激光视力装置的研制与临床应用

激光视力装置就是用激光在视网膜上形成Young氏干涉条纹,根据被检查者能分辨最细的干涉条纹的宽度,以此进行换算而测得的视力称为激光视力。激光视力的优点是不受眼屈光与调节的影响,亦不受中轻度屈光间质混浊的影响,即使复杂的屈光异常,不用矫正眼镜及接触镜也可以     

视力激光测定法

近年来研制了一种利用激光的视力测定装置,方法是用二束激光投影到视网膜上作成干涉条纹,从被检者能分辨出最细的干涉条纹中换算出视力来。用此法测得的视力称激光干涉条纹视力(laser interference fring visual acuity),或简称激光视力(laser visual acuity;LVA)。此法的优点为不受屈光及调节的影响,即使像白内障等屈光间质有混浊,只要稍微有点间隙二束入射光线就能通过,而测知视网膜的视功能情况。因此利用这种方法,即使有复杂的屈光不正,不用眼镜或接触眼镜,也可知道它的视功     

近视性屈光参差者的近视力

目的:通过两对比度标准对数近视力表和汉字近视力表研究近视性屈光参差者和非屈光参差性近视者近视力的特点。方法:屈光参差≥2.00D的近视性屈光参差者18例,非屈光参差性近视者17例,运用框架眼镜完全矫正的基础上,分别运用两对比度的标准对数近视力表和汉字近视力表进行近视力的测量及分析。结果:近视性屈光参差实验组和中低度近视对照组在100%和10%两种对比度下,实验组和对照组所测得的双眼近视力之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。无论近视性屈光参差实验组,还是中低度近视对照组,100%对比度下所得近视力值与10%对比度所得值差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。无论是在100%对比度,还是在10%对比度下,汉字近视力表所测得的视力值均较标准对数近视力表所测得值显著低。在100%和10%两种对比度下的标准对数近视力表和汉字近视力表所测得的近视力,中度近视组和低度近视组两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:近视性屈光参差者与中低度近视者双眼近视力无显著差异,但其近视力均受对比度影响,对比度降低,近视力下降。汉字视力表测得近视力值比标准对数视力表测得值显著低。     

硬性透气性角膜接触镜矫正屈光不正的对比敏感度功能评价

目的检测并比较屈光不正患者分别配戴框架眼镜和硬性透气性角膜接触镜（RGPCL）时的对比敏感度功能．评价后者视觉矫正质量。方法采用自身前后对照研究,屈光不正患者56名（100眼）,近视度数为一1．00一13．00D,散光为0．50～3．75D,每只受试眼前后分别采用框架眼镜和RGPCL矫正．采用logMAR视力表检查两种方法矫正后的最佳矫正视力,使用CSV．1000E检测两种矫正方法在无眩光和有眩光下的对比敏感度功能（CSF）,绘出CSF曲线,计算CSF曲线下面积（AULCSF）。采用配对t检验比较两种矫正方法下的最佳矫正视力、各空间频率下的CSF值及AULCSF。结果配戴框架眼镜和RGPCL的最佳矫正logMAR视力分别为0．019±0．032,0．004±0．013,两者差异有统计学意义（t=-3．82,P〈O．01）。在无眩光和有眩光状态下,RGPCL矫正时的CSF曲线在各个空间频率下都高于框架眼镜,且差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0．05）。框架眼镜和RGPCL矫正时的AULCSF在无眩光时分别是1．171±0．028和1．344±0．018,有眩光时为1．143±0．022和1．268±0．025,两种状态下两种矫正方法的AULCSF差异都有统计学意义（f=-4．03、-3．13,P〈O．01）。结论RGPCL矫正屈光不正不仅可以提供更好的视力,还可以在各个空间频段提高对比敏感度,为患者提供最佳质量的视网膜光学成像,提高视觉功能。     

