颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术后腰大池引流术治疗体会

目的 探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术后持续腰大池引流治疗价值。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年12月收治的63例颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床资料;均行血管内栓塞治疗,术后行腰大池引流术30例（观察组）,行腰椎穿刺术33例（对照组）。结果 术后1 d,两组脑脊液红细胞计数无统计学差异（P>0.05）;术后4、7、10 d,两组脑脊液红细胞计数较术后1 d均明显降低（P<0.05）,而且,观察组均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组术后脑血管痉挛发生率和脑积水发生率均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）,而两组术后癫痫发生率、颅内感染发生率均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。术后6个月,观察组改良Rankin量表评分与对照组无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术后持续腰大池引流可显著减少脑血管痉挛和降低脑积水的发生率。     

腰穿置管脑脊液持续引流防治创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛

目的 观察腰穿置管脑脊液（CSF）持续引流防治蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后脑血管痉挛（CVS）的疗效。方法 将SAH患者88例，随机分两组。对照组（48例）采用常规治疗加腰穿。治疗组（40例）采用常规治疗加腰穿置管CSF持续引流。结果 治疗组CSF压力和细胞学检查恢复正常时间较对照组快（P〈0．05），不同时间痉挛指数及脑梗死、死亡的例数、再出血发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。两组间疗效评价采用出院时GOS评定，显示两组间有明显差别（P〈0．05）。结论 腰穿置管CSF持续引流防治SAH后CVS疗效确切，能促进神经功能的尽快恢复，减少并发症。     

腰大池引流术防治颅内动脉瘤栓塞术后脑血管痉挛的临床疗效

目的 探讨腰大池引流术防治颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞后脑血管痉挛（CVS）的临床效果。方法 将73例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者随机分为观察组（36例）和对照组（37例）,观察组栓塞术后1 d内行腰大池引流术释放脑脊液,对照组采用腰椎穿刺术。结果 两组栓塞术后3、7、10、14 d颅内压、脑脊液红细胞数量和脑脊液SP100蛋白浓度较术前均明显降低（P<0.05）,观察组更显著（>P<0.05）。两组术后7、14 d大脑中动脉的血流速度、双侧颈内动脉颅外段血流速度较术前均显著降低（P<0.05）,观察组更显著（>PP<0.05）。两组术后并发症发生率无统计学差异（>P>0.05）。结论 颅内破裂动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗后,早期应用腰大池引流术能够显著降低CVS发生率。     

蛛网膜下腔出血腰池持续引流前后脑脊液中NO浓度的变化

目的 探讨腰池持续引流防治脑血管痉挛的效果及其对脑脊液中一氧化氮（NO）浓度的影响。方法 50例破裂动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血患，随机分为引流组25例。对照组25例。引流组在电解可脱弹簧圈（GDC）栓塞术后立即实施腰池持续引流，对照组行间断腰椎穿刺。脑脊液NO浓度采用镉粒子还原法测定。结果 引流组中发生症状性脑血管痉挛2例。对照组7例。血管痉挛患的NO浓度明显降低，引流组脑脊液中NO浓度在出血后第5d起明显高于对照组。结论 腰池持续引流可有效清除蛛网膜下腔积血，提高脑脊液中NO的浓度。     

动脉瘤破裂夹闭术后腰大池引流对蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗

目的探讨持续腰大池脑脊液引流并早期动脉瘤夹闭术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床价值。方法将122例SAH患者随机分成治疗组和对照组,两组均给予常规药物治疗和早期动脉瘤夹闭术,同时64例治疗组在麻醉后即给予持续腰大池脑脊液引流。58例对照组则在术后给予反复多次腰椎穿刺释放脑脊液。比较两组脑脊液中红细胞数变化及术后脑血管痉挛程度、脑积水并发症、GOS分级评定疗效。结果治疗组在清除蛛网膜下腔出血、减轻脑血管痉挛和脑积水发生率、治疗结果等方面均明显优于对照组,腰大池引流相关并发症极少。结论持续腰大池脑脊液引流并早期动脉瘤夹闭术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血安全、有效,适宜推广应用。     

非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血的脑脊液外引流术治疗

目的 总结非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（NASAH）的脑脊液（CSF）外引流术治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2021年12月接受CSF外引流术治疗的10例NASAH的临床资料。结果 6例为幕前/中脑周围出血,4例为典型的高血压性脑出血;8例进行腰大池置管持续CSF外引流,2例脑室外引流24～48 h后联合腰池持续引流。平均引流时间（9.2±2.86）d。术后症状改善。出院2周复查CT显示出血明显改善,其中5例完全消失。无血管痉挛、颅内感染、迟发性脑积水等并发症。术后随访3个月,10例改良Rankin量表评分均为0分。结论 CSF外引流术尤其是腰大池持续引流可作为NASAH的有效治疗方案,有助于加快症状缓解和早日恢复。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的诊治分析

