高压的临床研究

目的观察阿托伐他汀钙治疗肺源性心脏病合并肺动脉高压(PAH)的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取肺源性心脏病并PAH患者72例,随机分为他汀组和对照组各36例。两组均给予基础疾病常规治疗+前列地尔,他汀组在此基础上给予阿托伐他汀钙片20 mg/d,每晚1次;对照组给予口服安慰剂:葡萄糖钙片,1片/d,每晚1次。两组患者均治疗3个月。同时选择门诊体检正常者36例为健康组。检测健康组和两组患者治疗前后的血气分析指标、血流动力学指标及生化指标。结果治疗前,两组患者各项指标与健康组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),两组患者间的各项指标比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗3个月后,两组患者的各项指标均较治疗前显著改善(P0.05或P0.01),但他汀组患者的改善更显著(P0.05或P0.01);两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀钙治疗肺源性心脏病并肺动脉高压安全有效,通过抗炎、减少内皮素,提高动脉血氧分压和脉搏血氧浓度,降低肺动脉压。     

Bosentan: a novel agent for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease that, without treatment, ultimately results in right heart failure and death. For the majority of patients with advanced PAH, therapy requires cumbersome drug delivery devices with serious side effects. Endothelin, a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor, is increased in individuals with PAH. The development of bosentan, a novel, well-tolerated, orally active endothelin antagonist, has significantly changed the therapeutic approach to PAH. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that treatment with bosentan produces favourable effects on cardiopulmonary haemodynamics, exercise capacity, WHO functional class and time to clinical worsening in PAH.     

心理支持对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者氧疗依从性的影响

目的探讨心理支持对COPD患者氧疗依从性的影响。方法将82例COPD患者随机分为干预组与对照组,所有病例均采用呼吸内科常规治疗,支持组增加心理干预,用Barthel指数、3年内病情急性发作住院次数以及临床功能改善情况作为治疗效果的测查指标。结果干预组患者氧疗知识掌握程度、3年内病情急性发作住院次数以及患者日常生活能力、临床功能改善明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论加强心理支持,采取多种形式大力普及氧疗知识,对提高COPD患者氧疗的依从性有积极的意义。     

心理支持对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者氧疗依从性的影响

目的 探讨心理支持对COPD患者氧疗依从性的影响。方法 将82例COPD患者随机分为干预组与对照组，所有病例均采用呼吸内科常规治疗，支持组增加心理干预，用Barthel指数、3年内病情急性发作住院次数以及临床功能改善情况作为治疗效果的测查指标。结果 1：预组患者氧疗知识掌握程度、3年内病情急性发作住院次数以及患者日常生活能力、临床功能改善明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论 加强心理支持，采取多种形式大力普及氧疗知识，对提高COPD患者氧疗的依从性有积极的意义。     

Comparative analysis of Micrococcus luteus isolates from blood cultures of patients with pulmonary hypertension receiving epoprostenol continuous infusion

During the period 2002–2008, at the National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 28 Micrococcus luteus isolates and one Kocuria spp. isolate were obtained from blood cultures of pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients who were receiving continuous infusion therapy with epoprostenol. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of the isolates were unrelated, suggesting that the infections had multiple origins. The preparation of epoprostenol solution by patients themselves was thought to be a risk factor.     

8例肺动脉高压患者靶向治疗的临床研究

目的探讨肺动脉高压患者药物靶向治疗的效果与耐受性。方法回顾分析2008年1月2009年8月期间8例肺动脉高压患者分别接受波生坦及西地那非治疗的临床资料,评估其临床表现、WHO肺动脉高压功能分级、6min步行距离及肺动脉收缩压在基线及治疗3个月后的变化。结果治疗后3个月,患者均能耐受药物治疗,无严重不良反应发生。WHO肺动脉高压功能分级在治疗前平均（3.1±0.4）,治疗后为（2.3±0.9）,明显得到改善（P〈0.05）。肺动脉收缩压在治疗前平均（69.5±11.2）mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）,治疗后为（48.3±12.4）mmHg,明显降低（P〈0.05）。6min步行距离在治疗前平均（324±48）m,治疗后为（400±43）m,明显延长（P〈0.05）。结论肺动脉高压患者药物靶向治疗的疗效显著,且耐受良好。     

