室间隔缺损合并肺高压130例手术前后处理体会

我院心外科自 1994年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 12月共实施先天性心脏病手术 10 5 3例 ,其中室间隔缺损 (ＶＳＤ)合并中重度肺高压(ＰＨ)者 13 0例 ,死亡 1例。现将 13 0例室间隔缺损合并高压手术前后处理体会 ,报告如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　本组 13 0例中 ,男 78例 ,女 62例 ;年龄 3个月～ 16岁 ,平均 (4 .68± 3 .2 )岁。体重 3 .5～ 3 9ｋｇ ,平均 (17.5±8.73 )ｋｇ。全组患儿术前均有发育不良、反复呼吸道感染、气急、多汗、心功能不全等表现。胸骨左缘第 2～ 4肋间闻及收缩期杂音 ,肺动脉第 2心音明显增强。心电图示左、右室大 ,或左…     

心间隔缺损并双向分流患儿的围术期治疗

目的　提高重症先天性心脏病患儿的成活率。方法　随机选择 32例拟行手术治疗的心间隔缺损并重度肺动脉高压、双向分流的患儿为研究对象。年龄 4个月～ 12岁 ,平均 4 3岁 ,体重 4 5～ 2 7kg ,平均 9 6kg,≤2岁者 18例 ,>2岁者 14例 ;单纯室间隔缺损 16例 ,室间隔 +房间隔缺损 5例 ,室间隔缺损 +动脉导管未闭 7例 ,室间隔缺损 +房间隔缺损 +动脉导管未闭 3例 ,完全性心内膜垫缺损 1例。术前采用合适的药物治疗 ,控制肺动脉压达满意水平 10～ 15d ,术后坚持使用药物治疗的同时延长呼吸机辅助时间 ,以维持适宜的血气指标在满意的水平。结果　本组 32例 ,治愈 2 9例 ,术后并发肺高压危象 9例 ,右心功能衰竭 3例 ,频发室性早搏 3例 ,低心输出量综合征 4例 ,共死亡 3例。结论　对心间隔缺损并重度肺动脉高压、双向分流者的围术期综合治疗是提高手术成功率的重要环节     

婴儿室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的围术期处理

目的:总结婴儿室间隔缺损(VSD)合并重度肺动脉高压(PH)的围术期处理经验.方法:2007年1月～10月共收治婴儿VSD伴重度PH 18例,男12例,女6例,年龄3～11月,平均(7.0±2.9)月,体重3.9～8.0kg,平均(6.5±1.2)kg.所有患儿均在体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术.结果:本组术后无死亡.术后并发症9例.其中低心排2例,心律失常2例,肺不张2例,肺部感染2例,二重感染1例.术后1月复查彩超,除4例有轻度PH,其余肺动脉压均恢复正常.所有志儿术后均痊愈出院.结论:精心的术前准备、术中减少体外循环损害、术后加强呼吸道管理、适宜的血流动力学支持和适当机械通气是婴儿VSD合并重度PH患儿成功治疗的重要保证.     

低温室颤不阻断升主动脉的体外循环心内直视术

心肌保护一直是心内直视术围术期的重中之重 ,它直接影响手术成败和术后心功能的恢复。我们对 1998年 5月至 2 0 0 0年 12月间 42 3例体外循环 (CPB)心内直视手术中的 34例重症患者行低温室颤不阻断升主动脉 ,左心充分引流技术 ,效果良好 ,现将此心肌保护技术总结分析如下。1　资料与方法1.1　临床资料 :本组 34例中 ,男 15例 ,女 19例。年龄 2 3～5 6岁 ,平均 (2 9± 15 )岁。体重 40～ 72 kg,平均 (4 2± 13) kg。室间隔缺损 (VSD) 6例 ,其中 2例合并卵圆孔未闭 (PFO) ;房间隔缺损 (ASD) 16例 ,其中 2例合并肺动脉狭窄 (PS) ,二尖瓣…     

10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的总结10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损(VSD)合并肺动脉高压的外科治疗经验。方法 45例10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的患儿均在全麻低温体外循环下行Ⅰ期矫治术。结果本组术后无死亡病例,术后并发肺炎12例,心律紊乱2例,切口感染3例,右室流出道血栓1例,术后早期复查彩超,无残余分流,心功能及瓣膜关闭均正常,所有患儿均痊愈出院。随访2个月～1年,无其他并发症和死亡,均生长发育良好,心功能Ⅰ级。结论合并肺动脉高压的低体质量婴幼儿室间隔缺损应尽早手术根治,术中减轻体外循环损伤及注重脏器功能保护,术后加强呼吸道的管理、预防低心排和肺动脉高压危象的发生是降低并发症减少病死率的关键。     

