渗透促进剂增加复方骨质增生贴剂透皮渗透的研究

目的 探讨氮酮、杜香萜烯两种渗透促进剂对复方骨质增生贴剂透皮渗透的影响。方法 制备不同浓度氮酮、杜香萜烯及不含渗透促进剂的复方骨质增生贴剂，通过进行体外透皮实验，研究氮酮和杜香萜烯对该贴剂中的主要有效成分阿魏酸的渗透促进作用。结果 不同浓度的氮酮和杜香萜烯均有渗透促进作用，在本实验中氮酮优于杜香萜烯，且氮酮的最佳浓度为3％，此时氮酮的增渗倍数最高，为8．1倍。结论 以阿魏酸累积渗透量为指标，选择3％氮酮作为复方骨质增生贴剂的渗透促进剂更为适宜。     

重组人干扰素α-2b软膏透皮试验研究

目的：考察不同透皮吸收促进剂对重组人干扰素α-2b软膏透皮吸收的促进效果。方法：采用单室水平扩散池，计时2h后从接受室内取样，用细胞病变抑制法测定透过Swiss小鼠腹部皮肤的干扰素的活性。结果：在软膏中加入透皮吸收促进剂能明显改善透皮吸收．且以2％水溶性氮酮和2％1，2-丙二醇联合应用的效果最好。结论：2％水溶性氮酮和2％1，2-丙二醇联用，提高了药物生物利用度和疗效。     

非洛地平-美托洛尔复方贴剂的透皮吸收促进剂优化

目的：优化复合透皮吸收促进剂，制备非洛地平-美托洛尔复方贴剂，并对其外观、物理特性、体外药物释放和经皮渗透性能进行综合评价。方法：以药物体外释放速率和稳态透皮速率为指标，通过正交设计试验考察桉叶油醇、月桂氮[艹卓]酮和丙二醇体系对贴剂质量的影响，优选最佳复合透皮吸收促进剂构成。结果：优选的透皮吸收促进剂最佳含量分别为桉叶油醇5％、月桂氮[艹卓]酮3％和丙二醇12%，以该促透体系制备的贴剂药物体外释放速率和稳态透皮速率高，外观和理化特性较佳，物理黏性适宜，各指标均达到预期设计要求。结论：桉叶油醇-月桂氮[艹卓]酮-丙二醇（5：3：12）复合体系对非洛地平和关托洛尔的协同促透作用显著，且稳定可靠，是非洛地平关托洛尔复方贴剂的优良透皮吸收促进剂。     

中药骨伤凝胶贴剂的经皮渗透性研究

目的 探讨药粉目数及透皮吸收促进剂对中药骨伤凝胶贴剂经皮渗透作用的影响。方法 以羟基红花黄色素A和血竭素为评价指标，采用桨碟法评价凝胶贴剂的体外释放行为，采用Franz扩散池法考察药粉目数及透皮吸收促进剂对凝胶贴剂透皮吸收的影响。结果 与氮酮和薄荷脑相比，肉豆蔻酸异丙酯对于羟基红花黄色素A和血竭素的促渗作用最好，其最佳用量为3%，200目的药粉相对于80目在体外释放及有效成分的经皮吸收方面没有明显影响。结论 药粉目数对凝胶贴剂经皮渗透作用的影响不显著，肉豆蔻酸异丙酯透皮吸收促进剂能显著提高凝胶贴剂的透皮吸收。     

不同透皮吸收促进剂对玄丹巴布剂体外透皮吸收作用的影响

目的：探讨不同的透皮吸收促进剂对玄丹巴布剂中淫羊藿苷体外透皮吸收作用的影响,筛选出有效的透皮吸收促进剂,以提高玄丹巴布剂的疗效。方法：采用正交试验法,以淫羊藿苷的透过率为评价指标考察了氮酮、丙二醇、薄荷脑3个因素对玄丹巴布剂透皮吸收影响。结果：薄荷脑用量为2％,氮酮用量为3％时,淫羊藿苷透皮吸收率最高,促透效果最明显,而丙二醇对淫羊藿苷透皮率影响较小。结论：氮酮、薄荷脑可提高玄丹巴布剂淫羊藿苷体外透皮吸收量。     

