2004年浙江省道路交通伤害相关行为分析

目的 了解浙江省居民道路交通违章和交通安全保护措施使用情况,为预防控制道路交通伤害提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,在浙江省有代表性的30个县区,对7482名年龄在15～69岁的居民进行问卷调查.结果 在过去30 d中,36.22%驾驶或乘坐过摩托车者从未佩戴头盔;驾驶或乘坐机动车时,经常使用安全带的为28.28%,其中男性33.10%,女性22.76%;酒后驾车率为11.30%;疲劳驾驶率为11.26%;无证驾驶率12.78%.结论 浙江省居民交通安全保护措施使用率低,违章驾驶现象严重.     

机动车驾驶作业对机体心血管系统的影响

随着公路事业的发展,从事机动车驾驶作业人员大量增加,因此机动车驾驶员的健康状况引起社会的广泛关注。为了解机动车驾驶作业对机体心血管系统的损害情况,我们对215例机动车驾驶员进行了调查。1 对象与方法1.1 对象 机动车驾驶作业人员215例为观察组,年龄25～48岁,平均年龄(36.61±7.81)岁,平均工龄(9.25±5.14)年,均为男性;另选平均年龄(37.46±7.05)岁,平均工龄(10.95±4.92)年的办公室、后勤工作人员146例(均为男性)为对照组,两组年龄、工龄有可比性(P>0.05)。     

浙江省温州市道路交通事故相关行为分析

目的了解浙江省温州市居民道路交通违章和交通安全保护措施使用情况,为控制道路交通伤害提供参考依据。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,在温州市有代表性的3个县（区）,2007年对755名年龄在15～69岁的居民进行问卷调查。结果在过去30 d中,42.43％驾驶或乘坐过摩托车者从未佩戴头盔; 驾驶或乘坐机动车时,未使用安全带的为46.53％,其中男性46.07％,女性47.01％;超速驾车率为11.76％;酒后驾车率为7.65％;疲劳驾驶率为12.97％;无证驾驶率8.33％。结论温州市居民交通安全保护措施使用率低,违章驾驶现象严重。     

机动车乘客伤害:更多地使用儿童安全座位、安全带,减少酒精损害驾驶的战略

社区预防服务工作队对更多地使用儿童安全座位、安全带和减少酒精损害驾驶的干预性措施进行了系统评估。工作队强烈建议下列干预性措施 :建立要求使用儿童安全座位、儿童安全座位的分布及其教育规划的法律 ;建立要求使用安全带的法律 ;建立将成人驾驶员血中酒精浓度(ＢＡＣ)合法限度降至 0 0 8%的法律 ;建立维持最低合法饮酒年龄为 2 1岁、进行清醒程度检查的法律。工作队建议在社区范围开展宣传和强制使用儿童安全座位的活动 ;建立鼓励和教育使用儿童安全座位的规划 ;降低年青驾驶员合法ＢＡＣ的限度。机动车乘客伤害:更多地使用儿童安全…     

福州市鼓山镇老年人吸烟、饮酒状况调查

[目的]了解福州市鼓山镇老年人的吸烟饮酒状况,为该地区开展控烟限酒教育及行为干预提供科学依据。[方法]采用整群抽样的方法,随机抽取福州市鼓山镇的14个村（居）委会,对所有登记在册的年龄≥60周岁的老年人进行调查。[结果]老年人的吸烟率为19．7％;饮酒率为22．5％。74岁及以下的老人、男性、再婚、干部、高收入和高受教育程度者吸烟率和饮酒率均较高。[结论]福州市鼓山镇老年人的吸烟、饮酒状况不容乐观,应加强老年人的自我健康管理,大力开展控烟、限酒教育及行为干预,实现健康老龄化。     

西安市青少年饮酒行为及影响因素调查

目的 调查西安市青少年饮酒行为的影响因素,为制订干预措施提供依据.方法 采用多级抽样的方法 抽取西安市4所中学初一至高三的学生共1224人作为研究对象.应用基础资料问卷及饮酒行为调查问卷对研究对象进行调查.所有的数据用SPSS 11.5软件包进行统计分析与处理.结果 尝试饮酒率为61.1%,父母反对孩子饮酒、老师对学生公平、对饮酒的正向态度能防止学生尝试饮酒行为的发生,男性、集体用餐、旷课次数较多、尝试吸烟是促使学生尝试饮酒的重要因素;与尝试饮酒相比,影响现在饮酒的因素多为父母平均每月给钱较多.结论 青少年饮酒行为与个人特征、家庭环境、学校环境等有关.     

