Ketamine anesthesia reduces intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

AIM： To investigate the effects of ketamine anesthesia on the motility alterations and tissue injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in rats. METHODS： Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were used. Ischemia was induced by obstructing blood flow in 25% of the total small intestinal length （ileum） with a vascular clamp for 45 min, after which either 60 min or 24 h of reperfusion was allowed. Rats were either anesthetized with pento-barbital sodium （50 mg/kg） or ketamine （100 mg/kg）. Control groups received sham surgery. After 60 min of reperfusion, the intestine was examined for mor-phological alterations, and after 24 h intestinal basic electrical rhythm （BER） frequency was calculated, and intestinal transit determined in all groups. RESULTS： The intestinal mucosa in rats that were anesthetized with ketamine showed moderate alterations such as epithelial lifting, while ulceration and hemorrhage was observed in rats that received pento-barbital sodium after 60 min of reperfusion. Quantitative analysis of structural damage using the Chiu scaleshowed significantly less injury in rats that received ketamine than in rats that did not （2.35 ± 1.14 vs 4.58 ± 0.50, P 〈 0.0001）. The distance traveled by a marker, expressed as percentage of total intestinal length, in rats that received pentobarbital sodium was 20% ± 2% in comparison with 25.9% ± 1.64% in rats that received ketamine （P = 0.017）. BER was not statistically different between groups. CONCLUSION： Our results show that ketamine anesthesia is associated with diminished intestinal injury and abolishes the intestinal transit delay induced by ischemia/reperfusion.     

Leptin在大鼠肝缺血/再灌注介导的肠道损伤中的作用

目的:研究瘦素(leptin)在肝缺血/再灌注(H-I/R)后肠道内的表达变化,并探讨 leptin在H-I/R介导的肠道损伤中的作用.方法:建立大鼠70%H-I/R模型,大鼠随机分成5组,每组9只,依次为假手术(Sham)组、肝缺血60 min/再灌注60 min(I60'R60')组、I60'R150'组、I60'R240'组和I60'R360'组.采用酶比色法检测损伤后血清二胺氧化酶活性,采用HE染色和免疫组织化学法分别检测损伤后十二指肠的病理改变和leptin蛋白表达,并采用逆转录-PCR法观察损伤后十二指肠leptin mRNA达的变化.结果:与损伤后Sham组比较,四个再灌注组血清二胺氧化酶活性无显著差异,但I60'R60'组显著高于I60'R360'组(P=0.0077).病理学观察提示H-I/R早期的十二指肠损伤较重而后期逐步减轻.与损伤后sham组十二指肠leptin蛋白表达相比,I60'R240'、I60'R360'组显著升高(0.126503±0.005873,0.129458±0.003755VS 0.079269±0.001995,均P＜0.01),再灌注组之间按I60'R360'、I60'R240'、I60'R60'、I60'R150'组的顺序依次递减.与损伤后Sham组十二指肠leptin mRNA表达相比,I60'R150'组显著降低(0.944±0.033 VS 1.022±0.011,P=0.049).结论:Leptin在H-I/R后肠道内发生的表达变化与肠道损伤密切相关,提示 leptin可能作为一种保护因子对抗H-I/R介导的肠道损伤.     

曲美他嗪后处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护性研究

目的研究曲美他嗪后处理对大鼠急性心肌缺血再灌注后氧自由基损伤及细胞凋亡的影响。方法选择Wistar成年大鼠50只分为假手术组、再灌注损伤模型组(模型组)、曲美他嗪低剂量组(低剂量组)、曲美他嗪高剂量组(高剂量组)、缺血后处理组(后处理组),每组10只。后4组制作缺血再灌注损伤模型后,测定各组大鼠血流动力学变化,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛水平,光镜、电镜下心肌组织切片观察。结果与假手术组比较,模型组、低剂量组、高剂量组和后处理组左心室舒张末压明显升高,左心室收缩压、左心室内压最大上升和下降速率明显减少(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与模型组比较,高剂量组、后处理组左心室舒张末压明显减低,左心室内压最大上升和下降速率明显增加(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组、低剂量组、高剂量组、后处理组丙二醛水平明显增高,SOD水平明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);与模型组比较,低、高剂量组、后处理组丙二醛水平明显减低,SOD水平明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论高剂量曲美他嗪对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

Protein kinase activation and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Myocardial ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion activate several protein kinase pathways. Protein kinase activation potentially regulates the onset of myocardial cell injury and the reduction of this injury by ischemic and pharmacologic preconditioning. The primary protein kinase pathways that are potentially activated by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion include: the MAP kinases, ERK 1/2, JNK 1/2, p38 MAPKalpha/beta; the cell survival kinase, Akt; and the sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) kinase, p90RSK. The literature does not support a role for ischemia/reperfusion in the activation of the tyrosine kinases, Src and Lck, or the translocation and activation of PKC. This review will detail the role of these protein kinases in the onset of myocardial cell death by necrosis and apoptosis and the reduction of this injury by preconditioning.     

