异种角膜脱细胞基质和几丁糖载体构建角膜基质层的比较

目的探索异种角膜脱细胞基质和几丁糖为载体构建生物角膜组织的可行性，评价二者的结构、功能和生物相容性。方法l％TritonX-100及冷冻干燥处理获得猪角膜脱细胞基质，网状几丁糖材料制备成似角膜片状形态，将体外培养的兔角膜基质细胞种植于两种载体，体外培养2周，形成细胞载体复合物。对构建的角膜组织进行苏木精-伊红染色、扫描电镜观察；同时将两种生物材料移植到兔角膜基质囊袋内，观察其生物相容性。结果角膜基质细胞在两种载体上皆可黏附生长，并分泌细胞外基质。脱细胞基质载体内细胞形态不规则，位于胶原板层间，形成类似正常组织的角膜基质结构；细胞可在几丁糖网状纤维上黏附并包绕生长。两种载体移植到兔角膜囊袋后，脱细胞基质降解较慢，与宿主角膜组织相融性良好，未发生明显排斥及毒性反应；几丁糖载体降解较迅速，但降解产物诱导较严重的排斥反应。结论异种角膜脱细胞基质保留正常组织的胶原板层结构，并具角膜的韧性和良好的生物相容性，更适于作为体外构建生物角膜的载体，而几丁糖材料则需要在构成结构和性能等方面进一步改进．     

角膜体外重建异种生物载体材料生物相容性研究

目的　研究异种 (猪 )角膜基质的生物相容性 ,评价其作为角膜体外重建载体的可行性。方法　将新鲜、脱水两种猪角膜基质分别植入新西兰白兔角膜层间 ,定期临床观察植片愈合情况 ,并于术后 2周、1、2、4、8个月取兔角膜进行组织学观察。结果　临床观察 :全部植片存活 ,12只术眼未见角膜水肿混浊、角膜新生血管、排斥反应发生 ,新鲜植片在 2个月左右已透明 ,脱水植片在 6个月后透明。组织学观察 :新鲜植片 4个月时与兔角膜基质相融愈合 ,脱水植片经角膜细胞再分布、胶原纤维改建重塑 ,于 8个月后与兔角膜基质相融愈合 ,2组植片愈合过程中未见有淋巴细胞浸润及新生血管生成。结论　异种 (猪 )角膜基质具有良好的生物相容性 ,是一种理想的角膜体外重建载体材料。     

脱细胞猪角膜基质的生物相容性与组织工程化兔角膜上皮移植的研究

目的 探讨脱细胞猪角膜基质的生物相容性,评价组织工程化角膜上皮组织作供体的可行性,观察支架材料的细胞化情况和种子细胞的存活情况.方法 实验研究.采用完全随机化设计的方法,用Dispase-Triton-X-100处理猪角膜基质,脱去角膜细胞;以角膜基质囊袋内植入的方法,观察异种角膜基质植入后的生物相容性,A组:脱细胞猪角膜基质,B组:新鲜猪角膜基质,C组:空白对照组.以组织工程化雄性角膜上皮组织为供体,同种雌性为受体,作板层角膜移植,观察角膜的混浊、水肿、新生血管等情况;组织病理学和免疫组化方法检测支架材料的细胞化情况,Y染色体性别决定基因(SRY)-聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法追踪种子细胞的存活情况.结果 猪角膜基质植入兔角膜囊袋后,角膜逐渐恢复透明,排斥反应指数＜6,组织病理学观察角膜结构完整,胶原纤维平行排列,少许细胞长入脱细胞猪角膜基质边缘,各组免疫组化检测未见CIM+、CD8+T淋巴细胞浸润.组织工程化角膜上皮作异体板层角膜移植后,3～4 d上皮光滑,10～20 d变为透明;15 d时角膜上皮、基质、内皮完整,上皮细胞约4或5层结构,少许基质细胞长入支架,1个月时可见角膜上皮细胞约7或8层细胞,基质纤维排列规则,多量细胞长入脱细胞角膜基质.上皮细胞表达CK3,支架内新生细胞表达波形蛋白.SRY-PCR结果显示种子细胞可以在受体内长期存活.结论 脱细胞猪角膜基质生物相容性良好,组织工程化角膜上皮可作为板层角膜移植的供体,脱细胞猪角膜基质细胞化良好,种子细胞可以在受体内长期存活.     