克罗恩病患者吸烟饮酒现状的调查与分析

目的了解克罗恩病患者吸烟饮酒现状,为给予针对性的生活习惯指导和健康教育提供借鉴。方法采用便利抽样的方法,应用自行设计的炎症性肠病患者吸烟饮酒情况调查问卷对杭州、南京和广州三市多家医院的157例克罗恩病患者进行调查。结果克罗恩病患者确诊后吸烟率为14.01%,且均为男性,其中36.36%患者每日吸烟量大于10支,有超过半数的患者存在不同程度的被动吸烟情况。目前有36.36%的吸烟患者已经戒烟;克罗恩病患者确诊后饮酒率为7.64%,其中38.46%患者每日饮用两种类型酒,23.08%患者饮酒频率超过3次/周,还有部分患者每日饮酒量超过正常人群平均水平。目前,50.00%的饮酒患者已经戒酒。结论部分克罗恩病患者仍有吸烟和/或饮酒的生活习惯,在知晓其具体吸烟饮酒行为的基础上,通过评估其对烟酒与疾病关系的了解程度给予个体化的健康指导,强调戒烟和适度饮酒对疾病的重要性。     

监狱医院艾滋病监区警察艾滋病认知态度调查分析

目的:了解监狱医院艾滋病(AIDS)监区警察对AIDS认知、态度及行为现状,为开展对警察AIDS健康教育知识与技能培训提供依据。方法:采用自行设计问卷的方法,对38名AIDS监区警察就AIDS相关知识、职业暴露防护知识及对HIV/AIDS的态度、行为等方面进行问卷调查。结果:AIDS监区所有警察对AIDS基本知识及一般性防治知识掌握的正确率在66.7%～100.0%,医务人员较好;对专业性较强的AIDS知识医务人员掌握较好,正确率76.9%～92.3%,监管警察掌握一般,正确率25.0%～58.3%;对HIV的抵抗力、职业暴露防护知识等医务人员掌握较好,正确率84.6%～100.0%;监管警察掌握较差,正确率25.0%～50.0%。71.1%警察对HIV/AIDS病犯有歧视心理,84.2%警察存在害怕、担心、恐惧心理,100.0%监管警察需要了解更多的AIDS防治知识。结论:AIDS监区医务人员对AIDS知识了解全面,监管警察对AIDS知识缺乏深入了解,且了解相关知识的愿望强烈。需要加强对监管警察AIDS健康教育知识及技能培训,保障监管警察的职业暴露安全。     

1999～2008年四川大学华西医院内科住院患者疾病与饮酒相关性调查

目的了解1999～2008年四川大学华西医院内科住院患者疾病与饮酒相关性情况。方法采用回顾性分层随机抽样调查方法,按照ICD-10酒相关性疾病诊断标准,使用统一设计的调查表对四川大学华西医院1999～2008年消化内科、内分泌科、神经内科、心血管内科共计8000例患者进行调查。结果①有饮酒经历者和无饮酒经历者性别、民族、职业、婚姻状况比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;②本研究调查的患者中有饮酒经历者2279人,占调查患者的28.49%;规律饮酒者932人,占有饮酒经历者的40.90%;有饮酒经历者吸烟的比例高于无饮酒经历者（P〈0.01）;③酒相关性疾病患者共1521例,其中所患疾病最多的是2型糖尿病,占有饮酒经历者人数的13.08%。结论酒相关性内科疾病在综合医院内科住院患者中占较高比例且涉及多器官、多系统,本次调查发现比例最高的是2型糖尿病。饮酒与否受性别、民族、职业、婚姻状况等因素影响且常合并吸烟而加重损害。应加大宣传教育力度,增强人们对饮酒的正确认识,尽量减少饮酒量和饮酒频率,从而减少酒相关性疾病的发生。     

某戒毒所警察艾滋病认知态度及行为现状调查

目的 了解戒毒所警察对艾滋病认知、态度及行为现状,为开展对警察艾滋病健康教育知识与技能培训提供资料和依据.方法 采取自行设计的问卷,对广州市某强制隔离戒毒所146名警察就艾滋病相关知识、职业暴露防护知识及对HIV/AIDS的态度及行为等方面进行问卷调查.结果 戒毒所警察对艾滋病基本知识及一般性防治知识,如HIV/AIDS的基本概念、传播途径、基本防治原则等掌握较好,正确率80.8%-100%;对专业性较强的艾滋病知识,如窗溃口期、检测方法 、我国AIDS流行状况等掌握一般,正确率48.6%-66.4%;对HIV的抵抗力、传染病类型、职业暴露防护知识等掌握较差.正确率6.8%-28.8%.30.8%警察对HIVIAIDS存在歧视心理,69.9%存在害怕、担心、恐惧心理,100%警察需要了解更多的艾滋病防治知识.结论 戒毒所警察对艾滋病普遍缺乏深人了解,且了解相关知识的愿望强烈,需要加强对警察艾滋病健康教育知识及技能培训.保障警察的职业安全,转变"恐艾"观念,更好地为HIV/AIDS病人服务.     