桉叶油和氮酮对替硝唑凝胶剂体外透皮释药的研究

目的：研制替硝唑凝胶剂，考察混合促进剂桉叶油和氮酮对替硝唑透皮吸收作用的影响。方法：采用改良Franz直立式释放池，以离体鼠皮为透皮屏障，使用不同浓度的混合桉叶油和氮酮，测量替硝唑的透皮吸收量。结果：含2％桉叶油和2％氮酮的替硝唑凝胶与不含桉叶油和氮酮的替硝唑凝胶之间，其透皮速率增加了291％。结论：不同浓度的混合促进剂可不同程度地促进替硝唑的透皮吸收效果，其中以2％桉叶油加氮酮组成的混合促进剂作用最显著。     

透皮促进剂对散结止痛巴布膏中次乌头碱透皮的影响

目的考察透皮促进剂对散结止痛巴布膏中次乌头碱透皮吸收的影响。方法建立皮肤渗透液中次乌头碱含量测定的HPLC方法。利用大鼠腹部皮肤和Franz垂直扩散池进行体外透皮扩散试验,比较不同浓度的氮酮和桉叶油对散结止痛巴布膏中次乌头碱透皮速率的影响。结果不加透皮促进剂的散结止痛巴布膏中次乌头碱的透皮速率为0．65mg·cm^-2·h^-1;2％氮酮与10％丙二醇组成的复合透皮促进剂使次乌头碱透皮速率增加9．87倍;2％桉叶油增加次乌头碱透皮速率12．23倍。结论散结止痛巴布膏的透皮促进剂可采用2％桉叶油或2％氮酮与10％丙二醇合用。     

不同透皮吸收促进剂对左旋肉碱透皮特性的影响

目的:选择适宜的透皮吸收促进剂增加左旋肉碱的透皮百分率。方法:使用改良Franz体外释药装置,用RP-HPLC法检测接收液中左旋肉碱的浓度,计算药物的透皮累积释放量,采用滞留时间法求算经皮渗透相关系数,考察不同用量的丙二醇、尿素、氮酮对左旋肉碱的促透作用。结果:左旋肉碱的溶液在体外透皮释放试验中有透皮吸收。不同种类及不同用量的吸收促进剂对左旋肉碱的促透作用不同,且随着透皮时间的延长,促透量显著增加。3种透皮吸收促进剂中尿素和丙二醇的促透作用较好,氮酮的促透作用稍差。结论:透皮吸收促进剂能够增加左旋肉碱的透皮百分率,其中2.5%的丙二醇促透作用最强。     

复方骆驼蓬子水凝胶贴剂透皮吸收促进剂的筛选

摘 要 目的：筛选复方骆驼蓬子水凝胶贴剂中透皮吸收促进剂的种类。方法: 以小鼠离体皮肤为渗透屏障,采用Franz扩散池装置进行体外透皮实验,运用HPLC法测定接受池中药物累积透过量,考察不同透皮促进剂对水凝胶贴剂中有效成分骆驼蓬碱和去氢骆驼蓬碱体外透皮吸收的影响。结果: 不同透皮吸收促进剂对骆驼蓬碱和去氢骆驼蓬碱均有促渗作用,其中二元相透皮吸收促进剂的促渗作用比单一促进剂强。结论:丙二醇和氮酮可作为复方骆驼蓬子水凝胶贴剂的透皮吸收促进剂。     

氮酮和薄荷醇对联苯苄唑体外经皮渗透性的影响

目的：研究透皮促进剂氮酮和薄荷醇对外用抗真菌药联苯苄唑体外经皮渗透性影响。方法：在离体透皮实验装置上进行透皮吸收试验和贮库效应的研究，采用正交函数分光光度法消除皮肤浸出物的吸收干扰。结果：1％氮酮明显促进联苯苄唑经皮渗透作用，并可明显缩短时滞而增加贮库效应。结论：氮酮对亲脂性极强的药物联苯苄唑的促透皮吸收作用较强，而薄荷醇无明显的促透作用，但可增加贮库效应。     

Mucoadhesive fenretinide patches for site-specific chemoprevention of oral cancer: enhancement of oral mucosal permeation of fenretinide by coincorporation of propylene glycol and menthol

