School-based screening of the dietary intakes of third graders in rural Appalachian Ohio

BACKGROUND: Children in Appalachia are experiencing high levels of obesity, in large measure because of inferior diets. This study screened the dietary intake of third graders residing in 3 rural Appalachian counties in Ohio and determined whether the Food, Math, and Science Teaching Enhancement Resource Initiative (FoodMASTER) curriculum improved their dietary intake. METHODS: Dietary intake was measured for 238 third graders at the beginning of the 2007 to 2008 school year and for 224 third graders at the end of that year. The FoodMASTER curriculum was delivered to 204 students (test group). Intake was measured using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire 2004. The final analysis included 138 students. RESULTS: The FoodMASTER curriculum did not significantly affect the diets of the students in the test group, as no significant differences in intake of macronutrients, specific nutrients, or food groups were found between the test and control groups. Majorities of students did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance or Adequate Intakes for fiber, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin E. The students as a whole did not meet the MyPyramid recommendations for any food group, and nearly one fifth of their calories came from sweets. Significant differences in percentages of kilocalories from protein and sweets and in servings of fats, oils, and sweets were seen between groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: Energy-dense foods are replacing healthy foods in the diets of Ohio children living in rural Appalachia. The prevalence of poor dietary intake in Appalachia warrants further nutrition interventions involving programming for nutrition, such as future FoodMASTER curricula.     

糖尿病病人膳食生糖效应与膳食纤维摄入的关系研究

目的通过对膳食血糖指数(DGI)和膳食血糖负荷(DGL)的评估,研究膳食生糖效应与膳食纤维的关系。方法采用食物称重记账法调查105名2型糖尿病病人的2个3日膳食摄入状况,根据食物血糖指数和膳食碳水化合物摄入量计算DGI和DGL,采用酶-重量法测定食物中总膳食纤维(TDF)、不可溶性膳食纤维(IDF)和可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量。结果调查对象的DGI值是62.9±6.8,DGL值是142.4±39.8,TDF、IDF和SDF的摄入量分别是(22.5±6.7)g/d,(16.1±5.5)g/d,(6.4±2.0)g/d。DGI与TDF的相关系数是-0.407(P<0.01)。与DGI最低五分位组的调查对象相比,DGI最高五分位组的调查对象蔬菜类食物摄入量减少了221.9g(P<0.01),TDF、IDF和SDF摄入量分别减少了6.5g、5.0g和1.4g(P值均<0.01),其中由蔬菜提供的膳食纤维减少量最多,谷类摄入量增加了68.0g(P<0.01)。结论DGI与膳食纤维摄入量呈负相关。富含蔬菜和膳食纤维的膳食可降低膳食生糖效应。     

饮食与环境温室气体排放和人类健康

人类饮食模式的变化对环境和人类健康的影响越来越明显。它不仅加剧了气候变化,还导致全球慢性疾病发病率增加。动物性食品比植物性食品的温室气体排放(GHGE)量高,其中反刍动物肉类(牛肉和羊肉)温室气体排放量更高。西方饮食模式与血脂异常、糖尿病、代谢综合征、体重指数和高血压的患病风险增加有关。相对于传统的杂食性饮食,素食、地中海饮食、鱼素者饮食中,II型糖尿病和癌症的患病率分别下降16%~41%和7%~13%,冠心病相对死亡率下降20%~26%,全因总死亡率下降0%~18%。与当前饮食相比,健康饮食的平均GHGE下降15%;可持续饮食下降27%。因此,只注重健康饮食并不会大幅度降低饮食所致的平均温室气体排放量,这需要基于减少环境影响来制定新的饮食指南。减少肉类消费是应对发达国家和处于消费正在迅速扩大的转型期国家(如中国)气候变化的有效战略。但目前发展中国家人口增长和对肉类需求日益增加,此外,限制性和单调的植物性饮食亦可能会导致营养缺乏,进而影响健康,这些将挑战《巴黎协议》提出的将气温升高幅度控制在2℃以下的目标限定值。     