目的：探讨脑血管造影（DSA）、颅脑CT、经颅多普勒（TCD）的临床诊断价值,以及动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术、持续腰大池引流的临床治疗效果。方法61例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者分为观察组和对照组,对照组给予动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术,观察组在此基础上术后第2天行腰大池持续引流,观察2组患者的临床疗效,并比较术后第1、5、10天M C A血流速度、脑脊液压力、红细胞计数的变化。结果观察组总有效率达90·32％,对照组为76·67％,观察组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;术后第5、10天观察组大脑中动脉血流速度明显比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;术后第5、10天观察组脑脊液压力、红细胞计数均明显比对照组低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）。结论 DSA、颅脑C T扫描、T CD可以明确诊断动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛,并能够评价血管痉挛的程度;采取动脉瘤夹闭或血管内栓塞术、持续腰大池引流治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛有满意效果。     

腰池引流对破裂动脉瘤患者血浆和脑脊液ET浓度及脑血管痉挛的影响

目的探讨腰池持续引流对破裂动脉瘤患者血浆和脑脊液内皮素(ET)浓度及脑血管痉挛的影响。方法将经栓塞治疗后的破裂颅内动脉瘤患者354例分为引流组和对照组。引流组268例,栓塞后行腰池持续引流;对照组86例,每天腰穿放脑脊液一次。用放免法测定栓塞后不同时间血浆和脑脊液中ET浓度,用经颅彩色多普勒超声检测大脑中动脉血流速度。结果引流组血浆和脑脊液中ET浓度轻度增加,对照组ET浓度增加明显,两组差异显著(P<0.01)。引流组大脑中动脉平均血流流速轻度增加,对照组明显增加,两组差异显著(P<0.01)。血浆和脑脊液中ET浓度与脑动脉血流速度呈正相关(r=0.95,P<0.01)。结论蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛与血浆和脑脊液中ET浓度异常增加有关,腰池持续引流能够有效地清除引起脑血管痉挛的因子。     

腰大池持续引流在动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血术后的应用

目的探讨采用腰大池置管持续引流对动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血术后患者的治疗效果。方法 300例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血手术后的病人分为两组,腰大池置管引流治疗组187例,其中动脉瘤夹闭术后172例,栓塞术后15例;对照组113例。比较两组治疗后的并发症发生率。结果治疗组术后脑血管痉挛发生率及脑积水的发生率分别为27.5%和10.7%,均明显低于对照组的68.1%和37.1%(P<0.05或P<0.01),两组穿刺部位血肿分别为3.6%和5.7%,无明显差异。结论腰大池持续引流能够有效地减轻颅内动脉瘤术后出现的脑血管痉挛、脑积水等严重并发症的发生率,且操作简单、安全、并发症少,治疗效果满意。     

腰大池持续引流对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血并发脑积水的影响

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后急性脑脊液引流对脑积水的影响。方法回顾分析53例行栓塞治疗的动脉瘤性SAH病人的临床资料和脑积水形成情况,本组均在急性期行栓塞治疗和腰大池持续引流。结果发生脑积水9例,其中急性脑积水7例,慢性脑积水2例,仅4例需行脑室一腹腔分流。结论动脉瘤性SAH后急性期行动脉瘤栓塞术,术后即行腰大池持续引流脑脊液．可以预防脑积水的发生,减少需行永久性脑室分流的机会。     

腰椎退行性变对腰丛神经根及通道影响的尸体解剖研究

目的探讨腰椎退行性变对腰丛神经根及通道的影响。方法选取18例中老年尸体为对象,分析腰椎退行性变对腰丛神经根及通道的影响。结果椎间盘、椎间关节及黄韧带的退变常会导致黄韧带的间距变短,导致L4~5脊神经节和椎间静脉下支神经受到椎间管的压迫,L5及S1神经根中的硬膜囊外部分受到盘带间的压迫,而盘带间变窄还会致椎管变窄,导致人体最外侧的腰丛神经根受到影响。结论如果腰椎出现退行性变,患者的腰丛神经根通道将会受到明显影响。     

