The stress at the human atlanto-occipital joint

Summary The development of the occipital condyle has been observed in human fetuses, neonates, children, and juveniles. In contrast to some authorities, the authors believe the occipital condyle to originate from the basioccipital and the exoccipital of the occipital bone. The bony parts of the condyle are divided by the synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior. The rostral area on the basioccipital occupies about one-fourth to one-seventh of the surface of the subchondral bone. The sequence and mode of ossification of the synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior has been investigated. A causality between the synchondrosis and the occasionally observed subdivisions of the articular surface in the adult does not exist.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. H. Leonhardt on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday     

内蒙古地区枕骨髁及枕骨大孔应用解剖三维数字化测量

目的 利用三维重建测量枕骨髁(OC)及枕骨大孔(FM)解剖学结构,分析OC、FM形态学特征及相对位置关系,为颅颈交界区病变的影像学诊断及外科手术入路的选择提供解剖学参数.方法 选取60例正常者的头颅和上颈椎螺旋CT扫描图像,男、女各30例,年龄20～65(48.18±16.17)岁,将数据导入Syno.Via VB10...     

神经内镜与显微镜经远外侧锁孔入路在颅颈交界区手术中应用的解剖学对比研究

目的 探讨神经内镜与显微镜经远外侧锁孔入路行颅颈交界区手术中,枕髁磨除前后的解剖观察范围,并分析枕髁磨除的意义。方法 纳入10%甲醛固定的5例（10侧）成年国人尸头标本,动静脉分别以红、蓝乳胶灌注,其中男3具、女2具,年龄58~70岁、平均61岁。模拟远外侧手术入路：取乳突后“S”形切口、枕髁后微骨窗开颅,分别在显微镜和神经内镜下操作,观察磨除枕髁前后镜下术野显露的解剖结构,测量并计算延髓腹外侧的显露面积,对比2种手术入路的观察范围。结果 显微镜经远外侧锁孔入路可显露成人尸头标本后组颅神经、椎动脉、基底动脉、小脑前下动脉和小脑后下动脉,枕髁磨除后扩大了对椎动脉、舌下神经、延髓侧方及腹侧的显露。神经内镜经远外侧锁孔入路通过面听-舌咽神经间隙、舌咽-迷走神经间隙、迷走-副神经颅根间隙和副神经脊髓根腹侧间隙,可观察后组颅神经、椎动脉、基底动脉、小脑前下动脉、小脑后下动脉、脑干侧面及腹侧面;磨除枕髁前、后内镜下延髓腹外侧显露面积分别为（331.0±6.6）mm²和（464.7±10.6）mm²,差异有统计学意义（t=52.99, P<0.001）;磨除枕髁前、后显微镜下延髓腹外侧显露面积分别为（205.8±9.6）mm²和（329.1±6.7）mm²,差异有统计学意义（t=75.07, P<0.001）;磨除枕髁前、后内镜下延髓腹外侧显露面积均大于显微镜下,差异均有统计学意义（t=62.18、64.62, P值均<0.001）;内镜磨除枕髁前与显微镜磨除枕髁后的显露面积差异无统计学意义（t=1.63, P=0.137）。结论 远外侧锁孔入路磨除枕髁后神经内镜与显微镜2种手术方式均能增加延髓腹外侧的显露面积;神经内镜远外侧锁孔入路不磨除枕髁即可获得良好的、与显微镜远外侧锁孔入路磨除枕髁后相似的显露范围,对脑干腹侧面、椎动脉、基底动脉等深部结构的显露更具优势,临床手术中可免于磨除枕髁。     

Pure epidural cavernous hemangioma of the cervical spine that presented with an acute sensory deficit caused by hemorrhage

Pure epidural cavernous hemangioma of the spine without vertebral involvement is rare. Due to the slow growth of this lesion, the most common symptoms are chronic pain, myelopathy, and radiculopathy. In our case, the patient complained of an acute onset sensory deficit of the C4 dermatome. An MRI revealed an epidural mass with an acute hematoma. Here, we report a case of a pure epidural cavernous hemangioma that presented with acute neurologic symptoms caused by intralesional hemorrhage and an acute epidural hematoma, which were demonstrated on the patient's MRI.     