Role of the renin-angiotensin system in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

It has been shown that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays key roles in the development of fibrosis in numerous organs, including the liver. Other studies have suggested that the RAS also may play roles in diseases of chronic inflammation. However, whether the RAS also can mediate acute inflammation in liver is unclear. The purpose of this study therefore was to determine the effect of the RAS inhibitors captopril and losartan on acute liver damage and inflammation caused by hepatic ischemia and subsequent reperfusion. Accordingly, male rats were subjected to 1 hour of hepatic ischemia (70%) followed by reperfusion; animals were killed 3, 8, or 24 hours after reperfusion. The effect of captopril or losartan (100 or 5 mg/kg intragastrically, respectively) was compared with that of vehicle (saline). The expression of angiotensinogen in liver increased fivefold 3 hours after reperfusion. Indices of liver damage and inflammation (e.g., alanine aminotransferase levels, pathological features, tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression) all were significantly elevated in vehicle-treated animals after hepatic ischemia and subsequent reperfusion. Ischemia and reperfusion also caused an increase in the accumulation of protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal, an index of oxidative stress. Captopril or losartan treatment showed profound protective effects under these conditions, significantly blunting the increase in all these parameters caused by ischemia and reperfusion. In conclusion, RAS inhibitors prevent acute liver injury in a model of inflammation caused by ischemia and reperfusion. These data further suggest that the RAS may play a key role in mediating such responses in the liver and suggest a novel role for this system.     

Ischemic post-conditioning to counteract intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Intestinal ischemia is a severe disorder with a variety of causes. Reperfusion is a common occurrence during treatment of acute intestinal ischemia but the injury resulting from ischemia/reperfusion (IR) may lead to even more serious complications from intestinal atrophy to multiple organ failure and death. The susceptibility of the intestine to IR-induced injury (IRI) appears from various experimental studies and clinical settings such as cardiac and major vascular surgery and organ transplantation. Whereas oxygen free radicals, activation of leukocytes, failure of microvascular perfusion, cellular acidosis and disturbance of intracellular homeostasis have been implicated as important factors in the pathogenesis of intestinal IRI, the mechanisms underlying this disorder are not well known. To date, increasing attention is being paid in animal studies to potential pre- and post-ischemia treatments that protect against intestinal IRI such as drug interference with IR-induced apoptosis and inflammation processes and ischemic pre-conditioning. However, better insight is needed into the molecular and cellular events associated with reperfusion-induced damage to develop effective clinical protection protocols to combat this disorder. In this respect, the use of ischemic post-conditioning in combination with experimentally prolonged acidosis blocking deleterious reperfusion actions may turn out to have particular clinical relevance.     

Relationship between mast cell degranulation and jejunal myoelectric alterations in intestinal anaphylaxis in rats.

The effects of two degranulators of mast cells and intestinal anaphylaxis on jejunal myoelectric activity were compared in rats fasted for 15 hours. Attempts to antagonize the motility changes were performed using antagonists of histamine and serotonin and a cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor. Hooded Lister rats were chronically fitted with electrodes implanted in the jejunal wall. A group of rats was sensitized to egg albumin and challenged 14 days later by intraduodenal infusion of antigen. Sensitized animals had serum titers greater than or equal to 1:64. The other group was administered with mast cells degranulators. Both 48/80 (1 mg/kg), a degranulator of connective mast cells, and bromolasalocid (2 mg/kg), acting on connective and mucosal mast cells, induced a phase of total spiking inhibition followed by a progressive irregular spiking activity until the recovery of migrating myoelectric complex pattern (about 3 hours after injection). In contrast, antigen challenge disrupted the migrating myoelectric complex pattern, which was replaced by a peculiar pattern characterized by propagated spike burst, lasting 98 +/- 11.3 minutes. Chlorpheniramine (1 mg/kg) antagonized only the inhibitory phase induced by degranulators and was ineffective on the intestinal anaphylaxis-induced motor changes. Methysergide (1 mg/kg) and indomethacin (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced the degranulator effects as well as the anaphylaxis-induced alterations of intestinal motility. It is concluded that anaphylaxis-induced motor disturbances are relevant to mucosal mast cell degranulation involving 5-hydroxytryptamine and arachidonic acid derivative products, whereas histamine release appears to be a minor component.     

