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Summary Influenza epidemics and pandemics resulting in excess mortality are due to various Influenza viruses, in which through the accumulation of mutations the structure changes. A world-wide surveillance has been set up for early detection of new influenza virus strains and of epidemics or pandemics resulting thereof. Basing on such data the World Health Organisation (WHO) issues recommendations to Public Health authorities on the most efficient means for prevention.
Weltweite Überwachung der Grippe
Zusammenfassung Influenza Epidemien oder Pandemien, die zu einer erhöhten Sterblichkeit führen, werden durch verschiedene Influenza-Viren verursacht, deren Struktur sich durch die gehäuften Mutationen verändert hat. Um die frühe Erkennung von neuen Influenza-Virusstämmen zu gewährleisten und um die Gefahr allfälliger Epidemien oder Pandemien zu reduzieren, besteht ein weltweites Überwachungsnetz. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation WHO veröffentlicht, gestützt auf die durch die Überwachung gewonnenen Daten, Empfehlungen über Massnahmen zur bestmöglichen und effizientesten Prävention.
Surveillance mondiale d'influenza
Résumé Les épidémies et les pandémies d'influenza qui conduisent à une mortalité accrue sont provoquées par divers virus de l'influenza, dont la structure a été modifiée par l'accumulation de mutations. Un réseau de surveillance mondial a été mis sur pied pour assurer la détection prévue de nouvelles souches du virus de l'influenza et pour réduire le danger d'épidemie ou de pandémie. En se basant sur les résultats de cette surveillance l'Organistion Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) publie des recommandations sur les mesures à prendre pour une prévention aussi efficace que possible.相似文献
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目的 评价北京市1992—2013年急性乙肝报告发病率指标与乙肝疫苗免疫规划总成本之间的成本效果关系。 方法 以乙肝疫苗免疫规划总成本为成本指标,对急性乙肝发病率进行成本效果分析,主要包括成本分析、增量成本效果比以及边际效果分析。 结果 1992—2013年间北京市乙肝疫苗接种的总成本增加,人力成本占比上升;随着乙肝疫苗免疫规划总成本的增长,急性乙肝发病率先增长后下降,由1992年的3.58/10万人下降到2013年的1.34/10万人;多期间增量成本效果比方面,1999—2005年这一期间的增量成本效果比较好。 结论 乙肝疫苗成本变化符合实际发展规律;急性乙肝发病率的变化可能与流动人口中乙肝病毒携带者数量增加、传染病报告规定变化、乙肝诊断标准变化以及机构投入优化有关;急性乙肝的发病率随成本投入的增加而下降,但是最优组合尚未出现,可进行乙肝疫苗免疫规划的跟踪评估并结合实际调整防控策略。 相似文献
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Telegdy L 《Orvosi hetilap》2004,145(45):2293-2296
Treatment of hepatitis B. Treatment of acute icteric hepatitis B is similar to the principles of treatment of acute hepatitis syndrome. Special care must be given to the possibility of fulminant outcome and to the trend to chronicity. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B serves prevention of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as elimination of the sources of further infections. Interferon-alpha treatment results in sustained clinical and virological response in about half of the patients. Nucleoside analogues as lamivudine, entecavir, adenovir dipivoxil are the alternatives. They are effective also in endstage liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B virus and able to prevent reinfection and graft loss after liver transplantation. Evaluation of the benefits and disadvantages of the antiviral agents help to determine the individual, patient-tailored treatment. 相似文献
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J Hayashi S Kashiwagi H Nomura W Kajiyama H Ikematsu 《American journal of epidemiology》1987,126(3):474-479