银杏达莫对慢性肺源性心脏病肺动脉高压的影响

目的探讨银杏达莫对慢性肺源性心脏病患者肺动脉高压的影响。方法将42例缓解期肺源性心脏病患者分为两组,治疗组27例,银杏达莫15～20ml加入5％葡萄糖糖液200～300ml静脉滴注,1次／d;对照组15例,静脉滴注安慰剂,每日1次。两组病例于治疗前、治疗第14天和第28天时分别做心脏彩超1次,测三尖瓣区血液反流速度（Vt）,计算出收缩期肺动脉压（SpAp）。结果统计学分析显示治疗组治疗后Vt下降明显（P〈0．01）,Vt2／SpAp有显著下降（P〈0．05）;对照组治疗前后各指标无明显变化,两组比较,银杏达莫与安慰剂治疗效果比较差异有统计学意义。结论本研究表明银杏达莫可显著降低SpAp,可用于肺源性心脏病的治疗。     

康复治疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能影响的临床调查

目的观察康复治疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺功能的影响。方法将2003年1月~2004年1月在深圳第四人民医院就诊的30例COPD患者随机分为训练组和对照组,各15例,训练组除基本治疗外,每天需进行多项康复治疗。对照组进行常规对症治疗及一般的肢体活动,治疗前及治疗后24周分别检查两组肺功能,并进行评估。结果治疗前两组肺功能评分无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组治疗后肺功能较治疗前及对照组治疗后明显改善(P<0.05)。结论康复治疗能明显改善COPD患者的肺功能。     

雾化吸入硝酸甘油治疗先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的护理观察

目的:探讨雾化吸入硝酸甘油治疗先天性心脏病合并继发性肺动脉高压的护理观察。方法:将我科2006年6月～2011年6月收治的465例先天性心脏病合并不同程度肺动脉高压的患者随机分为两组,治疗组采用硝酸甘油雾化吸入,对照组采用常规治疗。两组治疗1周后,比较两组患者肺动脉平均压、体外循环后呼吸机辅助时间、术后氧分压(PO2)情况。结果:治疗组肺动脉压控制情况较对照组明显有效,两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:硝酸甘油雾化吸入用于先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的干预治疗,能取得较好的治疗效果及预期指标。     

先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的探讨先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压外科治疗经验。方法2002年9月至2007年9月共手术治疗先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者79例，围术期采用综合性降肺动脉压措施，注意保护心肺功能，术后合理使用呼吸机及前列腺素E1，保持呼吸道通畅。结果早期死亡6例（7．59％），术后出现肺动脉高压危象8例（10.12％）。随访62例，所有肺动脉高压均降至中度以下。结论术前准确判断肺动脉高压性质并行降肺动脉压治疗、围术期注意维护心肺功能，合理应用肺血管扩张药物，有利于降低死亡率，减少并发症。     

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Palliative Medicine Review of the Disease,Its Therapies,and Drug Interactions

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is often a progressive and ultimately fatal disease. It is characterized by an elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure because of disease of the small pulmonary arterioles. PAH leads to a constellation of symptoms, including dyspnea, fatigue, syncope, chest discomfort, and peripheral edema. Disease-targeted therapies for PAH produce symptomatic and functional improvement, but long-term survival remains uncommon without lung transplantation. Palliative care is appropriate to support patients with advanced PAH who typically have a high symptom burden. However, palliative care has historically focused on supporting patients with malignant disease, rather than progressive chronic disease such as PAH. Our aim is to provide palliative care clinicians with a background in the classification, pathophysiology, and modern treatment of PAH. This review describes disease-targeted therapies and their effects on symptoms, physical functioning, and health-related quality of life. We also review the unique physiology of PAH and its implication for palliative interventions. Pharmacological interactions with, and precautions related to commonly used palliative care medications, are discussed.     

The natriuretic peptides and their role in disorders of right heart dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are increased in conditions with cardiac ventricular volume and pressure overload. The general physiological and potential therapeutic roles of natriuretic peptides in respiratory disease, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are reviewed. BNP levels can be used to differentiate between dyspneic patients with a pure respiratory defect and those with RV dysfunction. BNP levels also correlate with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in patients with PAH (atrial septal defect, chronic thromboembolic disease, and scleroderma). BNP is a predictor of mortality in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). These are important clinical implications in that a noninvasive blood test may be used to identify high-risk patients for more invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization. BNP or NT-proBNP measurements may also be used to guide therapy (e.g., pulmonary vasorelaxants) in PAH since upregulation of the natriuretic peptide pathway has been shown to reduce cardiac hypertrophy and PAH. Additionally, there may be therapeutic potential via recombinant BNP or neutral endopeptidase inhibitors in RV dysfunction and PAH.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的免疫营养治疗