矩形光栅法视网膜调制传递函数测定技术的研究

目的:证明利用矩形光栅法测定人眼视网膜-大脑调制传递函数(MTF)的有效性,从而可以开发出一种结构小巧、移动性好、价格便宜、性能稳定的MTF测量仪。方法:在实验室搭建实验装置,分别利用矩形光栅法的实验装置和平板法视网膜MTF测量仪器,来测定正视眼组和屈光不正组的不同空间频率条纹分辨的阈值,算出并分析比较所测MTF值。结果:用本实验装置所测量的MTF曲线特征符合人眼MTF的山型特点。在六个空间频率下用本实验装置所测的正视眼和屈光不正组的MTF值之间没有显著性差异,P >0.05。对于同一样本组,用本实验装置和平板法微机控制视网膜MTF测定仪所测量的视网膜MTF值之间比较没有发现显著性差异,P >0.05。结论:本实验装置经过试用证明,其性能稳定、结果正确、可避开屈光因素的影响、能有效反映人眼的MTF曲线特征,与以往方法所测MTF值的符合性好,从而证明了利用矩形光栅测量视网膜MTF的原理的正确性。     

噪声视力表在儿童视力检查中的可重复性分析

目的探讨噪声视力表对儿童视力检查的可重复性及其相关影响因素。方法在门诊首诊患儿中,随机选择无理解障碍及除屈光不正外无其他器质性眼病儿童200例,使用噪声视力表进行噪声视力重复检查。采用配对t检验进行统计学分析。结果两次视力测量之间差异的均数为O.03行,（P=0.515）;两次视力测量结果按性别分组无明显差异（P=1.0,P=0.262）;按年龄分组亦无明显差异（P=0.159,P=0.786）;按屈光不正分组,其中近视组两次视力测量结果有明显差异（P=0.010）。近视儿童视力检查一致性较差,而正视及远视儿童的视力检查一致性较好（P=0.133,P=0.083）。结论结果提示噪声视力表适合儿童视力检查,建议推广使用。     

框架眼镜矫正下周边屈光测量方法的研究

目的建立配戴框架眼镜时周边屈光的测量系统及方法,并检验其有效性,评估其可靠性。方法以Grand Seiko WAM－5500型自动验光仪为基础,将头托替换为自制的视角选择固定装置,增加弧形游动视标架,作为周边屈光的测量系统。并按照光路追迹原理搭建装置,测量框架眼镜周边部光线偏折引起的测量角度补偿量。使用上述改装的系统和角度校正方法测量35名近视者配戴框架眼镜时视网膜黄斑中心凹和鼻、颞侧偏离中央凹10°、20°、30°水平方向上7个点的屈光状态。并另招募35名近视者作为对照组,采用传统方法测量其裸眼状态时上述7个点的屈光度。比较两种方法测量值标准差的差异,评估其可靠性。结果①该系统和方法测量配戴框架眼镜时周边屈光的所得值标准差与传统测量方法所得值标准差的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,说明其可靠性较好;②近视者框架眼镜矫正下视网膜周边部呈远视性离焦。结论本系统及方法用于屈光不正患者框架眼镜矫正下的周边屈光测量具有良好的可靠性和有效性。     

激光角膜屈光矫正术后眼科健康检查对裸眼视力一词的见解

目的 分析屈光矫正手术非常普及情况下,“裸眼视力”这个名词的适用性.方法 介绍眼科健康检查时对裸眼视力判定的困惑.引用辞海对“裸”解释和裸眼视力的英语表达进行分析,解释裸眼视力这个名词的内涵.结果 对准分子激光角膜屈光矫正术后,没有戴框架眼镜或隐形眼镜进行矫正的视觉辨别能力仍称为裸眼视力是不妥的.结论 建议淡出或不用裸眼视力这个名词.     

