肺血栓栓塞症38例临床分析

目的总结肺血栓栓塞症的临床特征、诊断和治疗,以提高其诊断率和治愈率。方法回顾性分析38例肺血栓栓塞症患者的临床症状、基础疾病、危险因素。结果1例患者经抢救无效死亡;5例患者病情恶化自动出院;25例患者治疗后临床表现好转。结论肺血栓栓塞症临床表现缺乏特异性,易误诊,早期诊断至关重要,及时溶栓和抗凝治疗可提高治愈率。     

矽肺合并急性肺血栓栓塞症的诊治

目的 总结矽肺合并急性肺血栓栓塞症的诊治经验.方法 回顾分析2008年11月-2011年6月我院矽肺合并急性肺血栓栓塞症15例患者的临床资料.结果 23例疑似患者行Wells量表评分,对低、中、高度可能性的患者进一步行CTPA检查,经CTPA确诊15例.确诊患者予抗凝及中药血栓通治疗,经治疗14 d后15例患者治愈出院.结论 重视矽肺是急性肺血栓栓塞症的高危因素,在基层医院Wells量表临床预测急性肺血栓栓塞症价值可能性大,经CTPA诊断后,进行相应正规的抗凝及中医中药治疗.     

36例肺血栓栓塞症临床分析

目的 探讨肺血栓栓塞症的临床特点、诊断方法、治疗措施和治疗效果.方法 对2005～ 2010年我院收治的36例PTE患者进行临床分析.结果 肺血栓栓塞症的患者中以呼吸困难最为常见,32例(89％).34例经CT肺动脉造影明确诊断,积极溶栓及抗凝治疗后症状改善.结论 CT肺动脉造影可帮助肺血栓栓塞症诊断,及时规范的溶栓及抗凝治疗效果肯定.     

肺血栓栓塞症54例诊断分析

目的:探讨肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)的临床特点、早期诊断方法,提高PTE的诊断率.方法:回顾分析2000-01-2010-08我院收治的54例PTE患者的临床表现、实验室辅助检查结果及治疗方法等资料.结果:PTE的临床表现缺乏特异性,主要表现为呼吸困难(57.4%)、胸痛(46.3%)、咯血(22.2%)及咳嗽(31.5%...     

不同治疗方法对老年肺血栓栓塞症预后的影响

目的探讨老年肺血栓栓塞症的临床特点、诊断方法、不同治疗方案及其疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2001~2007年确诊为肺血栓栓塞症的48例老年患者的临床资料,根据治疗方法分为溶栓组(10例)、抗凝组(20例)及抗血小板组(18例)。对肺血栓栓塞症的发病诱因、诊断方法和不同治疗方案及疗效进行分析。结果肺血栓栓塞症的临床表现无明显特异性,以呼吸困难及胸痛为主要临床表现,在实验室检查中放射性核素肺灌注通气检查阳性率高,心电图可表现为窦性心动过速,ST-T改变,SⅠQⅢTⅢ征,超声心动图可表现为右心房、右心室增大,三尖瓣反流及肺动脉高压,溶栓组痊愈7例,好转2例,死亡1例;抗凝组痊愈11例,好转9例;抗血小板组痊愈4例,好转7例,死亡7例。溶栓组与抗凝组疗效无统计学差异,溶栓组与抗血小板组及抗凝组与抗血小板组间疗效均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论肺血栓栓塞症的临床表现多样,溶栓及抗凝治疗均可有效改善预后,单纯抗血小板治疗效果不佳。     

肺血栓栓塞症32例误诊病例分析

目的 提高对肺血栓检塞症的认识,减少或避免误诊.方法 对32例肺血栓栓塞症误诊病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 32例肺血栓栓塞症误诊病例的临床症状以呼吸困难和胸痛居多,体征以心动过速和肺动脉辩听诊区第二心音亢进及发热居多,常规实验室检查以血气呈低氧血症者居多,误诊的疾病多为呼吸系统疾病和心血管系统疾病.结论 肺血栓栓塞症的临床表现、体征及常规检查无特异性,但仍以呼吸困难、胸痛、心动过速、发热、肺动脉辨区第二心音亢进为多,易被误诊为呼吸系疾病和心血管疾病,临床上应加强对肺血栓栓塞症诊断与鉴别诊断意识,避免误诊.     