目的研究和评价谷氨酰胺对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期老年患者营养状况和免疫功能的影响。方法对52例急性加重期COPD患者进行营养支持治疗,分为:谷氨酰胺治疗组(G lu组26例),在常规治疗的基础上口服L2谷氨酰胺10 g,每天3次,连续10 d;常规组(26例),采用常规治疗。结果治疗后G lu组肱三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围长、血浆总蛋白、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白营养参数较常规组明显改善。G lu组中IgG、IgA、CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8免疫指标明显升高(P<0.05),与常规组相比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论G lu对COPD急性加重期老年患者不仅有营养支持作用,并具有免疫增强作用。     

西地那非辅助治疗COPD合并肺心病的临床研究

目的观察西地那非辅助治疗COPD合并肺心病的临床疗效。方法将入选的COPD患者随机分为两组,对照组常规治疗,治疗组在其基础上加用西地那非25 mg/次,2次/d,1个月为1疗程。结果治疗组呼吸困难评分、血气、心脏射血分数、肺通气功能、平均肺动脉压力与对照组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论西地那非可改善COPD合并肺心病患者心肺功能,显著降低肺动脉压力。     

沐舒坦联合舒利迭对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者肺功能和血气分析的影响

目的探讨沐舒坦联合舒利迭对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者肺功能和血气分析的影响。方法 138例AECOPD患者随机分为3组,对照组1给予基础常规治疗加沐舒坦雾化,对照组2予基础常规治疗加吸入舒利迭,试验组除了基础常规治疗外通过吸入舒利迭并联合沐舒坦雾化,比较三组患者肺功能及血气分析变化。结果所有患者肺功能及血气分析指标均较治疗前有所改善(P<0.05)。治疗后72 h、治疗后2周,对照组1与对照组2比较肺功能及血气分析指标均无明显差异(P>0.05),而试验组与对照组1、对照组2比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论在常规治疗基础上,联用沐舒坦和舒利迭可较单用其中一种药物更利于改善AECOPD患者肺功能及血气分析指标,值得临床广泛应用。     

24例急性致死性肺血栓栓塞患者的分析

目的通过对24例确诊为急性致死性肺血栓栓塞即临床上出现心跳骤停、严重呼吸困难、晕厥、休克等症状或需收入ICU救治的住院患者进行回顾分析,提高对该病的认识和早期诊断治疗,预防猝死。方法回顾性分析24例患者的发病形式、临床表现、实验室及影像学检查包括D-二聚体、动脉血气分析、超声心动图、下肢doppler超声检查或核素检查、肺动脉计算机体层成像(CTPA)、核素肺通气/灌注(V/Q)扫描等结果、治疗方法和预后。结果11例患者急诊溶栓,9例(81.8%)症状得到明显改善,呼吸困难缓解,心率血压维持在正常水平,2例死亡。13例患者单纯抗凝治疗,9例(69.2%)呼吸困难、胸痛、心悸等症状均得到改善,4例自动出院,1例为系统性红斑狼疮晚期,3例为终末期肺部恶性肿瘤患者。结论急性致死性肺栓塞是临床上极为凶险、危及生命的重症,疾病发作快速,表现多样化,早期诊断治疗是预防猝死、改善预后的关键。     

Dramatic beneficial effects of sildenafil in recurrent massive pulmonary embolism

Objective Sildenafil has a well established pulmonary vasodilatory effect, but has seldom been used in critically ill patients. We report a case of severe recurrent pulmonary embolism in which sildenafil was used as a rescue therapy. Results After oral administration of 50 mg of sildenafil, cardiac index increased from 2.1 l/min/m² to 3.2 l/min/m²; mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 56 mmHg to 46 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance index decreased from 700 dynes/cm⁻⁵/m² to 425 dynes/cm⁻⁵/m², without reduction of arterial systemic pressure. Clinical condition also improved during the following days under treatment of 50 mg sildenafil three times daily. Conclusions These observations should stimulate studies with sildenafil in the ICU setting. Sildenafil is easy to administer in every ICU and at any time. If its potential is confirmed, it may be a life-saving drug in some emergency situations caused by severe pulmonary hypertension. The electronic reference of this article is . The online full-text version of this article includes electronic supplementary material. This material is available to authorised users and can be accessed by means of the ESM button beneath the abstract or in the structured full-text article. To cite or link to this article you can use the above reference.