天津市城市居民对酒精滥用或依赖的认识

目的了解天津市城市居民对酒精滥用或依赖的认识情况。方法采用整群随机抽取720名城市社区居民,使用北京回龙观医院流行病学教研室编制的《公众自杀态度问卷》,调查居民对酒精滥用或依赖的认识。结果 520名居民完成了有效调查。其中75.9%听说过酒精滥用或依赖,43.7%认为该类患者是精神障碍,43.5%认为他们会自杀。不同性别、年龄、受教育年限在"是否听说过酒精滥用或依赖"及"对该类患者自杀的态度"等比较有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论城市居民对酒精滥用或依赖患者自杀危险认识不足,尚未充分认识到它是一种可以治疗的精神疾病。     

新疆沙湾县职业人群布鲁氏菌病预防知识知晓率调查

目的 了解新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)沙湾县职业人群布鲁氏菌病(布病)预防知识的知晓情况。方法 根据《布鲁氏菌病监测方案》及沙湾县实际情况, 编制布病预防知晓率调查问卷, 随机选取沙湾县5个乡25个村, 对村医、农牧民、屠宰工、畜产品经营者等4类人群进行问卷调查, 数据分析。结果 共回收493份有效问卷, 对布病预防知识的总知晓率为50.71%, 村医知晓率最高, 达到92.31%, 农牧民知晓率最低, 为42.62%;29岁以下年龄组知晓率最低, 为30.86%;文盲文化程度知晓率最低, 为18.18%。结论 沙湾县不同职业人群之间布病预防知识知晓率存在较大差异, 提示应加强布病预防知识的宣传教育。     

氧减指数、Stop Bang问卷及Epworth嗜睡量表在公交车司机中筛查阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的应用

目的 评估氧减指数（ODI）、Stop Bang问卷及Epworth嗜睡(ESS)量表在公交车司机中筛查阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSA)的应用价值。方法 采用便利抽样法选取2016年12月至2018年1月宁波市公交公司伴有打鼾的公交车司机195例,男177例,女18例,完成Stop Bang问卷、ESS量表,并行连续血氧饱和度监测和多导睡眠图（PSG）监测。根据PSG监测结果将患者分为单纯鼾症组(<5次/h)、轻度OSA组(5～15次/h)、中度OSA组(15～30次/h)、重度OSA组(≥30次/h)。计算两种量表及ODI≥5次/h的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析3种检测方法预测OSA的准确性。结果 在判断OSA时,Stop Bang问卷的灵敏度最高,ODI的ROC曲线下面积最大,ESS量表的灵敏度最低。联合使用时,Stop Bang问卷及ODI二者联合诊断正确率最高。结论 在公交车司机中,Stop Bang问卷及ODI二者联合使用对OSA的评估有较高应用价值。     

Alcohol,the elderly,and motor vehicle crashes

To document the prevalence of alcohol or drug use among elderly drivers admitted to a Level 1 trauma center after motor vehicle crashes, charts from 180 drivers age 60 years or older who were admitted to an urban Level 1 trauma center after motor vehicle crashes were retrospectively reviewed. Overall, 14% of the patients had a positive blood alcohol screen; among men, 21% had a positive screen. Only 55% of the patients were discharged to home. Only one patient (<1%) had a toxicology screen positive for another drug of abuse. Alcohol/drug abuse counselling was offered to only one patient. These results suggest a relatively high prevalence of alcohol use in elderly drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes, particularly men. However, abuse of other drugs was uncommon. Physicians treating intoxicated drivers should consider referral for alcohol counselling.     