The objective of this study was to enhance oral mucosal permeation of fenretinide by coincorporation of propylene glycol (PG) and menthol in fenretinide/Eudragit RL PO mucoadhesive patches. Fenretinide is an extremely hydrophobic chemopreventive compound with poor tissue permeability. Coincorporation of 5-10 wt % PG (mean J(s) = 16-23 μg cm?2 h?1; 158-171 μg of fenretinide/g of tissue) or 1-10 wt % PG + 5 wt % menthol (mean J(s) = 18-40 μg cm?2 h?1; 172-241 μg of fenretinide/g of tissue) in fenretinide/Eudragit RL PO patches led to significant ex vivo fenretinide permeation enhancement (p < 0.001). Addition of PG above 2.5 wt % in the patch resulted in significant cellular swelling in the buccal mucosal tissues. These alterations were ameliorated by combining both enhancers and reducing PG level. After buccal administration of patches in rabbits, in vivo permeation of fenretinide across the oral mucosa was greater (～43 μg fenretinide/g tissue) from patches that contained optimized permeation enhancer content (2.5 wt % PG + 5 wt % menthol) relative to permeation obtained from enhancer-free patch (～17 μg fenretinide/g tissue) (p < 0.001). In vitro and in vivo release of fenretinide from patch was not significantly increased by coincorporation of permeation enhancers, indicating that mass transfer across the tissue, and not the patch, largely determined the permeation rate control in vivo. As a result of its improved permeation and its lack of deleterious local effects, the mucoadhesive fenretinide patch coincorporated with 2.5 wt % PG + 5 wt % menthol represents an important step in the further preclinical evaluation of oral site-specific chemoprevention strategies with fenretinide.     

Drug in adhesive type transdermal matrix systems of ondansetron hydrochloride: optimization of permeation pattern using response surface methodology

The present investigation aims at development of pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) based drug in adhesive type transdermal systems of ondansetron hydrochloride with higher permeation flux. The effect of mixture of two chemical permeation enhancers (oleic acid and lauric acid diethanolamide); and drug loading dose on the ex vivo human cadaver skin permeation from the transdermal patches has been investigated using a d-optimal combined mixture design. Incorporation of chemical permeation enhancers significantly improved the permeability parameters and it was also found that blend of permeation enhancers is more effective than either permeation enhancer. Criterion of desirability was employed to numerically optimize the transdermal system. Optimized formulation was achieved with 67.5% lauric acid diethanolamide, 32.5% oleic acid and 10% drug loading in an acrylate based PSA matrix. Optimized formulation was found to be nonirritating and safe for dermatological application.     

Natural oils as skin permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of olanzapine: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

The feasibility of development of transdermal delivery system of olanzapine utilizing natural oils as permeation enhancers was investigated. Penetration enhancing potential of corn (maize) oil, groundnut oil and jojoba oil on in vitro permeation of olanzapine across rat skin was studied. The magnitude of flux enhancement factor with corn oil, groundnut oil and jojoba oil was 7.06, 5.31 and 1.9 respectively at 5mg/ml concentration in solvent system. On the basis of in vitro permeation studies, eudragit based matrix type transdermal patches of olanzapine were fabricated using optimized concentrations of natural oils as permeation enhancers. All transdermal patches were found to be uniform with respect to physical characteristics. The interaction studies carried out by comparing the results of ultraviolet, HPLC and FTIR analyses for the pure drug, polymers and mixture of drug and polymers indicated no chemical interaction between the drug and excipients. Corn oil containing unsaturated fatty acids was found to be promising natural permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery of olanzapine with greatest cumulative amount of drug permeated (1010.68 μg/cm2/h) up to 24 h and caused no skin irritation. The fabricated transdermal patches were found to be stable. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the final optimized matrix patch (T2) were determined after transdermal application to rabbits. The calculated relative bioavailability of TDDS was 113.6 % as compared to oral administration of olanzapine. The therapeutic effectiveness of optimized transdermal system was confirmed by tranquillizing activity in rotarod and grip mice model.     