小儿室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的围手术期治疗

目的探讨总结小儿室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的外科手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析28例小儿室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压手术治疗的临床资料。全组均在体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术，其中合并动脉导管未闭4例，右心室双腔心2例，房间隔缺损2例，均同时矫正。结果全组27例痊愈，1例死于术后并发低心输出血量综合征和急性肾功能衰竭。随访3个月-2.5年，患儿症状明显减轻，营养发育状况明显改善。结论完善术前准备、彻底矫正畸形、加强心肌保护及术后管理可使小儿室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压手术取得良好的临床疗效。     

体外循环心内直视手术60例临床分析

我院胸心外科从 1992年 11月至 2 0 0 2年 11月间开展体外循环心内直视手术 6 0例 ,现就有关临床问题分析如下。1　资料与方法1.1　临床资料 :本组 6 0例 ,男性 2 3例 ,女性 37例 ;年龄最小 5岁 ,最大 6 3岁 ,平均 31岁。病种 :风湿性心脏瓣膜病变(风心 ) 32例 ,其中二尖瓣膜病变 2 8例 ,主动脉瓣病变 1例 ,二尖瓣与主动瓣联合病变 3例 ;先天性心脏病 (先心 ) 2 6例 ,其中房间隔缺损 9例 ,室间隔缺损 9例 (合并动脉导管未闭 2例 ) ,法乐四联症 3例 ,肺动脉口狭窄 2例 ,室间隔缺损并亚急性细菌性心内膜炎 (主动脉瓣穿孔 ) 1例 ,右房粘液瘤 2…     

前列地尔脂微球治疗小儿先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压及心力衰竭的临床观察

目的:探讨前列地尔脂微球治疗小儿先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压及心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法:2008年至2010年在我院住院的小儿先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压及心力衰竭患儿116例,其中室间隔缺损60例,动脉导管未闭50例,室间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭6例。随机分为治疗组59例与对照组57例。对照组给予抗感染、强心、利尿、扩血管等综合治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上同时给予前列地尔脂微球治疗,用法为5 ng/(kg.min)连续2 h静脉维持输入,约8～12 h重复一次治疗,连续应用2周。结果:治疗2周后,治疗组肺部感染及心力衰竭总有效率98.2%,较对照组的73.6%改善更为显著,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),两组左室射血分数、左心室输出量和肺动脉收缩压治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:前列地尔脂微球治疗先天性心脏病肺动脉高压合并心力衰竭安全有效,值得临床推广。     

围体外循环期婴幼儿呼吸道并妆症防治体会

婴幼儿体外循环术后呼吸道并发症高 ,直接影响治疗效果。我院 1998年 3月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月共有 190例婴幼儿 (2个月～ 3岁 )在体外循环下手术。现报告如下。1　临床资料本组男 10 7例 ,女 83例 ,年龄 2个月～ 3岁。其中2～ 6个月 14例 ,～ 1岁 65例 ,～ 2岁 73例 ,～ 3岁 38例。室间隔缺损 (ＶＳＤ) 139例 ,其中合并动脉导管未闭(ＰＤＡ) 5例 ,合并房间隔缺损 (ＡＳＤ) 2 0例 ,合并肺动脉高压 (ＰＨ) 40例 ;单纯房间隔缺损 16例 ,房间隔缺损合并肺动脉狭窄 (ＰＳ) 7例 ,完全性肺静脉异位引流(ＴＡＰＶＣ) 5例 ,右室双出口 (ＤＯＲＶ) 2例 ,…     

小儿心内直视术后的监护

先天性心脏病 (简称先心病 )是小儿心血管系统常见的疾病 ,其发病率约占活婴 8‰～ 14‰ ,心内直视术为治疗该病的最佳选择 ,而术后的监护是提高手术成功率的基础。本文对我院 1998— 2 0 0 0年的 116例小儿先心病体外循环心内直视术后的监护进行总结和分析 ,旨在加强与提高对小儿心脏病术后的监护水平 ,提高治愈率。1　临床资料本组男性 60例 ,女性 5 6例 ,年龄 4.5个月～ 14岁 ,≤ 3岁者占 3 1% ,体重 4.5～ 5 2 kg,≤ 10 kg占 2 2 %。116例中 ,房间隔缺损 ( ASD) 4 1例 ,单纯室间隔缺损( VSD) 4 7例 ,室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压 ( PH)…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.