抗生素降阶梯疗法在新生儿重症感染性肺炎中的应用价值

目的 探讨抗生素降阶梯疗法在新生儿重症感染性肺炎中的应用价值。方法 选取2017年1月～2019年1月我院收治的85例新生儿重症感染性肺炎,其中采用常规抗生素治疗的40例患者设为常规组,采用抗生素降阶梯治疗的45例患者设为降阶梯组。对比两组治疗总有效率和症状控制情况;比较治疗前后两组患儿血清降钙素原(PCT)、超敏c反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞(WBC)水平及不良反应情况。结果 降阶梯组治疗总有效率显著高于常规组(P0.05)。降阶梯组患儿退热时间、病情稳定时间、呼吸正常时间、住院时间均显著短于常规组(P0.05)。治疗前,两组PCT、CRP、WBC比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,降阶梯组各项指标均明显小于常规组(P0.05);两组不良反应发生情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 抗生素降阶梯疗法能够明显提高重症感染肺炎患儿治疗总有效率,促进患儿恢复,改善血清指标,且不良反应较低。     

血滤清除白细胞介素6治疗重症急性胰腺炎

目的 探讨早期短时血滤清除血清白介素-6(IL-6)在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的作用及机制.方法 根据诊断标准对重症急性胰腺炎患者进行前瞻性对照研究,将上海交通大学医学院附属第三人民医院普外科收治的178例重症急性胰腺炎患者随机分组:血滤组(HF组)85人,非血滤组(NHFF组)93人.比较两组患者的症状、APACHE II评分、住院时间和费用、MODS发病率和病死率,并比较各时相点促炎细胞因子血清IL-6的测定值.数据以SPSS统计软件处理,采用SNK-q检验和X2检验进行数据分析.结果 HF组与NHF组比较:腹痛腹胀持续时间为(18.8±4.2)h vs.(89.7±28.1)h(P<0.05);治疗后第10天APACHE Ⅱ积分为(5.5±3.6)分vs.(13.8±3.8)分(P<0.05);住院天数和医疗费为(28.2±12.4)d vs.(42.4±11.2)d和(4.38±2.8)万元vs.(7.46±2.2)万元,(P<0.05).治疗后各时相点血清IL-6检测结果:HF组较NItF组显著降低(P<0.05);MODS发病率和病死率分别为12.47%vs.36.28%和4.28%vs.12.82%,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 早期短时血滤有利于纠正重症急性胰腺炎患者血清促炎细胞因子过度释放,使病情减轻,降低MODS发病率和病死率,提高疗效.     

重症肺炎抗生素降阶梯疗法的疗效观察

目的 观察采用抗生素降阶梯疗法治疗重症肺炎的疗效.方法 60例重症肺炎患者随机分为观察组及对照组,观察组30例采用抗生素降阶梯疗法,对照组30例采用常规抗生素治疗,比较2组疗效.结果 观察组病死率、ICU住院时间、总住院时间均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);观察组机械通气时间低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 抗生素降阶梯疗法对重症肺炎具有良好的治疗效果.     

气管切开时机对重症脑外伤的影响

目的探讨气管切开时机对重症脑外伤患者的影响。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2014年6月收治的84例重型脑外伤患者的临床资料,按照经口插管机械通气(MV)时间将上述患者分为早期气管切开组(≤7d,共40例,以下称为早期组)和晚期气管切开组(>7d,共44例,以下称为晚期组),比较2组患者行经皮扩张气管切开术(PDT)前后各时间及预后指标,分析PDT和MV时间与住院时间的相关性。结果早期组的经口气管插管MV时间、手术时间、术后MV时间、总MV时间、术后住ICU时间、ICU住院时间均明显短于晚期组,比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。早期组的ICU住院病死率为15%,住院病死率为22.5%;晚期组的ICU住院病死率为15.91%,住院病死率为22.73%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单因素分析显示,总MV时间与手术时间呈正相关;多因素方差分析显示,总MV时间为ICU住院时间延长的独立危险因素。结论行早期气管切开可缩短重症脑外伤患者的机械通气时间和ICU住院时间,但对预后无影响。     