青藤碱压敏胶分散型贴剂的制备及体外经皮渗透性考察

目的制备青藤碱压敏胶分散型贴剂并考察其体外经皮渗透性。方法将青藤碱及各种渗透促进剂直接溶于压敏胶中制备压敏胶分散型贴剂;采用卧式双室扩散池,研究青藤碱贴剂的体外经皮渗透行为。结果由DURO-TAK87-4098型压敏胶制备的贴剂的稳态渗透速率显著高于由DURO-TAK 87-2677制备的贴剂。加入各种渗透促进剂后,促渗作用由大到小的排列顺序为(质量分数):15%肉豆蔻酸异丙酯>10%肉豆蔻酸异丙酯>10%氮酮>5%肉豆蔻酸异丙酯>10%油酸>10%N-甲基吡咯烷酮。联合应用促进剂后促渗作用由大到小的排列顺序为(质量分数):10%肉豆蔻酸异丙酯+5%薄荷醇>10%肉豆蔻酸异丙酯+5%氮酮>10%肉豆蔻酸异丙酯+10%薄荷醇>10%肉豆蔻酸异丙酯+10%氮酮,但与10%的豆蔻酸异丙酯或10%氮酮相比,没有协同作用。结论应用DURO-TAK87-4098型压敏胶制备的青藤碱压敏胶分散型贴剂有望制成长效抗炎镇痛贴剂,值得进一步深入研究。     

氟比洛芬压敏胶分散型贴剂的制备及体外经皮渗透性考察

目的:研制氟比洛芬压敏胶分散型贴剂并考察其体外经皮渗透性。方法:将氟比洛芬及各种促渗剂直接溶于压敏胶中制备压敏胶分散性贴剂,采用卧式双室扩散池,研究其体外经皮渗透行为。结果:由Duro-Tak 87-9301型压敏胶制备的贴刺具有较好的稳态渗透速率。5%氯酮与10%豆蔻酸异丙酯合用对氟比洛芬促渗效果明显,经皮渗透速率为（3.35±0.53）μg·cm^-2·h^-1,促渗倍率达2.68倍。贴剂中氟比洛芬的含量由5%增加到10%,经皮渗透速率明显增大,含量增加到15%和20%时,渗透速率无明显变化。结论:所得处方中各因素的组合有利于氟比洛芬的经皮吸收。     

Formulation,in vitro,and in vivo evaluation of matrix-type transdermal patches containing olanzapine

Transdermal patches of olanzapine were aimed to be prepared to overcome the side effects by oral application. The strategy was formulation of eudragit-based polymeric films to prepare transdermal patches by using nonionic (span-20), anionic (sodium lauryl sulfate), cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride), and vegetable oil (olive oil) as permeation enhancers. The patches were subjected to physicochemical, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. On the basis of in vitro release performance, ERL 100:ERS 100 in the ratio of 3:2 was selected for incorporation of permeation enhancers. The permeation studies showed that formulation containing 10% span 20 (OD3) exhibited greatest cumulative amount of drug permeated (19.02?±?0.21?mg) in 72?h, so OD3 was concluded as optimized formulation and assessed for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and skin irritation potential. In vivo studies of optimized olanzapine patch in rabbit model revealed prolongation of action with F_rel 116.09% during 72-h study period. Neuroleptic efficacy of transdermal patch was comparable to oral formulation during rotarod and grip test in Wistar albino rats with no skin irritation. Thus, developed formulation of olanzapine is expected to improve the patient compliance, form better dosage regimen, and provide maintenance therapy to psychotic patients.     

苯磺酸氨氯地平压敏胶分散型贴剂的制备及体外经皮渗透性考察

目的制备苯磺酸氨氯地平压敏胶分散型贴剂并考察其体外经皮渗透性,为压敏胶分散型贴剂的制备与临床应用提供依据。方法将苯磺酸氨氯地平及各种渗透促进剂直接溶于自制压敏胶中制备压敏胶分散型贴剂;采用卧式双室扩散池研究苯磺酸氨氯地平贴剂的体外经皮渗透行为。结果贴剂中含药量越高,稳态渗透速率越快;加入各种渗透促进剂后,促渗作用由大到小的排列顺序为:质量分数为5%的氮酮>质量分数为5%的肉豆蔻酸异丙酯>质量分数为2.5%的氮酮>质量分数为5%的油酸;药物含量质量分数为1.5%、氮酮含量质量分数为5%的苯磺酸氨氯地平贴剂,稳态渗透速率最快,且在7 d内可持续透过药物。结论应用自制胶制备的苯磺酸氨氯地平压敏胶分散型贴剂有望制成长效的降压制剂,值得进一步深入研究。     