In 1983, the efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine was assessed among children in nursery schools in which there was at least one hepatitis B surface antigen-positive child with hepatitis B e antigen. Of the 496 children who completed the protocol, 243 (aged 2.7 +/- 1.1 years) in six of the nursery schools received three injections of the vaccine. In five other nursery schools, 253 children (aged 2.3 +/- 1.0 years) did not receive the vaccine and were used as the control group. No side effects resulted from vaccination. Two doses of the vaccine induced antibodies in 70.8% of the vaccinated children. A booster dose six months after the first induced antibodies in 82.3% of the recipients and markedly increased the proportion of recipients who produced high antibody titiers. Although nine (4.4%) of the 203 children in the control group (whom the authors were able to follow for 24 months) were infected with hepatitis B virus and two of them became carriers, none of the vaccine recipients were infected. The vaccine appears to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in preventing infection with hepatitis B virus in nursery schools. 相似文献
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Clements CJ Baoping Y Crouch A Hipgrave D Mansoor O Nelson CB Treleaven S van Konkelenberg R Wiersma S 《Vaccine》2006,24(12):1975-1982
Hepatitis B virus infection is a serious problem globally, and particularly in the Western Pacific Region where the population suffers disproportionately from the infection and its sequelae. By 2001, every immunization programme in the Region had included hepatitis B vaccine in their schedule. However, many challenges remain if every one of the 26 million children born in the 37 countries and areas of the Region each year is to be protected against hepatitis B infection. In 2003, the Regional Committee of the World Health Organization's Western Pacific Region resolved to improve hepatitis B control by making it one of two new pillars for strengthening the Expanded Programme on Immunization. The Committee endorsed the strategies of the Regional Plan to improve hepatitis B control through immunization, reducing chronic HBV infection (chronic carriage rate) to less than 1%, and aiming for coverage of at least 80% of the birth cohort in every district with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine by 2005. To help guide this process, an assessment was made of the progress to date, and is reported in this paper. Coverage data used in this evaluation were not independently verified, and could over-estimate progress made in some countries. Whilst there has indeed been great progress in the Region, a number of national programmes still lack the ability to reach all children with immunization services. Other major issues that need to be addressed are the challenges of delivering a timely birth dose, and for certain countries, the affordability of the vaccine over the short- and long-term. 相似文献
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乙肝疫苗免疫规划对乙肝流行影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的 了解乙型肝炎(HB)疫苗纳入免疫规划后,江苏省HB的流行病学特征及影响因素.方法 根据《2006年全国人群乙肝等有关疾病血清学调查总体方案》,对3 906人进行现场和血清流行病学调查,并对结果进行描述流行病学分析.结果 全省HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc阳性率和乙肝病毒(HBV)感染率分别为4.99%,58.70%,25.91%和25.93%.<15岁人群乙肝疫苗(HepB)接种率达96.99%;HBsAg、抗-HBc阳性率及HBV感染率均比其他年龄组低,抗-HBs阳性率则较高,首针及时接种率为70.75%.城市HBsAg阳性率为5.19%,农村为4.80%.家庭中HBsAg阳性者关系中,夫妻占41.67%.结论 HepB纳入免疫规划后,江苏省乙肝感染率大幅下降,<15岁人群更为明显,感染高峰后移;<15岁人群首针及时接种率仍处于较低水平. 相似文献
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目的:探讨乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合乙肝疫苗阻断乙肝病毒(HBV)母婴传播失败原因。方法:选择HBsAg阳性、HBeAg阳性、HBV-DNA阳性孕妇218例,检测孕妇分娩前HBVDNA,新生儿(出生24h内且未进行阻断前)、7月龄及1岁时婴儿的HBsAg、抗HBs;所有新生儿出生后24h内在三角肌注射HBIG200IU,同时在大腿前部外侧肌内注射基因工程乙肝疫苗10μg,2周再注射同等剂量的HBIG,1、6月时分别注射同等剂量的乙肝疫苗。结果:孕妇分娩前血清HBVDNA含量>1×106copies/ml组7月龄、1岁时HBsAg阳性率分别为18.12%、19.38%,HBVDNA含量<1×106copies/mi组为7.50%、7.25%(P<0.05)。注射HBIG及乙肝疫苗后,宫内感染组7月龄、1岁时HBsAg阳性率分别为75.00%、74.19%,非宫内感染组为3.76%、4.19%(P<0.01)。结论:宫内感染及孕妇分娩前血清HBVDNA含量高是HBV母婴阻断失败的主要原因。采取综合措施可提高母婴阻断效果。 相似文献