青岛市居民膳食结构和营养状况调查

  目的  分析2010 — 2012年中国不同地区居民膳食结构状况。  方法  2010年8月 — 2012年12月,采用多阶段分层与人口成比例整群随机抽样方法,在全国31个省份150个监测点开展中国居民营养与健康状况监测调查,采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和调味品称重法进行膳食调查,依据中国食物成分表计算标准人日的能量、三大营养素的摄入量和膳食结构比例。  结果  2010 — 2012年中国居民平均每标准人日膳食能量摄入量为2 172.1 kal（9 079.4 KJ）, 碳水化合物为300.8 g,蛋白质为64.5 g, 脂肪为79.9 g。膳食能量的53.1 %来源于谷类,17.3 %和15.0 %来源于食用油和动物性食物。碳水化合物供能比例为55.0 %,脂肪供能比例为32.9 %,蛋白质供能比例为12.1%。蛋白质的食物来源中谷类食物占47.3 %,动物性食物和大豆类食物占36.1 %。脂肪的食物来源中植物性食物占64.1 %,动物性食物占35.9 %。大城市居民的谷类和碳水化合物的供能比均不足50 %,中小城市居民的谷类食物供能比不足50 %,大城市、中小城市和普通农村居民的脂肪供能比均超过了30 %,2010 — 2012年中国居民的动物性食物、食用油和糖的供能比上升。  结论  2010 — 2012年中国居民的膳食构成是以谷类和植物性食物为主,但不同地区居民有高热能、高脂肪和高糖摄入而接近西方膳食模式的趋势,建议在中国传统膳食结构基础上优化膳食结构,对于不同地区制定分类指导策略。     

Food standards,dietary modelling and public health nutrition policy

Aim: The review aims to describe how the use of dietary modelling to inform the development of food standards sits within a larger risk analysis framework and to show how the framework has wider applicability. Method: A narrative review is produced with reference to key published literature and authoritative sources related to the topic. Results: An essential feature of this framework is the separation in thinking between risk assessment and risk management. In risk assessment, dietary modelling assists in characterising the risk of the dietary component of exposure to a given food chemical or nutrient intake for a specific population. Risk management is the process of deciding what, if anything, should be done about the potential risk and analysing what option(s) are available. In risk management, the results of RISK Assessment, other information, such as behavioural science and health economic analysis, and policy considerations, inform the decision about which option should be selected. To illustrate how the framework can be used in public health, the steps in the framework are compared with the steps for developing food‐based dietary guidelines, an educational tool aimed at the general public. Conclusion: The framework can help make sense of the various streams of information used in the wider public health nutrition arena. Depending on the purpose, different types of dietary modelling might be needed in risk assessment and to develop risk management options.     

期望膳食模式在江苏城乡居民膳食结构中的应用评价

目的 :应用期望膳食模式 (DDP)对江苏城乡居民膳食结构进行评价。方法 :按平衡膳食法计算热能摄入量 ,以 DDP评分方案评价膳食结构。结果 :90年代江苏城乡居民膳食结构变化特征为谷类DDP评分下降 ,动物性食物 DDP评分上升。结论 :城市居民膳食结构调整重点是遏制粮食消费下降 ,继续降低猪肉消费 ;城乡居民膳食结构调整应是大幅度提高豆类和奶类消费     

2000年中国总膳食研究——膳食铅、镉摄入量

目的了解中国不同地区铅、镉的膳食摄入量,通过分析2000年中国总膳食研究的膳食样品,得到了中国不同地区铅、镉的含量值以及成年男子摄入量数据,并且评价了膳食铅、镉的安全性。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,通过膳食调查、统计不同地区人群各种食物的消费量、按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工成可食的各种膳食、膳食样品中铅、镉含量采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,并按总膳食研究方法获得的成年男子各种食品的消费量与实测膳食中铅、镉的含量相乘得到不同地区铅、镉的实际摄入量。采用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)值评价中国四个大区成年男子膳食中铅、镉摄入的安全性。结果运用总膳食的方法得到了2000年中国四个大区成年男子和全国平均膳食中铅、镉摄入量及占暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)数据,北方一区、北方二区、南方一区、南方二区和全国平均分别为(PTWI%):135.6μg(60.3%)和18.4μg(29.1%)、33.6μg(14.9%)和12.1μg(19.2%)、25.6μg(11.4%)和27.6μg(43.8%)、129.8μg(57.7%)和30.8μg(48.9%)、81.1μg(36.1%)和22.2μg(35.3%)。除南方一区铅膳食摄入量的主要来源为谷类、豆类、蛋类和蔬菜类外,其他各区均为谷类和蔬菜类。镉膳食摄入量的主要来源北方一区为谷类、水产类和蔬菜类,北方二区和南方二区均为谷类和蔬菜类,南方一区为谷类、肉类、水产类和蔬菜类。膳食中铅、镉的含量除个别食物类别外,均符合食品限量标准。其中超标的食物类别有南方一区的蛋类超过标准8.1%,北方一区和南方一区水产类食品中镉的含量分别超过标准49.0%和27.6%。结论表明中国不同地区膳食铅、镉的摄入量是安全的,只有某些地区的个别样品超过中国食品中铅、镉限量标准。     