肺血栓栓塞44例临床分析并文献复习

目的 为了不断提高临床医师对肺血栓栓塞的认识,便于及早治疗,减少误诊及漏诊,对肺血栓栓塞的临床特点、治疗及预后进行分析.方法 对收治的44例肺血栓栓塞患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 分析了肺血栓栓塞患者常见的临床症状、体征及辅助检查,只要及时的诊断和治疗,大部分患者预后良好.结论 提高临床医生对该病的认识,能明显提高该病的确诊率.减少漏诊和误诊.提高患者生存率,改善预后.     

肺癌与血栓栓塞性疾病关系的临床分析

目的提高临床医生对肺癌合并血栓栓塞性疾病的认识。方法对近5年经病理或细胞学证实的肺癌合并血栓栓塞性疾病患者的临床资料进行分析。结果本组患者中16例为腺癌。9例(52.94%)血栓栓塞发生在肺癌确诊之前,8例(47.06%)发生在肺癌确诊之后,其中13例(76.67%)肺癌确诊时间分布于栓塞前后120天。单纯并发下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)7例,单纯肺血栓栓塞(PTE)4例,DVT合并PTE 6例。10例合并PTE患者中8例(80%)有较典型的临床症状,9例(90%)表现为双肺多发栓塞,大多有低氧血症、血D二-聚体明显升高。心电图仅1例有典型SⅠQⅢTⅢ表现。8例在栓塞前有化疗史。结论病人出现不能解释的血栓栓塞性疾病应考虑有肿瘤的可能,腺癌患者易并发血栓栓塞性疾病。化疗是肺癌合并血栓栓塞性疾病的高危因素之一。及时诊断和治疗可以降低患者的死亡率。临床医生应提高对肺癌合并血栓栓塞性疾病的认识。     

肺血栓栓塞症74例诊治分析

目的通过总结肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）患者的临床特征、辅助检查、治疗等,加强对本病的认识和了解。方法收集74例肺血栓栓塞症患者的临床资料,分析其临床表现、实验室检查、治疗与转归的特点。结果74例肺血栓栓塞患者临床表现依次为呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血、咳嗽、低血压、烦躁、濒死感、发热、胸闷、心悸、晕厥。其中表现为典型肺梗死三联征者19例（25．7％）。血气分析PaO2下降67例（90．5％）,血D-二聚体〉500μg／L者55例（74．3％）,心电图异常者67例（90．5％）,CT肺动脉造影阳性者65例（87．8％）,超声心动图提示肺动脉高压51例（68．9％）,下肢血管超声检查提示下肢深静脉血栓49例（66．2％）。平均确诊时间为（3．8±1．7）天,误诊率为33．8％。单纯抗凝治疗58例,有效率为100％;溶栓16例,治愈率为75．0％,死亡率为25．0％。结论肺血栓栓塞症患者临床表现各异,无特异性诊断方法,CT肺动脉造影对肺血栓栓塞症有重要诊断价值,早期诊断,积极抗凝治疗效果好,溶栓治疗应严格掌握适应证。     

126例肺血栓栓塞的临床诊治分析

目的探讨肺血栓栓塞的危险因素、临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院2009年1月至2012年9月收治的126例肺血栓栓塞患者的临床资料。结果 126例肺血栓栓塞患者中,治愈13例,好转103例,死亡5例,放弃治疗5例。结论肺血栓栓塞患者临床表现缺乏特异性,临床不排除肺血栓栓塞时,应结合D-二聚体、心电图、心脏彩超、下肢静脉彩超、CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)等检查,明确诊断,尽早给予溶栓或抗凝治疗。     

