动力髁螺钉治疗不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折

[目的]探讨动力髁螺钉（DCS）治疗不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。[方法]总结本院2000年9月～2004年9月间使用动力髁螺钉（DCS）进行内固定治疗的不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折患者的病例资料，评价其疗效。骨折采用Evang分型，其中将Evan＇sⅢ型、Evan＇sⅣ型以及反粗隆间Evan＇sⅤ型骨折列为不稳定型骨折。[结果]术后平均随访10个月（8～15个月），骨折全部愈合；平均愈合时间4个月，无髋内翻及内固定衰竭发生，髋关节优良率89％。[结论]对于大粗隆下方存在骨折的Evan＇sⅢ型，Evan＇sⅣ型及反粗隆间Evan＇sⅤ型等不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的患者使用动力髁螺钉（DCS）进行内固定治疗，可以有效降低内固定物衰竭及髋内翻的发生率，临床效果满意。     

动力髁螺钉治疗合并大粗隆游离的股骨粗隆间骨折

[目的]探讨动力髁螺钉（DCS）治疗合并大粗隆游离的股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效和特点。[方法]1998年9月～2004年2月应用DCS内固定技术共治疗30例合并大粗隆游离的股骨粗隆间骨折。[结果]随访时间8～25个月（平均16．5个月）。复位及内固定满意率为96．7％（29／30），愈合率为100％。并发轻度髋内翻为3．3％（1／30），无下肢外旋畸形。参照韩一生疗效评定标准，髋关节功能优良率为93．3％。[结论]DCS治疗合并大粗隆游离的股骨粗隆间骨折，操作简单，固定牢靠，有利于髋关节功能的恢复，能最大限度减少骨折后的并发症。     

动力髁螺钉内固定治疗股骨粗隆下骨折的临床分析

[目的]评估动力髁螺钉（Dynamic condylar screw DCS）内固定治疗股骨粗隆下骨折的临床价值。[方法]回顾性分析29例股骨粗隆下骨折患者，男18例，女11例，平均年龄52．2岁；车祸伤7例，坠落伤8例，跌伤14例；骨折按照Seinsheimer分类，Ⅱ型5例（ⅡB型2例、ⅡC型3例）、Ⅲ型12例（ⅢA型7例、ⅢB型5例）、Ⅳ型5例、Ⅴ型7例。手术方式均采用切开复位动力髁螺钉固定。所有病例随访9～24个月，平均16个月，随访内容包括Sanders髋关节功能评分及手术相关并发症。[结果]骨折均骨性愈合，愈合时间平均3．5个月（3—5个月），仅1例患者术后16个月骨折愈合后因外伤发生钢板断裂并粗隆间再次骨折。术后可早期进行患肢功能锻炼及无负重下地活动。未出现感染、髋内翻畸形、内固定松动等并发症。按Sanders髋关节功能评分系统评分，优（55～60分）18例，良（45—54分）10例，差（35～44分）1例，优良率96．5％。[结论]动力髁螺钉治疗股骨粗隆下骨折，复位满意，固定牢靠，可有效避免股骨缩短、旋转及髋内翻畸形，具有疗效好、康复快、功能恢复满意等优点，是治疗股骨粗隆下骨折可选择的理想治疗方法之一。     

95°DCS治疗股骨粗隆间及粗隆下粉碎性不稳定骨折

目的研究和评价95°DCS(动力髁螺钉)在股骨粗隆间及粗隆下粉碎性不稳定骨折中的应用。方法自1998年8月~2003年1月对23例髋部骨折(股骨粗隆间骨折15例,股骨粗隆下骨折8例)采用闭合复位95°DCS内固定治疗。结果全部病例均得到10个月~3年随访,主要指标为颈干角、髋关节伸屈活动度等。骨折全部愈合,无钢板松动、断裂、骨不连等并发症,1例轻度髋内翻。优16例,良6例,优良率95.7%。结论95°DCS能提供有效的固定,其治疗髋部骨折是DCS的另一种用处,是值得推荐的治疗粉碎性不稳定股骨粗隆间和粗隆下骨折的方法之一。     