Association between adolescents’ consumption of total and different types of sugar‐sweetened beverages with oral health impacts and weight status

Objective: To examine the associations between adolescents’ intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) with oral health impacts (OHI) and weight status. Methods: Cross‐sectional health survey with anthropometry and self‐report OHI (toothache and avoiding some foods because of oral problems) and SSB intake (fruit juice, flavoured water, soft, diet, sports and energy drinks) collected in 2015. Results: A total of 3,671 adolescents participated (50% girls; mean age 13.2 years ±1.7). Drinking ≥1cup/day of SSBs was consistently associated with higher odds of OHI compared with drinking <1cup/day: diet soft drinks (AOR, 5.21 95%CI 2.67, 10.18); sports drinks (AOR 3.60 95%CI 1.93, 6.73); flavoured water (AOR 3.07 95%CI 1.55, 6.06); and energy drinks (AOR 2.14 95%CI 1.44, 3.19). Daily SSB intake was not consistently associated with weight status. The odds of overweight/obesity (AOR 1.27 95%CI 1.01, 1.59) and obesity (AOR 1.61 95%CI 1.01, 2.57) were higher for energy drink consumption, compared with not drinking energy drinks; and the odds of abdominal obesity were twice as high among adolescents who drank ≥1cup/day of sports drinks, compared with <1cup/day intake. Conclusions: Daily consumption of SSBs is prevalent among adolescents and is consistently associated with higher odds of OHI. The most popular SSBs among adolescents were energy drinks. Different types of SSB were differentially associated with OHI and weight status. Implications for public health: Different types of SSBs were differentially associated with OHI and weight status in adolescents. Diet soft drinks and new generation SSBs such as energy and sport drinks and flavoured water had a greater impact on adolescents’ OHI compared with soft drinks and fruit juice.     

Zinc biofortification of rice in China: a simulation of zinc intake with different dietary patterns

A cross-sectional survey of 2819 adults aged 20 years and above was undertaken in 2002 in Jiangsu Province. Zinc intake was assessed using a consecutive 3-day 24-h dietary recall method. Insufficient and excess intake was determined according to the Chinese Dietary Recommended Intakes. Four distinct dietary patterns were identified namely "traditional", "macho", "sweet tooth", and "healthy". Intake of zinc from biofortified rice was simulated at an intermediate zinc concentration (2.7 mg/100 g) and a high zinc concentration (3.8 mg/100 g) in rice. Average total zinc intake was 12.0 ± 3.7 mg/day, and insufficiency of zinc intake was present in 15.4%. Simulated zinc intake from biofortified rice with intermediate and high zinc concentration decreased the prevalence of low zinc intake to 6.5% and 4.4%, respectively. The effect was most pronounced in the "traditional" pattern, with only 0.7% of insufficiency of zinc intake remaining in the highest quartile of the pattern. Zinc intake was inversely associated with the "sweet tooth" pattern. Zinc biofortifed rice improves dietary zinc intake and lowers risk for insufficient zinc intake, especially for subjects with a more "traditional" food pattern, but less for subjects with a "sweet tooth" food pattern.     