Induction of intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury by portal vein outflow occlusion in rats

Background  

Intestinal ischemia can occur from mesenteric artery (MA) occlusion and portal vein (PV) occlusion. The degree and mechanisms of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in these conditions may differ. Metabolic changes are seen early in I/R. This study compares tissue histology, inflammation, and metabolic response during small bowel I/R due to superior MA or PV occlusion.     

心肌缺血/再灌注损伤后的肺组织损伤

目的初步探讨心肌缺血／再灌注损伤对肺组织损伤的可能机制。方法选取雄性成年SD大鼠（4～6月龄）,体重130～160g,建立成年大鼠缺血／再灌注模型。运用CK和MPO试剂盒检测肌酸激酶（CK）和髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的含量,运用双抗体夹心ABC—ELISA法检测细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）的含量。结果与伪手术组相比,缺血／再灌注大鼠的AN／AAR比值明显增高（P〈0．05）,CK在心肌缺血／再灌注大鼠血清中的含量明显升高（P〈0．05）,MPO与ICAM-1在心肌缺血／再灌注组大鼠血清和肺组织中含量明显升高（P〈0．05）。结论大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤后肺组织受到一定的损伤,可能与体循环中炎性介质的作用及肺组织的炎性应激有关。     

缺血预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤神经细胞的保护作用

目的探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元的保护作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为3组:假手术组、大脑中动脉缺血再灌注(MCAO)组、预处理(BIP)组,每组按照再灌注后12 h、1、2、3 d四个时间点平均分为4个亚组,制备缺血预处理模型,分别用流式细胞术和ELISA法观察脑缺血预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠缺血半暗带神经细胞凋亡率及血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)含量的影响。结果大鼠脑缺血再灌注后12 h,MCAO组细胞凋亡发生率及血清中NSE的含量较假手术组显著增加(P<0.01),1 d时达到高峰,以后时间点逐渐下降,但仍高于假手术组(P<0.01);BIP组各个时间点神经元凋亡发生率及血清NSE较MCAO组显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论大鼠局灶性脑缺血预处理对脑缺血再灌注神经元损伤有保护作用。     

Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 enhances intestinal cell proliferation and tissue regeneration after intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia reperfusion(I/R) injury is a serious but common pathophysiological process of many diseases, resulting in a high mortality rate in clinical practice. Ubiquitin-specific protease 22(USP22) acts as regulator of cell cycle progression, proliferation, and tumor invasion. Depleted USP22 expression has been reported to contribute to arrested cell cycle and disrupted generation of differentiated cell types in crypts and villi. However, the role of USP22 in intestinal damage recovery has not been investigated. Therefore, elucidation of the underlying mechanism of USP22 in intestinal I/R injury may help to improve the tissue repair and patient prognosis in clinical practice.AIM To investigate the role of USP22 in intestinal cell proliferation and regeneration after intestinal I/R injury.METHODS An animal model of intestinal I/R injury was generated in male Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by reperfusion.Chiu's scoring system was used to grade the damage to the intestinal mucosa. An in vitro model was developed by incubating rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells in hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions in order to simulate I/R in vivo. siRNA and overexpression plasmid were used to regulate the expression of USP22. USP22,Cyclin D1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) expression levels were measured by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry staining. Cell survival(viability) and cell cycle were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8and flow cytometry, respectively.RESULTS USP22 expression was positively correlated with the expression levels of PCNA and Cyclin D1 both in vivo and in vitro, which confirmed that USP22 was involved in cell proliferation and intestinal regeneration after intestinal I/R injury. Decreased levels of Cyclin D1 and cell cycle arrest were observed in the USP22 knockdown group(P < 0.05), while opposite results were observed in the USP22 overexpression group(P < 0.05). In addition, increased expression of USP22 was related to improved intestinal pathology or IEC-6 cell viability after I/R or hypoxia/reoxygenation. These results suggested that USP22 may exert a protective effect on intestinal I/R injury by regulating cell proliferation and facilitating tissue regeneration.CONCLUSION USP22 is correlated with promoting intestinal cell proliferation and accelerating intestinal tissue regeneration after intestinal I/R injury and may serve as a potential target for therapeutic development for tissue repair during intestinal I/R injury.     