军队老干部心肺复苏知识和培训意愿的调查

目的通过对老干部心肺复苏知识与培训意愿的调查,为进行心肺复苏知识与技能培训提供参考。方法采用自制问卷调查表随机对320名疗养员进行心肺复苏知识与培训意愿的调查。结果54．87％的老干部心肺复苏知识知晓率低：80．19％的老干部所在干休所和社区未开展心肺复苏急救知识培训;分别有52.92％和62．01％的老干部表示愿意参加和有必要学习心肺复苏。希望获取心肺复苏知识途径：医生护士讲解居首;老年人对家属的急救意愿较高,而对路人意愿较低。影响急救意愿的因素依次为：担心抢救动作不对,怕引起纠纷和怕传染疾病;有心血管病史者和无心血管病史者学习和实施心肺复苏的态度有显著性差异。结论老干部缺乏心肺复苏知识,应在老干部中开展心肺复苏培训,以便在紧急情况下,能够自救互救,挽救生命,同时起到推广作用。     

Underappreciation of sleep disorders as a cause of motor vehicle crashes

Despite an increased risk of motor vehicle crashes (MVC) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), we hypothesized that OSA was not considered in drivers admitted to trauma centers after an injury-producing MVC. A retrospective study on drivers involved in MVCs admitted to a level 1 trauma center was performed, with crash cause determined and the frequency of sleep studies recorded. A questionnaire was also mailed to 240 trauma centers seeking information on evaluation of patients with unexplained causes for MVCs, including screening for OSA. There were 122 drivers of MVCs admitted to our hospital, 60/122 (49%) had unexplained crashes and no sleep studies were performed. There were 70 survey respondents (30% return rate), 35/70 (50%) centers routinely screened for syncope after unexplained MVC, however, no center screened for OSA. US trauma centers do not screen for sleep disorders despite the associated increased crash risk and the high prevalence of crashes that can not be explained by other causes. We believe this reflects a lack of awareness of sleep disorders by health care professionals caring for trauma victims and education is of utmost importance.     

Work-related psychosocial factors, worry about work conditions and health complaints among female and male ambulance personnel

This study aimed at investigating the relationships between work-related psychosocial factors, worry about work conditions and health complaints (sleeping problems, headache and stomach symptoms) among female and male ambulance personnel. Out of 4000 ambulance personnel in Sweden, 1500 (300 female and 1200 male personnel) were randomly selected. They answered a questionnaire including items on self-reported health complaints, individual characteristics, work-related psychological demands, decision latitude, social support and worry about work conditions. Twenty-five per cent of the female and 20% of the male ambulance personnel reported two or more health complaints sometimes or often. According to the demand-control-support questionnaire, ambulance personnel reported a generally positive psychosocial work environment, although psychological demands were associated with sleeping problems, headache and stomach symptoms among both female and male ambulance personnel. Another factor that was significantly associated with health complaints among both genders was worry about work conditions. When worry about work conditions was added to the regression models, this variable took over the role from psychological demands as a predictor for health complaints among the female ambulance personnel. The prevalence of sleeping problems, headache and stomach symptoms were significantly associated with psychological demands among both female and male ambulance personnel. Notably, worry about work conditions seems to be an important risk factor for health complaints. This suggests that worry about work conditions should not be neglected when considering risk factors among ambulance personnel.     

A survey of physical and occupational therapists’ views on lumbar loading movements

[Purpose] To identify the lumbar loading movements necessary in clinical practice. [Participants and Methods] A questionnaire survey was conducted among physical and occupational therapists in Japan. There were no exclusion criteria regarding the number of years of experience, age, or field of employment. The participants were randomly selected and administered the questionnaire. They were asked to list and rank the lumbar loadings they considered necessary. [Results] A total of 739 respondents participated in the survey. The results of this nationwide survey indicated that the lifting movement of heavy objects in the trunk flexion position was the most common movement (for 354 participants). [Conclusion] The main loading movements of the lumbar spine were reported to be heavy lifting movements (in the trunk flexion position) and trunk rotation movements. As perspectives, we aim to conduct an analytical study of some of lumbar spine loading movements outlined in this study, using a musculoskeletal simulator and electromyography.     

Motor vehicle accidents and IDDM

A case-control study examining the 1-yr motor vehicle accident experiences of 158 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) cases and 158 nondiabetic siblings was undertaken to evaluate the risk of motor vehicle accidents among drivers with IDDM. In multivariate analyses the overall accident risk of the cases and control subjects did not differ significantly. Female diabetic drivers, however, showed a marked increased risk for motor vehicle accidents. The accident risk among female cases was five times higher than among the female control subjects (P less than .05). Age and marital status were also significantly associated with accident probability in the multivariate model. The results suggest that IDDM could have an effect on the accident rate of diabetic drivers, particularly women. However, the traditional risk factors for automobile accidents, i.e., age and marital status, appear to have an equally strong influence on accident occurrence. Further studies are needed to 1) document the role of IDDM in accidents among representative samples of the IDDM population and 2) properly evaluate the licensing restrictions recommended for diabetic drivers.