中国青少年不良饮食行为及影响因素分析

目的 了解我国青少年不良饮食行为情况和影响因素,为采取针对性的营养干预措施提供科学依据。方法 采用中国教育追踪调查2014—2015学年的追踪数据共10 750名八年级学生进行分析。数据分析组间比较选择χ2 检验,不良饮食行为的影响因素分析采用多元logistic回归模型。结果 青少年经常或总是饮用含糖/碳酸饮料的报告率为21.36%,而经常或总是食用油炸/烧烤食品的报告率为14.60%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,青少年含糖/碳酸饮料消费行为的危险因素包括家庭经济情况（富裕:OR = 1.538,95%CI: 1.258～1.882,P＜0.001）、父亲经常醉酒（OR = 1.530,95%CI: 1.308～1.789,P＜0.001）、母亲的受教育水平（初中或高中:OR = 1.237,95%CI: 1.076～1.422,P＜0.01）、父亲的受教育水平（初中或高中:OR = 1.189,95%CI: 1.011～1.397,P＜0.05）、与朋友外出运动、看电影（一年或半年一次:OR = 1.146,95%CI: 1.016～1.294,P＜0.05; 每月或每周一次:OR = 1.786,95%CI: 1.562～2.043,P＜0.001;每周一次以上:OR = 2.327,95%CI: 1.791～3.024,P＜0.001）;保护因素包括女性（OR = 0.746,95%CI: 0.672～0.829,P＜0.001）、与父母吃晚饭（一年或半年一次:OR = 0.601,95%CI: 0.412～0.878,P＜0.01;每周一次以上:OR = 0.696,95%CI: 0.495～0.979,P＜0.05）、自评整体健康情况（一般:OR = 0.783,95%CI: 0.641～0.956,P＜0.05;比较好/很好:OR = 0.652,95%CI: 0.539～0.790,P＜0.001）。青少年油炸/烧烤食品消费行为的危险因素包括女性（OR = 1.187,95%CI: 1.054～1.335,P＜0.01）、家庭经济情况（富裕:OR = 1.377,95%CI: 1.093～1.735,P＜0.01）、父亲经常醉酒（OR = 1.684,95%CI: 1.417～2.001,P＜0.001）、与朋友外出运动、看电影（每月或每周一次:OR = 1.706, 95%CI: 1.454～2.001, P＜0.001;每周一次以上:OR = 2.783,95%CI: 2.126～3.644,P＜0.001）;保护因素包括与父母吃晚饭（每周一次以上:OR = 0.673,95%CI: 0.461～0.981,P＜0.05）、自评整体健康情况（一般:OR = 0.788,95%CI: 0.634～0.980,P＜0.05,比较好/很好:OR = 0.579,95%CI: 0.469～0.714,P＜0.001）。结论 青少年不良饮食行为不仅受到个体因素影响,还与一系列家庭或社会因素密切相关。家庭、学校以及青少年本人应该多方合作,实施综合干预,提高青少年健康素养并促进其养成健康饮食习惯。     

绿茶及其饮料中茶多酚的光谱分析及抗氧化性能测定

目的对绿茶及其饮料中茶多酚的含量及抗氧化性能进行测定。方法采用三波长-光谱法消除随浓度不同发生的本底漂移及吸收峰不对称给定量分析造成的影响,并用流动注射化学发光法测定了绿茶的抗氧化性能。结果方法的回收率为95.2%～102.0%,变异系数小于1.05%。结论绿茶及其饮料具有较高的茶多酚含量和较强的抗氧化性能。     

Dietary patterns,dietary intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the Hefei Nutrition and Health Study

A total of 1776 Chinese adults, aged 40–60 years, had been recruited to participate in the Hefei Nutrition and Health Study started in 2012. Three major dietary patterns were identified, “High-salt and high-fat”, “Traditional Chinese” and “Western” dietary patterns. After adjusting for potential confounders, there is no significant difference in the effect of different dietary pattern quintiles on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, compared with lowest quintile intakes, the adjusted odds ratio of T2D for highest quintile intakes of bread and noodle, rice noodle and coarse grain were 2.45 (95% CI: 1.17, 5.12), 0.34 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.92), 0.27 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.51), with corresponding p trend being .002, .375, .003, respectively. Our study suggests that high intakes of bread and noodle are significantly associated with increased risk of T2D, while high intakes of rice noodle and coarse grain are remarkably correlated with decreased risk of T2D.     

The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Diet plays an important role in growth and development of children. However, dietary intakes of children living in either rural or urban areas can be influenced by household income. This cross-sectional study examined energy, nutrient and food group intakes of 749 urban children (1-10 years old) by household income status.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Children''s dietary intakes were obtained using food recall and record for two days. Diet adequacy was assessed based on recommended intakes of energy and nutrients and food group servings.

RESULTS

For toddlers, all nutrients except dietary fiber (5.5 g) exceeded recommended intakes. Among older children (preschoolers and school children), calcium (548 mg, 435 mg) and dietary fiber (7.4 g, 9.4 g) did not meet recommendations while percentage of energy from total fat and saturated fats exceeded 30% and 10%, respectively. The mean sodium intakes of preschoolers (1,684 mg) and school children (2,000 mg) were relatively high. Toddlers in all income groups had similar energy and nutrient intakes and percentages meeting the recommended intakes. However, low income older children had lowest intakes of energy (P < 0.05) and most nutrients (P < 0.05) and highest proportions that did not meet recommended energy and nutrient intakes. For all food groups, except milk and dairy products, all age groups had mean intakes below the recommended servings. Compared to middle and high income groups, low income preschoolers had the lowest mean intake of fruits (0.07 serving), meat/poultry (0.78 serving) and milk/dairy products (1.14 serving) while low income toddlers and school children had the least mean intake of fruits (0.09 serving) and milk/dairy products (0.54 serving), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Low socioeconomic status, as indicated by low household income, could limit access to adequate diets, particularly for older children. Parents and caregivers may need dietary guidance to ensure adequate quantity and quality of home food supply and foster healthy eating habits in children.     

Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations

BACKGROUND: Data on the impact of the many dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western societies are lacking. This study quantified the contributions of body weight, physical inactivity and dietary factors to the prevalence of hypertension in Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, United Kingdom (UK) and USA. METHODS: Distributions of blood pressure (BP) and risk factors in Western populations were obtained from nationwide surveys. The effect of risk factors on BP was assessed by meta-regression analysis of randomized trials, published between 1966 and March 2001. Population attributable risk percentages (PAR%) for hypertension (i.e. systolic BP > or =140 mmHg) were computed for all risk factors in the five countries. RESULTS: Being overweight made the largest contribution to hypertension, with PAR% between 11% (Italy) and 25% (USA). PAR% were 5-13% for physical inactivity, 9-17% for high sodium intake, 4-17% for low potassium intake and 4-8% for low magnesium intake. The impact of alcohol was small (2-3%) in all populations. PAR% varied among populations for inadequate intake of calcium (2-8%), magnesium (4-8%), coffee (0-9%) and fish fatty acids (3-16%). CONCLUSIONS: Diet and lifestyle have a substantial impact on hypertension in Western societies, with being overweight, physical inactivity, high sodium intake and low potassium intake being the main contributors. The relative significance of different risk factors varies among populations, which is important for preventative strategies.     

Misconceptions about fats and cholesterol: Implications for dietary guidelines

To be effective, dietary guidelines must be understandable by their audiences. Misconceptions interfere with acceptance of correct but conflicting information, contributing to unhealthy dietary behavior. This study was undertaken to identify, from a cognitive perspective, misconceptions about dietary fat and cholesterol and their roots. Eighty‐eight women and men participated in semistructured interviews that identified their knowledge structure and misconceptions. Women had slightly more numerous and serious (potential to lead to inappropriate food choices) misconceptions than men. Both groups had numerous misconceptions in common (saturated fats have more fat or calories than unsaturated fats). Most misconceptions could be attributed to missing or incomplete information, yet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans bulletin on fat and cholesterol was ineffective in changing them. These results have implications for public health education efforts: common misconceptions need to be identified and addressed, or they will reduce effectiveness of the efforts.     

Free Sugars Intake among Chinese Adolescents and Its Association with Dental Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study

This study aims to estimate the free sugars intake, identify the primary food sources of free sugars, and explore the relationship between free sugars intake and dental caries among Chinese adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 1517 middle-school students aged 12–14 years in Changsha city, China. Adolescents completed a 12-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and oral health assessment. The students’ dental caries experience was available as DMFT score (number of decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth). Statistical analyses included the Mann–Whitney test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression model. The average intake of free sugars was 53.1 g/d in adolescents, and 43.2% of the students consumed more than 50 g of free sugars daily. The primary contributor to free sugars was sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Age, boarders, and high family income were risk factors for excessive free sugars intake (p < 0.05), and increased free sugars intake was a risk factor for dental caries (odds ratio, OR = 1.446, 95% confidence interval: 1.138–1.839). Both the free sugars intake and dental caries prevalence in Chinese adolescents were high. Targeted interventions are urgently needed to address the excessive consumption of free sugars and improve Chinese adolescents’ oral health.     

安徽、新疆农村社区居民膳食结构调查

目的了解安徽、新疆项目地区农村社区居民饮食习惯和结构情况,以针对具体情况制定项目干预措施。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法获得调查对象。对安徽、新疆项目地区15~69岁农村社区居民2 203人进行问卷调查。结果调查人群食用新鲜蔬菜的频度最高占64.7%;27.7%的每周食用腌熏食品3 d以上,88.6%的居民每周食用乳及乳制品的时间不足1 d,51.4%的居民每周食用豆制品的时间不足1 d;67.5%的汉族居民和55.4%少数民族居民能够坚持每天按时吃早餐。安徽项目地区的农民在新鲜蔬菜、豆制品、乳及乳制品、腌熏食品、油炸食品和甜食的摄入频度均高于新疆;2省在新鲜蔬菜、水果、乳及乳制品、腌熏食品和甜食的摄入有差异;水果和乳制品的食用频率随年龄增加而减少,豆制品和腌熏食品的食用频率随年龄增加而增加;水果、豆制品、腌熏食品和甜食的摄入各年龄组差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。文化程度越高,摄入蔬菜、水果、豆制品、乳制品的频度越高,摄入腌熏食品的频度越低。结论安徽、新疆农村社区居民饮食习惯和饮食结构不合理,需要进一步改善。