异种角膜脱细胞基质为供体进行角膜前板层移植的初步研究

目的探讨以异种猪角膜脱细胞基质为供体植片,分析兔角膜进行前板层移植后的生物相容性：设计实验研究。研究对象新西兰白兔。方法应用1％TritonX-100及冷冻干燥处理制备猪角膜脱细胞基质载体,切取1／3厚度前板层作为供体角膜植片,对兔眼角膜前板层切除后进行移植,同时以新鲜猪角膜板层为供体对兔进行前板层移植作对照。通过术后角膜透明度、组织结构观察,评价猪角膜脱细胞基质的生物相容性及植片转归的情况。主要指标角膜透明度和组织学HE染色。结果制备的猪角膜脱细胞基质植片作前板层移植到兔眼后,未见明显的新生血管、炎症反应、角膜坏死等排斥现象,观察期内植片较透明;脱细胞基质表面上皮化良好,植片基质板层与植床逐渐融合,植片内有宿主细胞迁入生长,板层结构与正常角膜相似。结论猪角膜脱细胞基质具有良好的生物相容性、安全性和低抗原性,有望成为角膜板层移植的供体材料。     

脱细胞角膜基质为支架构建组织工程角膜上皮组织的实验研究

目的 比较氯化钠(NaCl)-十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-胰蛋白酶与分散酶(Dispase)-聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton-X-100)两种角膜组织脱细胞方法的效果,探讨以脱细胞角膜基质为支架构建组织工程化角膜上皮组织的可行性.方法 实验研究.采用完全随机化设计的方法,分别用NaCl-SDS-胰蛋白酶和Dispase-Triton-X-100处理兔角膜组织,使用裂隙灯显微镜、光学显微镜及透射电镜观察经两种方法处理后的角膜基质特性和脱细胞效果.以兔角膜缘上皮细胞为种子细胞,Dispase-Triton-X-100处理的猪角膜前弹力层与基质为支架,体外重建兔角膜上皮细胞层,并进行形态学、组织病理学及免疫组织化学检测.结果 两种方法处理过的兔角膜基质大体形态相似,灰白色不透明,水肿明显,质地柔软.组织病理学和超微形态学观察显示两种方法处理的兔角膜基质胶原排列规整,NaCl-SDS-胰蛋白酶处理的角膜组织残留了部分基质细胞碎片,而Dispase-Triton-X-100处理的角膜组织未见基质细胞碎片.兔角膜缘上皮组织块接种于脱细胞猪角膜前弹力层与基质上,24 h角膜上皮细胞开始游出,3～4 d融合呈片状,7～8 d形成单细胞层.组织工程化角膜上皮细胞表达CK3.结论 Dispase-Triton-X-100处理方法的角膜组织脱细胞效果良好.以脱细胞猪角膜前弹力层与基质为支架.可在体外构建组织工程化兔角膜上皮组织.     

脱细胞猪角膜基质体外支持角膜上皮和基质细胞的生长

目的:探讨脱细胞猪角膜基质体外能否支持兔角膜细胞的生长。方法:体外培养兔角膜上皮细胞和基质细胞,并接种到制备的脱细胞猪角膜基质上,倒置相差显微镜和组织学观察细胞生长情况。结果:上皮细胞能在脱细胞猪角膜基质上贴附生长,10d时可形成2~3层的复层结构。基质细胞在脱细胞猪角膜基质上贴附生长后可向材料深层迁徙。结论:制备的脱细胞猪角膜基质体外可支持兔角膜上皮细胞和基质细胞的生长。     