双通道视觉质量分析系统可靠性评价及相关影响因素分析

目的 比较不同低阶像差矫正方式对双通道视觉质量分析系统测量结果影响,并分析影响其测量的相关因素.方法 在无其他眼病的67例单纯性屈光不正志愿者左右眼中随机选择一眼共67眼,分别使用传统框架眼镜矫正与双通道客观成像质量分析系统内置矫正方法进行光学成像质量和散射情况测量.比较两者MTF截止空间频率(MTF cutoff)、斯特列尔比值(strehl ratio,SR)、客观散射指数(objective scattering index,OSI)值差异,并分析造成两者测量差异原因.结果 传统框架眼镜矫正法与OQAS仪器内置矫正法测得的MTFcutoff值分别为(39.83±9.11)c· deg-1、(40.34±10.02)c·deg-1(t=-0.59,P=0.56);SR值分别为(0.22±0.06)c·deg-1、(0.22±0.06)c·deg-1(t=-0.90,P=0.37);OSI值分别为(0.50±0.06)c· deg-1、(0.40±0.05)c·deg-1(t=-2.96,P=0.004);两种矫正方法的最佳聚焦点等效球镜差值为(0.02 ±0.39)D,等效球镜度数符合率(相差≤0.50 D)为91％ (61/67).OSI差值与最佳聚焦点等效球镜差值存在负相关关系(r=-0.38,P ＜0.05).MTF cutoff差值与最佳聚焦点等效球镜差值存在正相关关系(r =0.54,P＜0.05).结论 双通道客观视觉质量分析系统内置的低阶像差矫正技术不影响光学质量评价,是一种临床上准确、可靠的视觉质量评估方法.     

两种视力表检查89位学龄前儿童视力的对比研究

目的比较学龄前儿童Lea Symbols与Tumbling E两种视力表的检测率、单眼视力值．建立3。4周岁儿童正常的视力值。方法招募温州市区29—53月龄的89名学龄前儿童，入选标准是身体一般情况良好。智力发育正常，除屈光不正外无其他眼病。以随机顺序用两种视力表检查儿童单眼视力，用间插的logMAR记分方法记录结果。招募23名成人志愿者，分别用两种视力表检查单眼视力．获得两者之间的换算关系。结果成人44眼Lea Symbols的平均视力比Tumbling E高0．02logMAR。89名儿童Lea Symbols视力表的检测率为88％．而Tumbling E视力表的检测率为65％，统计学分析两者差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。60位儿童中115眼能同时配合查Lea Symbols与Tumbling E,Lea Symbols的平均视力为0．17±0．09．Tumbling E的平均视力为0．25±0．09．两者作配对t检验差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。两种视力表视力相关性高（r=-0．73，P〈0．01），两种视力表视力差值不随视力水平的改变而变化（P=-0．60）。正常屈光状态下儿童Lea Symbols 平均视力0．16±0．07（120眼）。Tumbling E的平均视力0123±0.07（91眼）。结论Lea Symbols视力表和Tumbling E视力表是测量视力可靠且有效的方法．检查4周岁以下儿童的视力时首选Lea Symbol视力表。与Tumbling E视力表相比，Lea Symbol视力表过高估计视力．原因可能在于两种视力表的不同设计以及儿童的认知水平差异。     

准分子激光屈光性角膜切削术矫治视网膜复位术后屈光不正的效果

目的 探讨准分子激光屈光性角膜切削术（photorefractive keratectomy,PRK)对视网膜复位术后屈光不正的矫治疗效。方法 对因不同原因引起视网膜脱离行视网膜复位手术,且术后随访病情稳定时间＞7个月的屈光不正患者11例（11只眼）行PRK,术后随访时间＞12个月,观察视力、角膜内皮细胞密度和眼底情况。结果 全部患者PRK术后视力均达到或超过术前最佳矫正视力;平均角膜内皮细胞密度与术前比较,差异无显著意义（t检验,P＝0．36）。结论 PRK是治疗视网膜复位术后屈光不正安全、有效的方法;严格掌握手术适应证和手术时机是手术成功的关键。     

Schematic eye predictions of relative spectacle magnification in unilateral aphakia

Computer ray tracing provides a simple technique for investigating binocular relative spectacle magnification (BRSM) in the patient with unilateral aphakia. BRSM is defined as the retinal image size in the corrected aphakic eye relative to the retinal image size in the corrected phakic eye. The influence of preoperative ametropia and the mode of correction on BRSM is investigated, using Gullstrand's number 2 schematic eye as a model.     