多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症下呼吸道感染临床分析

目的 观察石家庄市中心医院和河北医科大学第二医院重症下呼吸道感染常见革兰阴性杆菌的多重耐药性,分析多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症下呼吸道感染的危险因素和预后.方法 对呼吸科常见革兰阴性杆菌进行药敏检测,收集临床资料,选择86例革兰阴性杆菌重症下呼吸道感染患者,分为多重耐药组和非多重耐药组,分析多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症下呼吸道感染的相关因素,比较两组患者预后.结果 345例患者下呼吸道分泌物培养共分离细菌498株,其中革兰阳性菌136株(27.3%),革兰阴性杆菌362株(72.7%).药敏结果显示革兰阴性杆菌耐药性严重.从临床分离的86例重症下呼吸道感染患者中多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌52株,分别为鲍曼不动杆菌16株(30.8%)、铜绿假单胞菌14株(26.9%)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌10株(19.2%)、大肠埃希杆菌7株(13.5%)、嗜麦芽窄食假单胞杆菌5株(9.6%),其中包括泛耐药不动杆菌2株.86例患者中多重耐药组与非多重耐药组比较,多重耐药组住院时间(18.3±6.5)天vs(12.6±4.7)天和急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHE-Ⅱ)评分(22.7±2.3)分vs(17.8±3.1)分,均高于非多重耐药组,血清白蛋白(28.0±2.9)g/L vs(35.0±3.4)g/L,低于非多重耐药组(均P<0.05).多重耐药组有基础疾病[33例(78.6%)vs 24例(54.5%)]、先期使用3种以上抗生素[34例(80.9%)vs 26例(59.1%)]、人工气道[17例(40.5%)vs 8例(18.2%)]和死亡[18例(42.9%)vs 10例(22.7%)]病例所占百分比多于非多重耐药组(均P<0.05).结论 多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症下呼吸道感染患者病死率明显升高,多重耐药菌与多种因素有关,重视对多重耐药菌、泛耐药菌药物敏感监测,合理应用抗生素,改善患者预后.     

俯卧位通气对RICU重症肺部感染患者预后的临床研究

目的探讨俯卧位通气对呼吸重症监护病房重症肺部感染患者气道病原学检查结果、多重耐药菌检出率及预后的影响。方法选择2017年8月—2018年8月在本院RICU接受治疗的58例重症肺部感染患者进行研究。采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组及观察组,每组各29例。观察组予以俯卧位通气,对照组予以仰卧位通气。对比两组患者气道病原学检查结果、多重耐药菌检出率及预后情况。结果病原学检查结果显示对照组病原学检查阳性率为82.76%,明显高于观察组的48.28%(P0.05)。对照组共检出多重耐药株6株,高于观察组检出的多重耐药株1株(P0.05)。两组患者呼吸机使用时间、带管时间及第28d死亡率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组RICU住院时间、总住院时间及第90d死亡率均明显较对照组低(P0.05)。结论俯卧位通气可明显降低RICU重症肺部感染患者气道病原学检查阳性率、多重耐药株检出率,缩短RICU住院时间、总住院时间,降低第90d死亡率。     

重症肌无力术后机械通气脱机方法的比较

目的:比较重症肌无力胸腺切除术后经验性脱机和程序化脱机在机械通气(MV)撤机的临床效果。方法:重症肌无力胸腺切除术后行机械通气的患者67例,根据脱机方式不同分为经验性脱机组和程序化脱机。比较两种脱机方法的MV时间、监护室住院时间、脱机成功率、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率和住院死亡率等差异。结果:两组重症肌无力术后机械通气患者比较,程序化脱机组比经验性脱机组MV时间、监护室住院时间和总住院时间均有明显缩短(P<0.05);VAP发生率和住院死亡率方面,程序化脱机组均明显低于经验性脱机组(均P<0.05)。结论:重症肌无力胸腺切除术后机械通气时采用程序化脱机能明显缩短MV时间和监护室住院时间,提高脱机成功率,降低VAP发生率和住院死亡率,值得临床推广。     