异种角膜基质材料的制备和体外细胞种植的实验研究

目的研究异种角膜基质生物支架材料的制备方法和体外种植兔角膜基质细胞后细胞在材料上的生长、增殖情况。方法将York猪全层角膜用去垢剂联合0．25％胰蛋白酶、DNA-RNA酶祛除猪角膜基质细胞并冻干制备成支架材料；将兔角膜组织块用胶原酶消化后，用含10％血清的DMEM培养液体外培养，并做波形丝蛋白，角蛋白免疫组织化学染色检测；将培养的兔角膜基质细胞的2～3代接种在材料上，培养5d后，做HE染色、扫描电镜观察。结果猪角膜基质片经脱细胞处理后，细胞成分祛除干净并保留了角膜组织的三维网格状结构，网状间隙明显增大，利于细胞生长；体外培养的兔角膜基质细胞波形丝蛋白染色为阳性、角蛋白染色为阴性；HE染色、扫描电镜结果显示兔角膜基质细胞在支架材料上生长、增殖良好。结论异源性角膜经祛脱细胞处理而获得的生物支架材料利于异种细胞的黏附和增殖，可进一步用于组织工程角膜的研究。     

猪角膜脱细胞基质的制备及生物相容性的实验研究

目的探讨猪角膜脱细胞基质（CACM）的制备方法，评价其组织学特性和生物相容性。方法应用1％TritonX-100去垢剂振洗，经冷冻干燥处理得到猪CACM，通过苏木精-伊红染色、扫描电镜观察行组织学检测。将猪CACM植入兔角膜板层间观察10周，取材做组织切片，评价其生物组织相容性。结果组织学检测证实角膜细胞完全脱净，胶原纤维排列疏松，板层结构同正常角膜；扫描电镜CACM表面未见细胞结构，纵切面上胶原板层间出现清晰的空穴状裂隙；CACM植入兔角膜层间后，观察期内未见明显排异反应。结论TdtonX．100可以有效地脱净角膜细胞，保存胶原排列的结构特征，经过冷冻干燥可形成多孔隙且胶原排列疏松的板层结构，适合作为载体材料，猪CACM与兔角膜生物相容性好。     

组织工程角膜基质的体外构建及移植的实验研究

目的探讨利用组织工程技术体外构建角膜基质进行板层角膜移植的可行性和有效性。方法将猪角膜基质去细胞处理后制备成组织工程角膜基质载体;取幼兔角膜基质细胞体外培养,将其种植在载体上,体外构建成组织工程角膜基质,用PKH26荧光标记兔角膜基质细胞示踪角膜基质的构建;将16只兔的角膜基质内植入壳聚糖膜使之形成无菌性角膜溃疡,随机从16只兔中选8只,进行组织工程角膜基质移植;另外8只作为对照组,进行新鲜的同种异体兔板层角膜移植。术后对角膜进行裂隙灯、光学显微镜、透射电镜观察。结果体外构建的组织工程角膜的基质细胞具有活性,其结构与正常角膜基质相近。移植治疗无菌性角膜溃疡术后,1~2周有新生血管侵入组织工程角膜基质植片边缘,植片为灰白色半透明状;3~4周随着新生血管减退,组织工程角膜基质植片局部开始透明变薄;术后8~10周角膜溃疡完全修复,角膜恢复透明性,角膜神经可再生;观察最长达10月,角膜仍保持透明,无免疫排斥发生,与对照组疗效相同。结论体外构建的组织工程角膜基质无免疫原性、具有良好的生物相容性,可作为临床治疗角膜溃疡的移植材料。     

以干燥脱水法保存的异种角膜基质为载体构建人工生物角膜上皮组织

目的:观察以干燥脱水法保存的鸵鸟角膜基质为载体构建人工生物角膜上皮组织的生物学特性。方法:采用组织块培养法获得新西兰大白兔角膜缘干细胞,经胰蛋白酶消化法获得细胞,种植于干燥脱水法保存的鸵鸟角膜板层基质上,采用气液界面培养法进行培养,通过倒置显微镜、透射电子显微镜、荧光显微镜观察其形态学、生长特点,超微结构及免疫学特征。结果:在干燥脱水法保存的鸵鸟角膜基质上种植兔角膜缘干细胞,接种72h后,细胞形成单层,移置气液交界面后继续培养7～10d,逐渐形成复层。经光镜、透射电镜、及免疫学检测显示其具有角膜上皮组织的生物学特性。结论:兔角膜缘干细胞能够在干燥脱水法保存的鸵鸟角膜基质载体上生长,并可形成复层,基本具有正常角膜上皮细胞的形态、超微结构和生物学特性。     