高度近视合并白内障超声乳化及负,低度数人工晶体植入术

目的探讨高度近视合并白内障超声乳化及负、低度数人工晶体植入术的临床疗效。方法总计１０２例（１２０只眼）眼轴长≥２８ｍｍ的高度近视合并白内障患者,其中Ⅱ级核５只眼,Ⅲ级核８４只眼,Ⅳ级核１６只眼,Ⅴ级核１５只眼。采用巩膜隧道式切口及原位超声乳化碎核,超声能量设定Ⅱ或Ⅲ级核为５０％～６０％,超声时间４０～１３０秒,平均７１．３秒。Ⅳ或Ⅴ级核采用超声乳化中央切核和手法出核,超声能量设定为６５％～７０％,超声时间４８～８２秒,平均６８．７秒。结果术后１个月裸眼视力≥０．５者５２只眼（４３．４％）,矫正视力≥０．５者７５只眼（６２．６％）。术后随访１１～２２个月,平均１４．５个月。手术主要并发症为角膜水肿（６．７％）和后囊膜破裂（４．２％）。未见视网膜脱离及黄斑囊样水肿。结论超声乳化联合负、低度数人工晶体植入适合于高度近视合并白内障患者,具有恢复良好视功能、矫正屈光不正、预防视网膜脱离、减少后发障及手术并发症等优点,值得临床推广应用     

Contoura矫正屈光不正伴轻度角膜不规则散光的临床效果

目的：探讨全自动定位跟踪系统辅助Contoura矫正屈光不正伴轻度角膜不规则散光的安全性、有效性、可预测性、稳定性及居中性。方法：前瞻性临床研究。选择2016 年3-6 月在杭州明视康眼科医院行全自动定位跟踪系统辅助Contoura手术的屈光不正伴轻度角膜不规则散光患者23 例（40 眼）,分别于术前及术后1 d、2 周、3 个月检查裸眼视力（UCVA）、最佳矫正视力（BCVA）,并行电脑验光、显然验光、三维角膜地形图、裂隙灯显微镜检查等。应用Pearson相关分析对术后不同随访时间的实际矫正等效球镜度（SE）与预矫正SE进行相关分析,应用单因素方差分析对不同时间点的UCVA、SE、偏心距进行比较。结果：术后1 d、2 周、3 个月随访时,UCVA分别为-0.04±0.08、-0.06±0.08、-0.06±0.08,且BCVA均达到或高于术前水平,其中术后3 个月时BCVA较术前BCVA提高1行有13眼（32.5%）,提高2行有1眼（2.5%）。术后3个月时实际矫正SE与预矫正SE呈正相关（r =0.999,P < 0.001）,其中SE偏差量±0.50 D以内占100%,SE偏差量±0.25 D以内占37.5%。术后各时间点间UCVA、SE差异均无统计学意义。术后1 d和3 个月偏心距差异有统计学意义（P=0.02）,其余各时间点间差异均无统计学意义。术中及术后3 个月随访时无严重并发症发生。结论：全自动定位跟踪系统辅助Contoura矫正屈光不正伴轻度角膜不规则散光临床效果肯定,具有较好的安全性、有效性、可预测性、稳定性及居中性。     

Possibilities of improving vision of poorly sighted patients by means of a diaphragm