Duplication of the occipital condyles

This article describes an extremely rare case, encountered in the anatomy laboratory, of a skull base found to have duplication of both occipital condyles. In addition, this specimen was noted to have a large bony excrescence near the basion, a small third occipital condyle, a left paracondylar process, elongation of the right styloid process, and a bony septation of both hypoglossal canals. The embryology and clinical implications are discussed.     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a child with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a case report and review of literature

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare and serious syndrome of central nervous system that can develop in both adults and children. It is characterized by acute onset of headache, confusion, seizures or focal neurological deficits along with radiological findings of white matter abnormalities in the parietal and occipital lobes. In the past ten years, this syndrome has been described mainly in adults, rare in children. Here, we report a case of PRES presenting in a 12-year-old girl with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Her neurological symptom was rapidly recovered after control of hypertension without discontinuation of cyclosporine A.     

48 year old male with sudden onset of right sided weakness

This 48 year-old male presented with sudden right sided weakness and hypertension, and on CT was found to have a deep left hemispheric intracerebral hematoma. There were accompanying bilateral hypointensities in the occipital lobes, unchanged 1 day later, when expansion of the hematoma and uncal herniation resulted in death. The past medical history included liver transplantation followed by long term cyclosporin, features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) attributed to cyclosporin, type 1 diabetes mellitus and acute renal failure attributed to diabetic nephropathy. There was a 2-month history of hypertension poorly responsive to therapy. The occipital lobes at autopsy showed focal cortical hemorrhages with bilateral discoloration of white matter sparing subcortical zones. Microscopy showed white matter pallor with parenchymal cysts, enlarged perivascular spaces and focal acute hemorrhages consistent with edema secondary to acute hypertension. Cortical hemorrhages were associated with intravascular thrombi and fibrin exudates, as well as an accompanying microinfarct, attributed to TTP. The occipital pathology reflects the posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PLS) combined with cortical lesions of TTP. PLS is usually diagnosed radiologically by occipital hypointensities, and is reversible, so that autopsy pathology is rarely examined. TTP may predispose to the development of the PLS in certain cases.     

硬脑膜外血肿术后硬脑膜造瘘的疗效观察

目的探讨硬脑膜外血肿清除术后,硬脑膜造瘘引流脑脊液的疗效观察。方法回顾性分析商丘市第一人民医院神经外科78例硬脑膜外血肿术后硬脑膜造瘘患者的临床资料,根据患者的意识状态及头颅CT检查结果,并对适应证选择、预后进行讨论。手术方法是将骨窗野硬脑膜切开4～5个0.5～0.8cm的小孔,并通过引流管使脑脊液流出体外。结果78例硬脑膜外血肿量在30ml以上的患者,未发生脑脊液漏。术后4～11d复查头颅CT,65例中线移位基本恢复;10例仍有脑积水存在;3例侧脑室轻度受压。结论硬脑膜外血肿术后造瘘引流脑脊液,能明显地降低术后颅内压,减轻脑组织的继发性损害,避免了去骨瓣手术,提高了患者生存质量。     

脑膜中动脉的颅骨滋养动脉外科解剖及其临床意义

通过显微外科解剖学研究方法证实了发自脑膜中动脉并进入颅骨内板的纤细动脉分支的存在。可以认为这种动脉颅骨的滋养动脉、其主要分布于颞骨上部、顶骨及额骨后部,每侧约100支,口径80～200μ。外伤时如颅骨与硬脑膜分离,可使这种动脉断裂出血,可能与某些慢性硬膜外血肿及无骨折的硬膜外血肿的出血机制有关。     

Hypoplastic occipital condyle and third occipital condyle: Review of their dysembryology

Disruption or embryologic derailment of the normal bony architecture of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) may result in symptoms. As studies of the embryology and pathology of hypoplasia of the occipital condyles and third occipital condyles are lacking in the literature, the present review was performed. Standard search engines were accessed and queried for publications regarding hypoplastic occipital condyles and third occipital condyles. The literature supports the notion that occipital condyle hypoplasia and a third occipital condyle are due to malformation or persistence of the proatlas, respectively. The Pax‐1 gene is most likely involved in this process. Clinically, condylar hypoplasia may narrow the foramen magnum and lead to lateral medullary compression. Additionally, this maldevelopment can result in transient vertebral artery compression secondary to posterior subluxation of the occiput. Third occipital condyles have been associated with cervical canal stenosis, hypoplasia of the dens, transverse ligament laxity, and atlanto‐axial instability causing acute and chronic spinal cord compression. Treatment goals are focused on craniovertebral stability. A better understanding of the embryology and pathology related to CVJ anomalies is useful to the clinician treating patients presenting with these entities. Clin. Anat. 26:928–932, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