In vitro tissue engineering of lamellar cornea using human amniotic epithelial cells and rabbit cornea stroma

AIM:To reconstruct the lamellar cornea using human amniotic epithelial (HAE) cells and rabbit cornea stroma in vitro using tissue engineering technology.METHODS: Human amnia taken from uncomplicated caesarean sections were digested by collagenase to obtain HAE cells, and the cells were cultured to proliferate. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells were removed by n-heptanol to make lamellar matrix sheets. The second passage of HAE cells were cultured on the corneal stroma sheets for 1 or 2 days, then transferred to an air-liquid interface environment to culture for 2 weeks. Tissue engineered lamellar cornea (TELC) morphology was observed by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; its ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); corneal epithelial cell-specific keratin 3 and keratin 12 were detected with immunofluorescence microscopy.RESULTS:HAE cells grew on the rabbit corneal stroma, forming a monolayer after 1-2 days. About 4-5 layers of epithelial cells developed after 2 weeks of air-liquid interface cultivation, a result similar to normal corneal epithelium. Rabbit corneal stromal cells were significantly reduced after one week, then almost completely disappeared after 2 weeks. TEM showed desmosomes between the epithelial cells; hemidesmosomes formed between the epithelial cells and the basement membrane. SEM revealed that the HAE cells which grew on the lamellar cornea had abundant microvilli. The tissue-engineered cornea expressed keratin 3 and keratin 12, as detected by immunofluorescence assay.CONCLUSION: Functional tissue-engineered lamellar corneal grafts can be constructed in vitro using HAE cells and rabbit corneal stroma.     

Decellularized porcine cornea-derived hydrogels for the regeneration of epithelium and stroma in focal corneal defects

PurposeHydrogels derived from decellularized tissues provide superior biocompatibility, tenability and tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Based on the preparation of decellularized porcine cornea (DPC), here we developed an injectable and transparent hydrogel for the regeneration of epithelium and stroma in focal corneal defects.MethodsThe DPC-derived hydrogel was prepared with N-cyclohexyl-N′-(2-morpholinethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate/N-hydroxysuccinimide (CMC/NHS) as cross-linkers. The characteristics of the hydrogel were analyzed and its cytocompatibility was assessed by Live/Dead and Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assays. Immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the relative protein and gene expression in corneal fibroblasts on hydrogel. The safety and efficiency of the hydrogel for repairing focal corneal defects in rabbit were measured by slit-lamp, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), confocal microscopy and histological analyses.ResultsThe DPC-derived hydrogel cross-linked with CMC/NHS assumed favorable transparency, exhibited distinct mechanical properties and preserved the ECM components of native porcine cornea (NPC). In vitro experiments showed that the hydrogel maintained the phenotype, supported the proliferation and promoted the ECM synthesis of corneal fibroblasts. When injected onto rabbit corneas, the hydrogel rapidly covered, solidified and formed a smooth surface on the focal defect. Corneal epithelium was fully regenerated within 3 days. The thickness of the corneal epithelium and stroma was restored at 12 weeks after surgery without significant inflammation or scar formation. Notably, the hydrogel showed no harmful effects on the resident stroma and endothelium.ConclusionsThe DPC-derived hydrogel may represent a promising biomaterial for corneal epithelial and stromal regeneration.     