股骨粗隆间冠状面骨折121例治疗分析

目的：分析股骨粗隆间冠状面骨折三种内固定方法及效果。方法：对121例该类骨折分别采用鹅颈钢板,角钢板及动力髋螺钉内固定。结果：发生髋内翻畸形9例,内固定物穿破股骨头、颈5例,术中粗隆下皮质骨折16例,感染1例。髋关节功能优良率分别为：鹅颈钢板组85％、角钢板组88％、130度动力髋螺钉组94％。结论：通过比较,动力髋螺钉内固定股骨粗隆间冠状面骨折具有并发症少,髋关节功能优良率高的优点。     

三种钉板内固定系统治疗股骨粗隆间骨折疗效分析

目的 探讨钉板内固定系统治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效.方法 随访分析自2004年1月～2009年1月内固定治疗145例股骨粗隆间骨折,其中93例采用动力髋螺钉(DHS),18例采用动力髁螺钉(DCS),34例采用股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗.记录骨折愈合时间、并发症及Harris髋关节功能评分.结果 本组随访.12～30个月.DHS组中有6例出现髋内翻;股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板组中有4例出现髋内翻,1例近端锁钉断裂,出现髋内翻,经非手术治疗后骨折愈合,1例钢板断裂,骨折移位,再次手术后骨折愈合.三组骨折愈合时间及Harris髋关节功能评分优良率无明显差异.结论 合适的内固定选择、术中良好复位及内侧支撑结构的复位与固定对治疗至关重要.三种钉板内固定系统有各自的特点和适应证.     

不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折治疗中小粗隆骨折的处理

目的探讨股骨粗隆间骨折治疗中对小粗隆骨折的处理。方法用动力髋螺钉内固定治疗33例伴有小粗隆骨折的不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折患者,均对小粗隆骨折进行固定。结果股骨粗隆间骨折得到较好固定,并随诊6个月～3年（平均18个月）,无一例出现髋内翻畸形。结论对不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折中小粗隆骨折进行固定,可以有效地防止髋内翻的发生。     

动力髁螺钉治疗股骨粗隆下骨折

目的总结使用动力髁螺钉治疗股骨粗隆下骨折的疗效。方法自2003年12月至2007年12月,对64例股骨粗隆下骨折患者采用闭合复位、动力髁螺钉内固定治疗。结果所有病例随访9～36个月,平均17个月,均骨性愈合,无钢板松动、断裂、骨不连等并发症。2例出现轻度髋内翻。根据HSS髋关节评分法评定功能,优47例,良17例。结论动力髁螺钉特别适用于治疗股骨粗隆下骨折,是一种值得推荐的方法。     

AO动力髁螺钉在股骨粗隆下骨折中的应用

目的：研究和评估AO动力髁螺钉（dynamic condylar screw,DCS)在股骨粗隆下骨折治疗的价值和作用。方法：对36例股骨粗隆下骨折患者行切开复位、DCS内固定，结果：36例患者随访≥24个月，所有病例骨折均愈合，无一例发生钢板螺钉松动，断裂，骨不连等并发症，结论：DCS操作简单，可提供有效的固定稳定性，适用于股骨粗隆下骨折的治疗。     

复杂股骨粗隆间骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨治疗复杂性股骨粗隆间骨折的手术方法,以提高手术疗效。方法 对我科自1995年～2004年收治48例复杂的股骨粗隆间骨折病人分别采用DHS（动力髋螺钉）,DCS（动力髁螺钉）和Gamma钉治疗进行回顾性分析。结果 本组病人手术后无切口感染及其它手术后并发症。术后随访10个月至18个月,手术后优良率达93．3％．仅3例发生髋骨翻。结论 对于复杂的股骨粗隆间骨折,要视不同的情况采用不同的方法处理。DHS为股骨粗隆间骨折固定的常用方法,在使用中要强调股骨距,小转子的复位和固定。DCS适合于不稳定粗隆间骨折（A3型）,Gamma适合于严重的粉碎性骨折（A2型）。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.