导航联合内镜辅助远外侧入路的解剖学研究

目的　探讨导航联合内镜辅助远外侧入路的可行性及对颅颈交界区腹侧解剖学特点的观察。 方法　对6例（12侧）尸头标本模拟远外侧入路，分别用显微镜、0度和30度内镜观察，随后磨除后内侧1/3枕髁和颈静脉结节，再次用显微镜观察（其中内镜下观察和磨除颅底骨性结构均在导航引导下完成），比较这四种方式对颅颈交界区腹侧显露的差异。 结果　导航联合内镜能够通过面听神经、后组颅神经组成的上、中、下3个间隙近距离观察颅底结构，还能观察被颈静脉结节和枕髁遮挡的神经血管，与远外侧经髁入路显露范围相似。 结论　在内镜和神经导航辅助下，远外侧入路能够良好的观察颅颈交界区腹侧的神经血管结构，避免磨除颈静脉结节和枕髁，减少手术创伤。     

远外侧入路中枕髁相关解剖学参数的CT影像研究

目的 探讨正常成人枕髁相关解剖学参数的CT影像测量,为远外侧入路手术中枕髁的处理提供解剖学依据。方法 回顾性分析2018年9月-2019年3月新乡医学院第一附属医院影像资料库中335例正常成人头颈CTA影像资料,应用Mimics软件对枕髁进行三维重建后,在图像下面观标出:枕骨大孔前缘中点(A)、枕骨大孔后缘中点(B)、枕髁后缘和枕骨大孔后缘交点(C)、舌下神经管内口后缘中点(D)等定位点,分别测量枕髁两侧A、B点连线与A、C点连线的夹角(∠α),A、B点连线与A、D点连线的夹角(∠β),CD两点之间的长度,枕髁前后径长度,以及∠β和∠α差值。采用配对样本t检验比较不同侧别间上述测量指标的差异。结果 335例正常成人两侧合计检测结果:∠α为32.49°~52.18°(42.06°±3.25°)、∠β为43.62°~73.48°(58.51°±5.37°),∠β和∠α差值为7.42°~30.10°(16.45°±4.07°);CD长度为6.18~13.08(8.94±1.33)mm;枕髁前后径长度为16.12~27.71(21.57±2.17) mm。枕髁左侧、右侧∠α为42.12° ± 2.88°、42.00°±3.59°,∠β为59.37° ± 5.24°、57.66° ± 5.39°,∠β和∠α差值为17.24°±4.13°、15.66°±3.87°,CD长度为(9.14±1.39)mm、 (8.73±1.23)mm,枕髁前后径长度为(21.59±2.28)mm、(21.55±2.08)mm。不同侧别间比较:左侧∠β、∠β与∠α差值、CD长度均大于右侧,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.402、5.971、4.199,P值均＜0.05);而∠α、枕髁前后径长度不同侧别间差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。结论 不同侧别间枕髁的相关解剖学影像测量数据存在差异;远外侧入路中,磨除从枕髁后缘至舌下神经管内口范围的骨质所暴露的视野及扩大的视角,在左侧均大于右侧。因此,对于枕骨大孔腹侧正中病变,建议从左侧开颅,可获得更大的暴露范围。     

内镜下经口入路至颈静脉孔区处理沟通型肿瘤的临床应用解剖

目的　研究内镜下经口入路至颈静脉孔区解剖,以期为临床上切除该区域的沟通型肿瘤提供解剖学依据。 方法　在内镜下对15具尸头模拟经口入路,观察颈静脉孔区颅内外的暴露情况,定位解剖标志并记录相关参数。 结果　内镜下经口入路可很好显露颈静脉孔区颅外段,尤其是其前内侧区域,在磨除舌下神经管外口至中线骨质后可获得颅内脑干腹侧中线区域的最佳暴露。枕髁、髁上槽、颈动脉嵴为重要的解剖标志。其中枕髁前缘距舌下神经管外口下缘(14.51±2.30) mm,枕髁前缘距颈动脉嵴(24.11±2.19) mm,枕髁前缘距颈静脉结节上端(21.26±2.26) mm。 结论　该入路有助于处理肿瘤主体偏于颈静脉孔内侧的沟通型肿瘤。     