多发性胸部骨折致肺脂肪栓塞的临床分析及诊治对策

目的 探讨多发性胸部骨折所致脂肪栓塞的早期诊断影响因素,并针对临床症状进行治疗.方法 对我院收治的13例肺脂肪栓塞患者进行资料回顾,分析其临床表现,对影响早期诊断的因素进行logsitic回归分析,探讨早期诊断的影响因素及治疗策略.结果 早期主要以首发呼吸系统症状为主,主要临床表现为低氧血症;中枢神经系统症状主要表现为胡言乱语、昏迷、神志模糊、抽搐等.在影响早期诊断因素中,脑挫伤、肺挫伤对早期肺脂肪栓塞的诊断的影响负相关（P＜0.05）;中枢神经系统、呼吸系统以及胸部X线、CT对肺脂肪栓塞诊断的影响正相关.结论 针对影响脂肪栓塞早期诊断的因素进行提前预防,治疗重点是纠正低氧血症,提高呼吸功能,改善微循环,保护主要脏器功能.     

肺栓塞24例临床诊断与治疗分析

目的分析肺栓塞（PE）患者基础疾病、危险因素、临床表现、诊治方法,以提高对该病的认识和诊治水平。方法采用回顾性方式对2002年6月至2011年6月收治的24例肺栓塞患者的临床诊治情况进行分析。结果24例肺栓塞患者中,治愈4例,好转15例,死亡5例。死亡5例中,4例为大面积肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）。结论肺栓塞患者临床表现缺乏特异性,尤其是大面积PTE死亡率高。临床上对于存在危险因素者,要提高对肺动脉栓塞的警惕性,尽快行血气分析、D-二聚体、心电图、超声心动图、胸部CT、CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）检查,抗凝溶栓治疗能安全有效治疗肺栓塞。     

A simple diagnostic strategy in hospitalized patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism

OBJECTIVES: Diagnostic strategies in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism have been extensively studied in outpatients; their value in hospitalized patients has not been well established. Our aim was to determine the safety and clinical utility of a simple diagnostic strategy in hospitalized patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. DESIGN: Prospective management study. SETTING: Twelve teaching hospitals (five academic, seven general hospitals). SUBJECT: A total of 605 hospitalized patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. All patients completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: First the clinical decision rule (CDR)-score was calculated. An unlikely CDR-score in combination with a normal D-dimer excluded pulmonary embolism. All other patients underwent helical computed tomography (CT). CT either diagnosed or excluded pulmonary embolism, in which case anticoagulants were started or withheld. All patients were instructed to report symptoms of venous thrombosis. Objective tests were performed to confirm venous thromboembolism. The primary outcome was the incidence of symptomatic venous thrombosis during 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: The combination of an unlikely CDR-score and a normal D-dimer excluded pulmonary embolism in 60 patients (10% of all patients); no venous thromboembolic event occurred during follow-up (0%; 95% CI 0-6.7%). CT excluded pulmonary embolism in 380 patients; during follow-up venous thromboembolism occurred in five patients (1.4%; 95% CI 0.4-3.1%). CONCLUSIONS: An unlikely CDR-score in combination with a normal D-dimer appears to exclude pulmonary embolism safely in hospitalized patients. Before clinical implementation it is important this safety is confirmed by others. CT testing was obviated in only 10% of patients. CT can safely exclude pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients.     

以胸腔积液为首诊的肺栓塞19例临床分析

目的分析以胸腔积液为首诊的肺栓塞患者的临床特点,增强对症状不典型肺栓塞的认识,降低误诊率。方法回顾性分析19例以胸腔积液为首要临床表现的肺栓塞患者的临床特点。结果 71例肺栓塞患者中19例出现胸腔积液,占26.76%;大量胸腔积液1例,中量2例,少量16例;双侧胸腔积液2例,单侧胸腔积液17例,其中右侧8例,左侧9例;3例行胸腔穿刺胸水常规化验均为渗出性胸水。结论胸腔积液是肺栓塞的非典型、非特异性临床表现,临床上要提高警惕,及时完善D-二聚体检测,CT肺动脉造影检查,以提高确诊率。     