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目的 评价国产重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗及其与中效价乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合应用母婴阻断方案的保护效果。方法 在广西等3个地区,对乙肝病毒双阳性母亲新生儿,应用重组乙肝疫苗和重组乙肝疫苗加50IU HBIG两种母婴阻断方案免疫新生儿,共随访单纯重组乙肝疫苗母婴阻断儿289例,重组乙肝疫苗加HBIG阻断儿186例。结果 单纯重组乙肝疫苗的母婴阻断效果为87.8%(95%CI:83.6—91.9),重组乙肝疫苗加HBIG的阻断效果为91.2%(95%CI:86.7—95.6),重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗和重组(CHO细胞)乙肝疫苗间(P=0.7072)、两种母婴阻断方案间(P=0.2955)及各地免疫人群间(P=0.9987)的母婴阻断效果差异均无显著统计学意义。两种母婴阻断方案免疫新生儿间抗—HBs的阳转率(P=0.3188)和抗体滴度(GMT)间(P=0.8925)差异均无显著统计学意义,首剂免疫后1年,抗—HBs阳性率在单纯重组乙肝疫苗组和重组乙肝疫苗加HBIG组分别为91.1%和93.5%,GMT分别为153mIU/ml和164mIU/ml,以后逐年显著下降(线性趋势检验χ^2=60.47,P=0.0001),至免疫后第4年,阳性率分别降为65.0%和66.6%,GMT仅为第一年的1/3。结论 重组乙肝疫苗加中效价HBIG的母婴阻断效果可达90%以上,明显优于常规剂量的血源疫苗。中国现行重组乙肝疫苗抗—HBs的免疫检测技术方法有待改进。 相似文献
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章丘市34 366名中小学生乙型肝炎防治情况分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
目的了解章丘市中小学生HBsAg、抗-HBs阳性情况,并进行乙型肝炎防治。方法采用整群随机抽样方法在章丘市东、西、南、北、中五个方位各抽取1个乡镇的在校中小学生,用反向被动血凝法检测HBsAg,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测抗-HBs,对HBsAg、抗-HBs双阴性者接种乙肝疫苗。结果共调查34 366人,HBsAg阳性率为3.35%,抗-HBs阳性率为36.25%。20 758例HBsAg、抗-HBs双阴性者乙肝疫苗接种率为41.40%。结论章丘市中小学生HBsAg阳性率较低。今后仍应加强乙肝疫苗接种工作。 相似文献
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乙型肝炎疫苗接种预防乙型肝炎和肝癌效果 总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26
目的 评价乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗预防乙肝和原发性肝细胞癌(肝癌)的保护效果。方法采用出生队列调查、横断面血清流行病学调查以及乙肝发病和肝癌死亡监测,对乙肝疫苗的预防效果进行评价。结果 婴儿乙肝疫苗普种后14年,接种人群HBsAg阳性率为0.7%~2.9%(平均为1.5%),保护率为83.5%~96.6%;HBV感染率为1.1%~5.1%(平均为2.2%),保护率为93.5%~98.4%。乙肝疫苗普种后15年,1~14岁年龄组乙肝发病率为1.4/10万,下降92.4%;0~19岁组肝癌死亡率为0.17/10万,下降19.23倍。结论 婴儿乙肝疫苗普种可降低急性乙肝发病率和肝癌死亡率。 相似文献
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目的 分析评价乙肝疫苗免疫对甘肃省居民乙肝病毒(HBV)感染变化的影响.方法 采用多阶段整群抽样方法,抽取5个县区1 ~59岁人群共2 200人,进行基本情况调查,采集血清标本,采用ELISA方法检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗- HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗- HBc)等水平.结果 乙肝疫苗接种率由1992年前出生人群的19.37%提高到2002 - 2006年出生人群的89.37%,HBV感染率由43.06%降为6.56%,HBsAg携带率由4.77%下降到1.13%;有乙肝疫苗免疫史人群HBV感染率和HBsAg阳性率均低于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群,抗- HBs阳性率明显高于无乙肝疫苗免疫史人群;乙肝疫苗保护率为79.45%.结论 随出生年代后移,无论城市和农村人群,乙肝疫苗接种率均不断提高,HBV感染率、HBsAg和抗- HBc阳性率逐渐降低,抗- HBs阳性率上升,呈现高接种率低感染率趋势. 相似文献
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目的了解上海市儿童乙肝疫苗免疫后乙肝病毒感染和发病情况。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,于2000年和2006年共计抽取1 904份接种人群血液标本,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测HBsAg、抗-HBs和抗-HBc。结果新生儿乙肝疫苗接种率和及时率均保持较高水平。20岁以下人群乙肝发病率明显下降;HBsAg携带率降幅为78.34%。儿童乙肝患者中84.35%(124/147)未接种过乙肝疫苗;23例接种乙肝疫苗但患病的儿童中,12例患儿的母亲或父亲HB-sAg阳性。结论儿童接种乙肝疫苗是预防和降低乙肝感染的有效措施。需加强母(父)婴阻断和家庭内传播机制的研究。 相似文献
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The status and likely impact of existing and potential new combined hepatitis B vaccines were broadly considered at the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board (VHPB) meeting in Malta, October 2001. The currently available and/or licensed combined hepatitis B vaccines in Europe and the prospects for further such vaccines were reviewed. Data on the safety, immunogenicity, and European licensing status and availability of haxavalent vaccines combining hepatitis B (HepB), Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (acellular) (DTPa), and inactivated poliovirus (IPV) antigens were presented. Finally, the impact of the availability of combined hepatitis B vaccines on hepatitis B immunisation programmes in Europe were examined and the added value of combined hepatitis B vaccines globally was estimated. 相似文献