Burns脱机评分量表作为机械通气脱机流程启动标准的临床研究

目的:研究Burns脱机评分量表(BWAP)作为重症监护病房(ICU)机械通气(MV)患者程序化脱机流程启动标准的应用价值。方法:选取2017-07—2019-06期间收住在我院综合ICU的161例MV患者为研究对象,根据入院前后分经验组和BWAP组,分别通过医生经验判断和BWAP评分作为程序化脱机流程的启动标准,比较两组在MV时间、住ICU时间、住院总时间、自主呼吸试验(SBT)通过率、拔管成功率和28 d病死率上的差异。结果:与经验组相比,BWAP组明显缩短首次SBT前MV时间,首次拔管前MV时间和住ICU时间[首次SBT前MV时间(h):84(41.5,135)vs.134(56.5,224.25),首次拔管前MV时间(h):90(44.5,155.5)vs.137.5(59.25,271.5),住ICU时间(d):8(5,13)vs.11.00(4.25,22),均P0.05]。两组在首次拔管成功率,总住院时间和28 d病死率上的差异无统计学意义[首次拔管成功率:87.64%(78/89)vs.81.94%(59/72),总住院时间(d):21(14,29.5)vs.27(15,37.75),28 d病死率:5.60%(5/89)vs.12.50%(9/72),均P0.05]。结论:作为程序化脱机流程的启动标准,使用Burns脱机评分量表较医生经验性判断,可以明显缩短患者机械通气时间,减少住ICU时间,为重症患者提供一个客观、方便和全面的脱机前评估方法。     

降阶梯疗法治疗新生儿重症感染性肺炎的临床疗效

目的探讨抗生素降阶梯疗法对新生儿重症感染性肺炎的治疗效果。方法选取重症感染性肺炎新生儿120例,分为观察组(抗生素降阶梯疗法)与对照组(常规经验性抗生素治疗),比较2组患儿的临床治疗效果。结果观察组患儿肺部湿啰音、发热、气促、发绀、呼吸困难等临床症状消失时间及住院时间均显著短于对照组(P 0. 05);治疗后,观察组患儿C反应蛋白、白细胞水平显著低于对照组(P 0. 05);观察组患儿治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论采用抗生素降阶梯疗法对新生儿重症感染性肺炎进行治疗,可及时控制患儿临床症状,提高抗感染效果,对保障患儿生命安全具有积极作用。     

程序化脱机方案在呼吸内科重症监护病房机械通气患者脱机过程中的临床实践

目的实施有利于机械通气患者脱机的方法,缩短机械通气时间,促进患者早日康复。方法选择华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院呼吸内科重症监护病房(RICU)的机械通气患者为研究对象,将2018年1—11月入院的患者设为对照组,使用基于医生经验判断的脱机方法脱机。2019年同期在院的患者设为观察组,实施程序化脱机方案,比较两组患者的脱机成功率、撤机时间、总机械通气时间、RICU住院时间、总住院时间和脱机后24h内再行机械通气的发生率。结果程序化脱机方案提高了成功脱机率(29.8%vs 53.22%),缩短了撤机时间(9.14h vs 3.64h),降低了总机械通气时间(9.43 d vs 5.88 d)和RICU住院日(39.50 d vs 16.06 d)。两组患者在死亡率(25.5%vs 20.97%)、脱机后24 h内再行机械通气发生率(21.43%vs 3.03%)以及总住院日(43.50 vs27.06)方面的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论程序化脱机方案可以改善患者照护结局,在没有或者缺乏专职的呼吸治疗师的情况下,可以考虑将程序化脱机方案交由接受了培训的护士来实施。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

经颅黑质超声诊断帕金森病的临床评价

目的 通过对帕金森病患者及正常对照组进行经颅超声(transcranial sonography,TCS)检查,结合帕金森病患者的Hoehn Yahr（H Y）分级及帕金森病统一评分量表评分结果,了解我国大陆地区帕金森病患者有无黑质(substantia nigra, SN)回声增强表现。方法 对入选对象进行TCS检查,并对检查结果进行评价。结果 帕金森病患者 SN阳性率明显高于正常对照者（P＜0.05）。帕金森病SN异常组 H Y 分期明显高于帕金森病SN正常组(P＜0.05),表明帕金森病患者SN高回声面积与H Y分期相关。TCS检查对帕金森病的敏感性为80.5%,特异性为79.9%。结论 我国帕金森病患者SN强回声检出率显著高于对照组,说明我国帕金森病患者也存在SN回声增强这一现象,与国内外报道相一致。TCS检查对帕金森病的诊断具有一定的意义,敏感性及特异性较高。