A novel model for biomechanical behavior of human brain in epidural hematoma injuries

To obtain an appropriate model for the simulation of the biomechanical behavior of brain tissue and the deformation of ventricles, in particular, we have developed a novel computerized plain strain finite element model. For optimum results, a multiple loading solutions approach using various tissue parameters for the simulation of epidural hematoma have been tested. For this purpose, CT-Scan of a patient with traumatic epidural hematoma has been modeled. By changing the tissue parameters (E and nu) and increasing intraventricular pressure gradient, the displacement of similar points in the modeled ventricle was compared with the true values obtained from patient's CT-Scan taken 3 months later after the resolution of hematoma. The magnitudes leading to least errors were determined. Best solutions were obtained with E=11-12 kPa and DeltaP=1.25-1.5 kPa (7.5-9.4 mmHg), which were consistent with the patient's clinical condition. Biomechanical modeling of unilateral displacement loadings, which are the conditions similar to surgical navigation systems, without considering ventricular geometry and their internal pressure resulted in unacceptable results.     

Acute Subdural Hematoma in a High School Football Player After 2 Unreported Episodes of Head Trauma: A Case Report

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the association between 2 unreported episodes of head trauma and an acute subdural hematoma in a high school football player; to address the role of the sport health care team in secondary schools when caring for an athlete with head trauma; and to recognize the importance of educating athletes and coaches about this condition. BACKGROUND: A previously healthy athlete experienced 2 unreported episodes of head trauma during a single game. The athlete was conscious and oriented to person, time, and place, but he vomited and complained of severe headache, nausea, and vertigo. During transfer, the athlete appeared to have a seizure. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage, second-impact syndrome, cervical spine injury, or epilepsy. TREATMENT: Computed tomography scan indicated fluid over the left frontal temporal fossa. Conservative treatment was begun, and the fluid resolved without incident. UNIQUENESS: A single episode of blunt trauma has been thought to cause an acute subdural hematoma. However, multiple concussions can also result in this condition. CONCLUSION: Single or multiple episodes of head trauma can lead to an acute subdural hematoma. This case study reflects the importance of proper education in the recognition and care of head trauma and return-to-play guidelines for athletes and coaches. A sport health care team in all secondary schools can provide the immediate and appropriate intervention for such injuries.     

股骨髁间骨折采用L形髁钢板+螺栓内固定的生物力学分析

目的：论证股骨髁间骨折采用Ｌ型髁钢板＋螺钢板＋螺栓,Ｌ形髁钢板,加压钢板＋螺栓固定,比较三种不同内固定方式的优劣,并为临床提供科学依据。方法：用９具新鲜股骨尸标本以实验应力分析法和有限元现论计算法对股骨髁间骨折内固定进行力学分析。结果：证明Ｌ形髁钢板＋螺椎内固定优于Ｌ形髁钢板,加钢板＋螺栓固定,应力和髁间位移两者具有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）结论：Ｌ形髁钢板＋螺栓联合固定是治疗股骨髁间骨折较好的内     

Spontaneous resolution of paraparesis because of acute spontaneous thoracolumbar epidural hematoma

Symptomatic spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma(SSEH) is an uncommon cause of cord compression that commonly is considered as an indication for emergent surgical decompression. We aimed to investigate a patient with a SSEH that completely resolved clinically and radiographically, without surgical treatment. The patient presented three days after the sudden onset of back pain, numbness, and weakness. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a posterior thoracolumbar epidural hematoma extending from the level of T10 to L2 with significant cord compression. Decompression was recommended but he refused surgery and was managed conservatively. One month later, weakness totally recovered and hematoma was absent on MRI.     