Acute pulmonary embolism: risk stratification in the emergency department

Pulmonary embolism is a common disease associated with a high mortality rate. Death due to pulmonary embolism occurs more commonly in undiagnosed patients before hospital admission or during the initial in-hospital stay. Thus, mortality could be reduced by prompt diagnosis, early prognostic stratification and more intensive treatment in patients with adverse prognosis. Mortality is particularly high in patients with pulmonary embolism presenting with arterial hypotension or cardiogenic shock. In patients with pulmonary embolism and normal blood pressure, a number of clinical features and objective findings have been associated with a high risk of adverse in-hospital outcome. Advanced age and concomitant cardiopulmonary disease are clinical risk factors for in-hospital mortality. The Bburden of thromboembolism, as assessed by lung scan or spiral CT, and right ventricle overload, as assessed by echocardiography and probably spiral CT, have been claimed to be risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Elevated serum levels of troponins have been shown to be associated with right ventricular overload and adverse in-hospital outcomes in patients with pulmonary embolism. Despite the currently available evidence, no definite prognostic value can be assigned to any of the individual risk factors or cluster of them. Large prospective trials should be carried out to validate individual risk factors or clusters of risk factors able to identify patients with acute pulmonary embolism at high risk for in-hospital mortality. These patients could afford the trade-off of an increased risk of side effects related to a more aggressive treatment, such as thrombolysis or surgical or interventional procedures.     

Performance of helical computed tomography in unselected outpatients with suspected pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Helical computed tomography (CT) is commonly used to diagnose pulmonary embolism, although its operating characteristics have been insufficiently evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of helical CT in suspected pulmonary embolism. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Emergency department of a teaching and community hospital. PATIENTS: 299 patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism and a plasma D -dimer level greater than 500 microgram/L. INTERVENTION: Pulmonary embolism was established by using a validated algorithm that included clinical assessment, lower-limb compression ultrasonography, lung scanning, and pulmonary angiography. MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of helical CT and interobserver agreement. Helical CT scans were withheld from clinicians and were read 3 months after acquisition by radiologists blinded to all clinical data. RESULTS: 118 patients (39%) had pulmonary embolism. In 12 patients (4%), 2 of whom had pulmonary embolism, results of helical CT were inconclusive. For patients with conclusive results, sensitivity of helical CT was 70% (95% CI, 62% to 78%) and specificity was 91% (CI, 86% to 95%). Interobserver agreement was high (kappa = 0.823 to 0.902). The false-negative rate was lower for helical CT used after initial negative results on ultrasonography than for helical CT alone (21% vs. 30%). Use of helical CT after normal results on initial ultrasonography and nondiagnostic results on lung scanning had a false-negative rate of only 5% and a false-positive rate of only 7%. CONCLUSION: Helical CT should not be used alone for suspected pulmonary embolism but could replace angiography in combined strategies that include ultrasonography and lung scanning.     

普胸术后肺栓塞23例临床分析

目的探讨普胸术后肺栓塞的临床特点、诊断方法和治疗措施及预后。方法对我院2000年1月～2010年10月普胸术后的肺栓塞患者23例进行临床分析。结果23例肺栓塞患者,出现呼吸困难18例,胸痛15例,咯血4例,发热5例,晕厥3例;17例经肺增强CT或CT肺动脉造影明确诊断,23例均行99MTC肺灌注扫描,表现为段性或叶性放射性稀疏或缺损。结论肺栓塞临床表现多样,诊断需结合易患因素,CT肺动脉造影、99MTC肺灌注扫描可帮助明确诊断。早期正确治疗PE,可减少死亡率。     

肺栓塞患者85例临床诊治分析

目的探讨肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）的诊断、治疗及预后特点及2001年我国肺血栓栓塞症的诊断与治疗指南颁布后对其的影响。方法回顾性分析85例PE患者的临床资料、着重分析其临床特点、诊断、治疗及预后。结果71．8％（61／85）行螺旋CT检查确诊,16．5％（14／85）行放射性核素肺通气灌注扫描确诊．10．6％（9／85）行肺动脉造影检查确诊,1．2％（1／85）行尸体解剖检查确诊,共有34．1％（29／85）误诊为其他疾病。33例接受溶栓治疗前后行心脏超声检查,溶栓治疗后较治疗前比较,右心室直径、右心室／左心室舒张末期直径、收缩期肺动脉压显著性下降。根据患者入院的时间将其分为两组,1997年1月～2001年12月人院的患者设为A组,共35例;2002年1月～2008年7月入院的患者设为B组,共50例。B组住院病死率、误诊牢较A组明显降低,差异有统计学意义[22．0％比45．7％,χ^2=5．342,P=0．021：24．0％比48．6％,χ^2=5．530,P=0．019]。结论我国肺血栓栓塞症指南的颁布对减少PE的误诊率、住院病死率有一定帮助,溶栓治疗可以改善PE患者右心室功能不全。     