Ketotifen Fumarate and Salbutamol Sulphate Combined Transdermal Patch Formulations: In vitro release and Ex vivo Permeation Studies

The present work was performed to develop and evaluate transdermal patches of combined antiasthmatic drugs (salbutamol sulphate and ketotifen fumarate). Polyvinyl alcohol membrane was used as backing membrane and eudragit RL-100 was used as matrix material to suspend the drugs in the continuous thickness of the patch. Methanol was solvent and propylene glycol was used as plasticizer. Tween 20, isopropyl myristate, eucalyptus oil, castor oil and span-20 were used as permeability enhancers. Thickness, weight variation and drug uniformity were investigated. The patch formulations were also subjected to drug release in dissolution media and permeation through rabbit skin. Effects of different enhancers were evaluated on release and permeation of drugs. F3 formulations having isopropyl myristate as permeation enhancer, showed maximum amounts of drugs release (88.11% of salbutamol sulphate and 88.33% of ketotifen fumarate) at the end of 24 h dissolution study. F3 also showed maximum permeation of both drugs (4.235 mg salbutamol sulphate and 1.057 mg ketotifen fumarate) after 24 h permeation study through rabbit skin mounted in Franz cell. The patches having no enhancer in the formulation also showed some drug release and permeation due to the presence of plasticizer. The results of the study suggested that new controlled release transdermal formulations of combined antiasthmatic drugs can be suitably developed as an alternate to conventional dosage forms.     

基质pH及促渗剂对阿昔洛韦水凝胶贴剂体外透皮性能的影响

分别制备了基质pH为5.0、6.0、7.5的不含促渗剂的阿昔洛韦水凝胶贴剂,在基质pH 6.0的处方中加入不同浓度的月桂氮革酮、Ⅳ.甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、薄荷醇、吐温-80、聚乙二醇(PEG)400作为促渗荆,以考察基质pH及促渗剂对阿昔洛韦透过离体小鼠皮肤的影响.结果表明,基质pH升高,阿昔洛韦的透皮速率增大.与不含促渗剂的基质pH6.0处方组对照,NMP、PEG 400单用不能提高阿昔洛韦的渗透速率,4%的吐温-80、薄荷醇和月桂氮革酮均可提高阿昔洛韦的经皮渗透.     

Skin permeation enhancement effect and skin irritation of saturated fatty alcohols

Though the skin permeation enhancement effect of chemical penetration enhancers has been studied extensively, their skin irritation potential has not been adequately investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the skin permeation enhancement effect and skin irritation of saturated fatty alcohols using melatonin as a model compound. A saturated solution of melatonin in a mixture of water and ethanol (40:60) containing 5% w/v of saturated fatty alcohol was used in the skin permeation studies using Franz diffusion cells. For skin irritation studies, 230 microl of fatty alcohol solution was applied on the dorsal surface of the hairless rats using Hill top chamber. The skin irritation was evaluated by visual scoring method and bioengineering methods such as measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin blood flow. The flux of melatonin across hairless rat skin was found to be dependent on the carbon chain length of the fatty alcohols, with decanol showing the maximum permeation of melatonin. All fatty alcohols increased the TEWL and skin blood flow significantly compared with the vehicle. The fatty alcohols (decanol, undecanol and lauryl alcohol), which showed greater permeation of melatonin, also produced greater TEWL, skin blood flow and erythema. Tridecanol and myristyl alcohol showed lower permeation enhancement effect but caused greater skin irritation. Octanol and nonanol may be the most useful enhancers for the transdermal delivery of melatonin considering their lower skin irritation and a reasonably good permeation enhancement effect. However, further studies are needed to ascertain their safety as skin penetration enhancers. Skin permeation and skin irritation in experimental animals such as rats are generally higher compared with human skin. Further studies in human volunteers using fatty alcohols at the concentrations of 5% or lower may provide useful information on the utility of these fatty alcohols as permeation enhancers.