热休克预处理对大鼠肠缺血-再灌注损伤的保护效应

目的:探讨全身热休克预处理对肠缺血-再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,IR)损伤的保护作用.方法:将40只SD♂大鼠随机分为4组:正常体温 假手术对照组(CTRL,n=10),正常体温 肠IR组(IR,n=10),41.5℃-42℃热休克 假手术组(42C,n=10),41.5℃-42℃热休克 肠IR组(42IR,n=10).Western blot检测肠黏膜HSP72蛋白表达,原位末端缺口标记法(TUNEL)检测肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡,比色法检测肠黏膜caspase-3活性,Annexin-V/PI法流式细胞仪检测外周血白细胞凋亡比例.结果:42C、42IR组HSP72蛋白表达水平比CTRL、IR组显著增高(1.59±0.32、2.71±0.64 vs 0.41±0.1、0_30±0.04.P<0.01).42IR组caspase-3活性.白细胞凋亡比例比IR组相比有显著性差异(1.16±0.31 vs 2.32±0.54;39.65%vs 16.94%;P<0.01),且42IR组肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡指数比IR组明显减少.42IR组与42C、CTRL组之间,caspase-3活性,肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡指数,白细胞凋亡比例均无明显差异.结论:全身热休克预处理对肠缺血-再灌注损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与增加热休克诱导HSP72的表达和抑制外周血白细胞激活有关.     

肠缺血再灌注时肠道菌群变化及胃肠多肽的作用

目的探讨肠缺血再灌注(IIR)后猕猴肠道菌群变化的原因。方法将10只健康成年猕猴分为对照组和IIR组,每组各5只。IIR组肠系膜上动脉夹闭60 min,松解再灌注24 h,造成缺血再灌注损伤。对照组行假手术。观察动物肠道大体形态改变,测定胃pH值;细菌培养分析回肠菌群的变化;免疫组化定位测定回肠局部胃肠多肽的分布,并用放射免疫分析法定量测定其水平变化,并在体外将胃肠多肽与肠道细菌共向孵育,观察两者有无相互作用。结果猕猴IIR损伤后,回肠内细菌较正常增加约106倍,以大肠杆菌等需氧菌为优势菌群;小肠明显充血扩张;胃内pH值由2.80±0.84增至7.20±0.84,伴有胆汁反流;全回肠组织中胃肠多肽(生长抑素、血管活性肠肽、P物质)明显增加,而黏膜中生长抑素及血管活性肠肽的浓度却减少;胃肠多肽与肠道细菌共同培养后,胃肠多肽的含量及细菌数量均无明显变化。结论猕猴IIR后,小肠细菌过度生长可能由小肠动力降低直接或间接导致。小肠肌间神经丛中的生长抑素及血管活性肠肽增加可能是此刻小肠动力降低的启动因素。     

缺血期急性高血糖对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨缺血期急性高血糖对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(MI/R)后心肌损伤的影响,并分析血糖水平与心肌损伤之间的关系.方法 在制备急性大鼠MI/R(缺血30min,再灌注6h)模型的基础上,静脉输注高浓度的葡萄糖溶液,造成2个不同浓度的缺血期急性高血糖动物模型.将32只SD大鼠随机平均分配为4组:(1)假手术组(SHAM),(2)生理盐水对照组(CON),(3)高糖1组(HG1)和(4)高糖2组(HG2).术中监测血糖水平,再灌注结束后检测心肌酶谱水平和心肌梗死面积(IS).结果 (1)与CON组相比较,HG1组和HG2组缺血期血糖水平均显著升高,分别为(10.5±1.0)、(18.0±1.2)mmol/L vs(4.7±0.7)mmol/L(P<0.05).(2)HG1组和HG2组的血肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶水平明显升高,且心肌酶谱与血糖水平存在正相关(r分别为0.80和0.73,P<0.01).(3)HG1组的IS较CON组有扩大趋势,但差异无统计学意义[(40.8±5.2)%vs(37.6±5.8)%,P>0.05),HG2组的IS明显扩大[(45.6±8.5)%v8(37.6±5.8)%,P<0.05],且IS与血糖水平存在正相关(r=0.57,P<0.01).结论 缺血期急性高血糖加重大鼠MI/R损伤,且血糖水平与心肌酶谱和IS之间存在正相关.     

三碘甲状腺原氨酸和缺血预适应对大鼠小肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的了解缺血预适应和Ｔ３对小肠缺血再灌注损伤的作用。方法观察缺血预适应和Ｔ３对大鼠小肠缺血再灌注后肠组织腺苷酸含量和肠粘膜损伤的影响。结果Ｔ３组和预适应组（预适应为１０分钟缺血后１５分钟再灌注）的小肠组织ＡＴＰ及总腺苷酸含量均明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,肠粘膜损伤亦明显减轻;且Ｔ３组比预适应组肠粘膜损伤更轻（Ｐ＜０．０５）,动物存活率增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论Ｔ３和缺血预适应对小肠缺血再灌注损伤有一定保护作用,且Ｔ３效果更佳。