The possibility of using diaphragming means for improving the vision of poorly sighted patients is discussed. A total of 279 patients (514 eyes) aged 6-82 years were examined, 118 (42.3%) of these with ocular diseases. Comparative analysis of the time course of visual acuity was carried out in patients using diaphragming means, optimal eyeglasses, and both. Eyeglasses are preferable for the majority of patients with poor vision, as they allow a higher visual acuity than diaphragming eyeglasses. Diaphragming means are more effective in patients with opaque optic media of the eyes with slight refraction disorders. A diaphragming racket is suggested for utilization of the useful characteristics of the diaphragm; it can be combined with eyeglass correction of ametropia. A group of patients was distinguished, for whom the combination of these two types of correction is the most effective: patients with corneal dystrophy, involution cataract, retinopathy neonatorum, aphakia, high complicated myopia, and diabetic retinopathy. In addition, the diaphragming racket is recommended for use during consultations for more accurate evaluation of the correction of ametropia and the intactness of the retinal macular zone in patients with opaque optic media of the eye.     

Incidence of vitreoretinal pathologic conditions within 24 months after laser in situ keratomileusis

OBJECTIVE: To report for the first time a case series of vitreoretinal pathologic conditions after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and to determine its incidence. DESIGN: Case series. PARTICIPANTS: Five refractive surgeons and 29,916 eyes that underwent surgical correction of ametropia (83.2% were myopic) ranging from -0.75 to -29.00 diopters (D; mean: -6.19 D) and from +1.00 to +6.00 D (mean: +3.23 D) participated in this retrospective study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Vitreoretinal complications after LASIK. RESULTS: The clinical findings of 20 eyes (17 patients) with LASIK-related vitreoretinal pathologic conditions are presented. Fourteen eyes experienced rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RDs). Two eyes experienced corneoscleral perforations with the surgical microkeratome when a corneal flap was being performed (one experienced a vitreous hemorrhage and the other later experienced an RD). In four eyes, retinal tears without RDs were found. In one eye, a juxtafoveal choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) developed. Retinal tears were treated with argon laser retinopexy or cryotherapy. Corneoscleral perforations were sutured, and the RD was managed with vitrectomy. The remaining RDs were managed with vitrectomy, cryoretinopexy, scleral buckling, argon laser retinopexy, or pneumatic retinopexy techniques. The CNVM was surgically removed. The incidence of vitreoretinal pathologic conditions determined in our study was 0.06%. CONCLUSIONS: Serious complications after LASIK are infrequent. Vitreoretinal pathologic conditions, if managed promptly, will still result in good vision. It is very important to inform patients that LASIK only corrects the refractive aspect of myopia. Complications of the myopic eye will persist.     

Retinal detachment in myopic eyes after phakic intraocular lens implantation

PURPOSE: To analyze the risk of retinal detachment in highly myopic patients who underwent implantation of phakic intraocular lenses (PIOLs). METHODS: In a retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series, the occurrence of retinal detachment was analyzed in 522 consecutive highly myopic eyes (323 patients) that underwent PIOL implantation. Treatment and results were reviewed. Parameters evaluated were best corrected visual acuity before and after retinal detachment surgery and time between refractive surgery and retinal detachment. RESULTS: Fifteen (2.87%) eyes presented with retinal detachment after PIOL implantation, with a mean time between surgery and detachment of 24.4 +/- 24.4 months (range: 1 to 92 months). The risk of retinal detachment in patients with high myopia corrected by PIOL implantation was 0.57% at 3 months, 1.64% at 12 months, 2.73% at 36 months, and 4.06% at 92 to 145 months (Kaplan-Meier analysis). A comparative study between the group of patients with retinal detachment and the remaining patients without retinal detachment was performed. Differences were found in axial length (30.65 +/- 1.97 vs 29.51 +/- 2.02; P=.028, one factor-analysis of variance test). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of retinal detachment in eyes implanted with phakic lenses for the correction of high myopia is higher in eyes with axial length >30.24 mm.     