种植人骨髓间充质干细胞的猪角膜板层移植治疗兔角膜损伤的初步研究

目的研究种植人骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）的猪角膜基质治疗兔角膜损伤的可能性。方法用全骨髓贴壁法分离纯化人MSCs并传代,流式细胞仪检测免疫表型及诱导成脂、成骨分化鉴定。12只新西兰白兔随机分为2组,实验组取第3代MSCs接种于去上皮的猪角膜基质上,培养4 d后移植到广泛损伤的兔角膜上,对照组单纯移植去上皮猪角膜基质。术后2、4、8周,取各实验眼行组织学检查,观察移植的MSCs及猪角膜基质的存活、转归及移植局部的反应。免疫组织化学、免疫荧光染色检测移植后角膜上皮细胞角蛋白12的表达。结果培养获得的MSCs中CD29阳性者占95.97%,CD44阳性者占96.49%,CD90阳性者占92.79%,CD105阳性者占94.66%,CD34阳性者占0.59%,CD45阳性者占0.36%,符合MCSs的免疫表型,并可以诱导成脂及成骨分化。实验组MSCs接种到去上皮猪角膜基质后贴附、生长迅速,术后植片在植床上存活良好,无排斥反应,角膜较对照组透明,新生血管少,而对照组在移植后发生排斥反应。实验组角膜免疫组织化学及免疫荧光染色均检测出CK12阳性细胞。结论种植MSCs的猪角膜基质移植到损伤兔角膜后可以存活,MSCs可以分化为角膜上皮样细胞,具有构建组织工程角膜的潜能。     

Acellular ostrich corneal stroma used as scaffold for construction of tissue-engineered cornea

AIM: To assess acellular ostrich corneal matrix used as a scaffold to reconstruct a damaged cornea. METHODS: A hypertonic saline solution combined with a digestion method was used to decellularize the ostrich cornea. The microstructure of the acellular corneal matrix was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The mechanical properties were detected by a rheometer and a tension machine. The acellular corneal matrix was also transplanted into a rabbit cornea and cytokeratin 3 was used to check the immune phenotype. RESULTS: The microstructure and mechanical properties of the ostrich cornea were well preserved after the decellularization process. In vitro, the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium results revealed that extracts of the acellular ostrich corneas (AOCs) had no inhibitory effects on the proliferation of the corneal epithelial or endothelial cells or on the keratocytes. The rabbit lamellar keratoplasty showed that the transplanted AOCs were transparent and completely incorporated into the host cornea while corneal turbidity and graft dissolution occurred in the acellular porcine cornea (APC) transplantation. The phenotype of the reconstructed cornea was similar to a normal rabbit cornea with a high expression of cytokeratin 3 in the superficial epithelial cell layer. CONCLUSION: We first used AOCs as scaffolds to reconstruct damaged corneas. Compared with porcine corneas, the anatomical structures of ostrich corneas are closer to those of human corneas. In accordance with the principle that structure determines function, a xenograft lamellar keratoplasty also confirmed that the AOC transplantation generated a superior outcome compared to that of the APC graft.     

羊膜移植联合鸡角膜缘上皮移植治疗兔全角膜表层损伤的组织学改变

目的：研究羊膜移植术和联合鸡角膜缘上皮移植（联合移植）术治疗兔全角膜表层损伤的组织学改变。方法：兔39只分为3组，每组13只。对照组，将角膜及角膜缘外3mm的表层组织去除；羊膜移植组，在去除表层组织的创面上移植羊膜；联合移植组，在羊膜移植片表面角膜缘区移植鸡角膜缘上皮。手术当天各组处死1只兔，7、28、90、105天各组处死3只兔，摘除眼球分别进行光镜、免疫组化，透射电镜及扫描电镜检查。结果：对照组：角膜紊乱，表面不平，上皮表面微绒毛稀少，基质纤维血管化。羊膜移植组及联合移植组：羊膜结构逐渐被基质胶元纤维取代和改建，基质纤维平行排列，角膜表面光滑，上皮表面微绒毛丰富，细胞之间可见桥粒连接。结论：羊膜移植术和联合鸡角膜缘移植术治疗兔角膜广泛损伤，能抑制新生血管和纤维组织向角膜生长，较快促进眼表重建。