The negative predictive value of spiral computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in patients with nondiagnostic ventilation-perfusion scans

BACKGROUND: There is no noninvasive method to rule out pulmonary embolism when the clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolism is high. We did a prospective observational study to determine the negative predictive value of spiral computed tomography (CT) in this situation. METHODS: We performed spiral CT scans of the thorax in consecutive patients with high clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism with intermediate or low probability ventilation-perfusion scans. Patients with negative or indeterminate spiral CT results had conventional angiography at the discretion of the attending physician. Only patients with positive spiral CT results or positive conventional angiograms were treated. All patients were observed for 6 months for evidence of venous thromboembolic disease. Clinical outcome without treatment or the results of conventional angiography were used as reference standards. False-negative results were defined as a negative spiral CT with a positive conventional angiogram or any diagnosis of venous thromboembolism within 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 103 patients who were studied, spiral CT scans were positive in 22 patients, indeterminate in 10 patients, and negative in 71 patients. Twenty-seven (26%) patients had pulmonary embolism by clinical outcome, including 3 of the 71 patients with negative spiral CT scans and 2 of the 10 patients with indeterminate scans. A negative spiral CT result had a likelihood ratio of 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04 to 0.35) with a negative predictive value of 96% (95% CI: 88% to 99%). Using conventional angiography only as the reference standard, a negative spiral CT result had a likelihood ratio of 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.31) and a negative predictive value of 93% (95% CI: 77% to 98%). CONCLUSIONS: Spiral CT has a high negative predictive value for pulmonary embolism and may replace conventional angiography in the workup of pulmonary embolism. Patients with indeterminate spiral CT results should be considered for conventional angiography.     

Diagnosing pulmonary embolism in outpatients with clinical assessment, D-dimer measurement, venous ultrasound, and helical computed tomography: a multicenter management study

PURPOSE: To evaluate a diagnostic strategy for pulmonary embolism that combined clinical assessment, plasma D-dimer measurement, lower limb venous ultrasonography, and helical computed tomography (CT). METHODS: A cohort of 965 consecutive patients presenting to the emergency departments of three general and teaching hospitals with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism underwent sequential noninvasive testing. Clinical probability was assessed by a prediction rule combined with implicit judgment. All patients were followed for 3 months. RESULTS: A normal D-dimer level (<500 microg/L by a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) ruled out venous thromboembolism in 280 patients (29%), and finding a deep vein thrombosis by ultrasonography established the diagnosis in 92 patients (9.5%). Helical CT was required in only 593 patients (61%) and showed pulmonary embolism in 124 patients (12.8%). Pulmonary embolism was considered ruled out in the 450 patients (46.6%) with a negative ultrasound and CT scan and a low-to-intermediate clinical probability. The 8 patients with a negative ultrasound and CT scan despite a high clinical probability proceeded to pulmonary angiography (positive: 2; negative: 6). Helical CT was inconclusive in 11 patients (pulmonary embolism: 4; no pulmonary embolism: 7). The overall prevalence of pulmonary embolism was 23%. Patients classified as not having pulmonary embolism were not anticoagulated during follow-up and had a 3-month thromboembolic risk of 1.0% (95% confidence interval: 0.5% to 2.1%). CONCLUSION: A noninvasive diagnostic strategy combining clinical assessment, D-dimer measurement, ultrasonography, and helical CT yielded a diagnosis in 99% of outpatients suspected of pulmonary embolism, and appeared to be safe, provided that CT was combined with ultrasonography to rule out the disease.