虚拟现实系统在经枕髁入路显露颈静脉结节三维解剖研究中的应用

目的探讨虚拟现实系统在经枕髁入路显露颈静脉结节三维解剖研究中的应用。方法选取18例尸体头颅作为研究对象,采用头颅MRI和CT扫描,将混合造影剂乳胶依次灌注到静脉系统和动脉系统中,灌注后行2次头颅CT扫描。解剖两侧尸体头颅时根据枕髁入路,切除部分小脑半球显露颅神经和脑干,再次行头颅MRI扫描,将所扫描的影像数据输入虚拟现实系统,根据数据结果构建颈静脉孔区三维解剖模型,设计经枕髁入路显露颈静脉结节的手术路径,可选择颅盖和颅底的骨性标志点,采用相应的测量方式测验结果。比较不同手术路径解剖显露情况、手术解剖测量数据及各解剖结构在手术路径微创前后的变化。结果模拟手术路径直观地体现了神经、血管等随操作方向和角度等解剖结构变化。虚拟现实系统和尸体头颅测量结果一致,但是三维解剖模型数据测量无观察和测量角度限制。三维解剖影像模型显示,微创化后手术路径体积、路径中静脉窦体积及岩骨骨性结构小于微创化前,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);脑神经体积在微创化前后差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论经枕髁入路微创化手术路径在限定靶点的情况下显露解剖结构随之变化,也减少对重要神经血管结构损伤,值得临床推广和应用。     

甲状旁腺激素干预兔下颌骨髁突高位骨折游离复位后的软骨愈合

文题释义：甲状旁腺激素：是一种钙磷调节激素和骨改建调节激素。它可以改善骨小梁的显微结构,提高骨量及骨强度,临床上主要用于治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症,促进骨折的愈合。甲状旁腺激素对骨和软骨的再生有着双向调节作用,在持续性高剂量作用下,它可导致骨吸收;间断性低剂量作用下,它可促进骨和软骨增殖再生。 髁突游离骨折：髁突是颌面部骨折好发的部位,临床上将下颌骨髁突骨折分为髁突头部、髁突颈、髁突颈下或髁突基部骨折。髁突高位骨折时,易发生附着于髁突的翼外肌剥脱使其成为游离骨块,复位固定术后可能出现骨愈合不良甚至髁突吸收。 背景：下颌骨髁突高位骨折常伴有软骨的损伤,同时由于附着于髁突的肌肉发生撕脱而成为游离骨块,如何在加快骨愈合同时加快软骨的愈合一直是临床上面临的困难和挑战。 目的：探讨甲状旁腺激素在兔髁突高位骨折游离复位后对髁突软骨愈合的影响。方法：将48只新西兰大耳兔建立髁突高位骨折游离复位固定实验模型,随机分为实验组及对照组,每组24只。术后实验组隔日皮下注射甲状旁腺激素 20 μg/kg,对照组注射生理盐水1 mL;分别在术后1,2,3,4周时处死,取下颌骨髁突标本行组织形态学研究,免疫组织化学和PCR检测髁突软骨中Sox9和基质金属蛋白酶13的表达。实验方案经贵州医科大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号为1700456)。结果与结论：①番红O-固绿染色及苏木精-伊红染色显示实验组中软骨骨折区的软骨细胞数量及软骨基质沉积都较对照组多;②免疫组织化学显示各时期的实验组Sox9因子的表达强度均强于对照组(术后1-3周P < 0.05);实验组基质金属蛋白酶13表达在术后1,2,3周显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);③各时期实验组Sox9 mRNA的表达量均高于对照组(术后1-3周P < 0.05);实验组中基质金属蛋白酶13 mRNA的表达量低于对照组(术后1-3周P < 0.05);④结果说明,间歇性皮下注射甲状旁腺激素,可上调Sox9、抑制早期基质金属蛋白酶13的表达,促进间充质干细胞向软骨转化,加快修复软骨损伤。 ORCID: 0000-0003-0144-4677(谢柳琴) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

枕下极外侧手术入路的解剖学研究

目的：为枕下极外侧手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：10例成人尸体头湿标本按手术入路在手术显微镜下进行解剖和观测。结果：枕下三角是枕下极外侧入路中重要的解剖学标志，在分离移位椎动脉后，切除枕骨髁后部1／3以辨别和暴露舌下神经管，枕骨髁的磨除可显著扩大枕骨大孔前缘的暴露范围，磨除颈静脉结节对扩大斜坡中下部的暴露有重要的作用。椎动脉硬膜内段及其分支与后组脑神经有复杂的毗邻和穿行关系。结论：枕下极外侧入路尽管解剖复杂，但可在不牵拉延髓的基础上充分暴露颈延髓交界部腹侧面和外侧面的区域，达到充分暴露的枕骨髁磨除范围限于其后1／3即可.