高度近视合并白内障超声乳化吸除及人工晶状体植入疗效观察

目的观察超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗高度近视白内障患者的临床疗效。方法对51例（56只眼）高度近视白内障患者行超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术。56只眼眼轴长度26．09～32．24mm,其中26．09～29mm者41只眼,〉29mm者15只眼。观察术后视力及并发症。随诊时间3个月～2年。结果眼轴≤29mm组术后1个月视力≥0．5者37眼,占90．24％;眼轴〉29mm组术后1月视力≥0．5者7只眼,占46．67％（P〈0．05）。无角膜失代偿及视网膜脱离。影响术后视力主要原因为高度近视所致眼底病变。结论超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗高度近视白内障具有视力恢复较好、矫正屈光不正等优点,是高度近视白内障较有效、安全、理想的手术方式,眼轴〉29mm组恢复程度较差,但较术前均有不同程度的增加。     

Long-term anatomical and visual outcome of vitreous surgery for retinal detachment with choroidal coloboma

CONTEXT: Vitreous surgery has been advocated as an alternative treatment of selected retinal detachments with choroidal colobomas. AIM: To study the long term anatomical and visual outcome of choroidal coloboma with retinal detachment managed by pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade. SETTING AND DESIGN: Retrospective study conducted in a tertiary eye care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourty two eyes of 40 patients with retinal detachments related to coloboma of the choroid without any peripheral breaks were analyzed. All eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy with internal tamponade using silicone oil. Endolaser was performed along the coloboma border. Silicone oil was removed in 50% of patients. The main outcome measures were retinal reattachment and visual recovery. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science), version 10.0 was used for analysis. RESULTS: The retina in all cases (100%) undergoing vitrectomy were completely reattached intra-operatively. After a mean follow-up of 14 months, 37 (88.1%) eyes had attached retina. The best corrected visual acuity was 10/200 or better in 33 (78.4%) eyes. The best corrected visual acuity improved from a preoperative median of counting fingers (range 20/40 to perception of light) to median best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 (range 20/40 to perception of light) at the end of 6 months. Of the 50% (21) cases that underwent silicone oil removal, two eyes had re-detachment of retina. CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy along with silicone oil tamponade for retinal detachment related to choroidal coloboma improves the long-term anatomical and visual outcome.     

BUT在儿童瞬目症诊疗中的应用

目的:探讨儿童瞬目症BUT情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:215例患者均排除全身疾患,检查角膜、结膜、屈光不正等,着重检查BUT,详细了解患者病史,不良生活习惯等,治疗上停用含有防腐剂及激素类滴眼液,避免及纠正不良卫生及生活习惯,心理治疗,合理用眼,矫正屈光不正,给予不含防腐剂的滴眼液点眼,如3g/L艾丽滴眼液3次/d点眼,需用抗生素的给予可乐必妥滴眼液3～4次/d点眼,酌情给予抗病毒及维生素类药物。结果:215例患者BUT小于10s者197例(91.6%)326眼,其中5s以下123例224眼。本组215例病例中经过7～28d治疗,173例(80.5%)治愈,37例(17.2%)好转,5例(2.3%)无效,均未患眼部疾病,且不配合治疗,仍每天看电视或玩电脑游戏2h以上。经治疗BUT正常者192例(89.3%),好转19例(8.8%)无效者4例(1.9%)。随访1～6mo,复发31例,均为长期看电视、玩电脑、习惯揉眼者,BUT检查再次异常者,重复治疗后治愈或好转。结论:泪膜的保持并发挥其生理功能与瞬目动作休息相关,我们认为泪膜稳定性差是瞬目症的另一重要因素,BUT检查在诊治儿童瞬目症中起着关键的作用,它可以正确指导医生合理用药,使患者早日康复,而且简单易行,无痛苦,儿童易接受。我们建议BUT可作为儿童瞬目症的常规检查。