腰椎间盘退变的分子病理学变化及发病机制***☆

背景：腰椎间盘退变是引起腰腿痛的常见原因,椎间盘退变的病理改变及发病机制至今仍未完全明确。 目的：介绍腰椎间盘退变的分子病理改变及其发病机制的研究进展。 方法：以“disc histology,disc degenerative disease,disc gene”等主题词检索PubMed数据库,检索时间为2005/2010年,筛选与腰椎间盘组织学变化和发病机制相关的文献,总结归纳腰椎间盘退变的研究进展和研究结果。 结果与结论：共检索到与腰椎间盘退变有关的文章118篇,共纳入30篇。结果表明腰椎间盘退变受多种因素影响,包括基因遗传因素、自然老化和积累性损伤等,基因的多形性是诱发退变的重要前置因素。椎间盘退变可通过免疫反应、机械性压迫或不稳定、血循环障碍和炎性递质等因素导致椎间盘退变性疾病。老化和病理性退变在影像和病理上难以区别,应根据椎间盘退变性疾病的具体情况采取合理的治疗方法,生物学治疗提供了新的治疗思路,但目前仍处在实验研究阶段。     

腰椎小关节方向性与腰椎间盘突出症

背景：腰椎小关节及其对称性与腰椎间盘突出之间是否存在关系,文献报道争议很大。 目的：测量分析腰椎小关节方向性与腰椎间盘突出的关系。 方法：收集因腰腿痛行CT检查的169例患者,L4/5 腰椎间盘突出35例,L5/S1腰椎间盘突出67例,无间盘突出对照组67例。在CT终端机上选取L3~S1椎间隙的远侧椎体上终板层面,测量3个节段的腰椎小关节角。 结果与结论：① L4/5和L5/S1腰椎间盘突出组L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1每个节段腰椎小关节角左侧均大于右侧(P < 0.05);各组小关节前内侧角和后外侧角两侧相比差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②各节段腰椎小关节角、前内侧角、后外侧角3组之间比较没有显著性差异(P > 0.05)。③各组腰椎小关节角、后外侧角自L3/4至L5/S1节段均逐渐增大(P < 0.05);而前内侧角L4/5节段最大,L3/4节段最小(P < 0.05)。提示腰椎间盘突出与腰椎小关节角左右侧不相等有关;腰椎小关节角和后外侧角自L3/4至L5/S1逐渐更偏向冠状位,而内侧角在L4/5节段更偏冠状位,可能与腰椎管狭窄的发病有关。     

The lumbar roots and pedicles: a morphometric analysis and anatomical features

The objective of this study was to conduct a morphometric analysis of the lumbar nerve roots and surrounding structures. In this investigation, the lumbar roots were studied in 14 cadavers (70 lumbar vertebrae). Lumbar pedicle heights and widths were measured at every level of the lumbar vertebrae. The largest mean root diameter was 5.6 mm (L5 root) and the smallest 3.5 mm (L1 root). With regard to the root-dura exit angle, the widest was measured at L1 as 26.2+/-1.6 degrees and the narrowest at L5 as 16.3+/-2.4 degrees. The widest lumbar pedicle was measured at L5 as 17.1+/-4.2 mm and the narrowest at L1 as 8.4+/-1.8 mm. The longest lumbar pedicle was measured at L2 as 15.3+/-2.2 mm and the shortest at L4 as 13.8+/-2.3 mm. Quantitative measurements of lumbar root diameters, their exit angles from the dura, and lumbar pedicle heights and widths in anatomical dissection models may help us to gain a deeper understanding of the pathologies of this region and positively influence the success of surgical interventions.     

New methods for diagnosing lumbar foraminal stenosis using dynamic digital tomosynthesis radiculography

The symptoms of lumbar radiculopathy, in particular foraminal stenosis, often exacerbated when the patient is upright. However, it is difficult to detect the compression of nerve roots while the patient is upright using conventional MRI. In this study, we analyzed the compression of lumbar nerve roots using dynamic digital tomosynthesis radiculography (DTRG) in patients diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy. And we determined the relationship between leg pain and nerve compression while the patients are either prone or upright. We evaluated 30 patients with unilateral leg pain diagnosed as lumbar radiculopathy by physical examination and MRI. The patients were divided in two groups, one with foraminal stenosis (17 patients) and the other with canal stenosis (13 patients), based on MRI findings. All patients underwent DTRG to determine the diameter of their nerve roots in the foramen while prone and upright. Pain while prone or upright was assessed using a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire. The VAS for leg pain while upright was significantly higher in the foraminal stenosis group (58 ± 24.7) than it was in the canal stenosis group (19.6 ± 13.2; p = 0.0002)). The nerve root diameter while prone or upright was significantly smaller in the foraminal stenosis group (1.2 ± 0.2 mm) than it was in the canal stenosis group (0.2 ± 0.1 mm; p < 0.0001). DTRG has the potential to visualize nerve compression while the patient is upright to reveal the relevance of foraminal stenosis to clinical findings. DTRG is useful for diagnosis of lumbar foraminal stenosis.     

Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Stand-Alone Interbody Cage in Treatment of Lumbar Intervertebral Foraminal Stenosis : Comparative Study of Two Different Types of Cages

Objective

This retrospective study was performed to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) using two different stand-alone cages in the treatment of lumbar intervertebral foraminal stenosis (IFS).

Methods

A total of 28 patients who underwent ALIF at L5-S1 using stand-alone cage were studied [Stabilis® (Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA); 13, SynFix-LR® (Synthes Bettlach, Switzerland); 15]. Mean follow-up period was 27.3 ± 4.9 months. Visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were assessed. Radiologically, the change of disc height, intervertebral foraminal (IVF) height and width at the operated segment were measured, and fusion status was defined.

Results

Final mean VAS (back and leg) and ODI scores were significantly decreased from preoperative values (5.6 ± 2.3 → 2.3 ± 2.2, 6.3 ± 3.2 → 1.6 ± 1.6, and 53.7 ± 18.6 → 28.3 ± 13.1, respectively), which were not different between the two devices groups. In Stabilis® group, postoperative immediately increased disc and IVF heights (10.09 ± 4.15 mm → 14.99 ± 1.73 mm, 13.00 ± 2.44 mm → 16.28 ± 2.23 mm, respectively) were gradually decreased, and finally returned to preoperative value (11.29 ± 1.67 mm, 13.59 ± 2.01 mm, respectively). In SynFix-LR® group, immediately increased disc and IVF heights (9.60 ± 2.82 mm → 15.61 ± 0.62 mm, 14.01 ± 2.53 mm → 21.27 ± 1.93 mm, respectively) were maintained until the last follow up (13.72 ± 1.21 mm, 17.87 ± 2.02 mm, respectively). The changes of IVF width of each group was minimal pre- and postoperatively. Solid arthrodesis was observed in 11 patients in Stabilis group (11/13, 84.6%) and 13 in SynFix-LR® group (13/15, 86.7%).

Conclusion

ALIF using stand-alone cage could assure good clinical results in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar IFS in the mid-term follow up. A degree of subsidence at the operated segment was different depending on the device type, which was higher in Stabilis® group.     

Adolescent lumbar disc disease: findings and outcome

Background Lumbar disc herniation is mainly a disease of elderly people as degenerative changes progress with age. Results and discussion Present retrospective analysis was performed on 742 patients of lumbar disc disease operated over 11 years. Of 742 cases aged 20 years or less, 25 has been evaluated to see the clinical features, radiological features, operative findings, and outcome of lumbar disc surgery. The incidence of lumbar disc herniation in pediatric and adolescent populations was 3.5% (aged 20 years or less). All patients presented with low back pain with or without radiculopathy (n = 25). Diagnosis was easily made on magnetic resonance imaging. Gross degenerative changes in disc and end plates were uncommon (16%) in this population. The trauma may not be a predisposing factor in most of them. In 88% (n = 22) of the cases, only 1 level was affected; the commonest was L4–5 (n = 13). Disc herniation was centrolateral in 72% (n = 18) and central in 28% (n = 7). Disc was mostly soft, hydrated, and rubbery in 92% (n = 23). Disc herniation were subligamentous in 80% (n = 20) and extruded in 4% (n = 1). Sixteen percent (n = 4) of the patients had disc bulge with intact annulus. Conclusions Operative intervention in the form of simple discectomy offers good result in 92% (n = 23) cases irrespective of approach and method. Longer follow-up is mandatory because the chances of recurrence or another level involvement cannot be denied.     

A comparison of successful versus failed nonoperative treatment approaches in patients with degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine

Identifying an optimal composition of nonoperative therapies to trial in patients suffering from degenerative lumbar spine conditions prior to surgical management remains challenging. Contrasting successful versus failed nonoperative treatment approaches may provide clinicians with valuable insight. The purpose of this study was to compare the nonoperative therapy regimens in degenerative lumbar spine disorder patients successfully managed conservatively versus patients who failed primary treatment and opted for lumbar fusion surgery. Clinical records from patients diagnosed with lumbar stenosis or spondylolisthesis from 2007 to 2017 were gathered from a comprehensive insurance database. Patients were separated into two cohorts: patients managed successfully with nonoperative therapies and patients who failed conservative therapy and underwent lumbar fusion surgery. Nonoperative therapy utilization by the two cohorts were collected across a 2-year surveillance window. A total of 531,980 adult patients with lumbar stenosis or spondylolisthesis comprised the base population. There were 523,031 patients (98.3%) successfully treated with conservative management alone, while 8,949 patients (1.7%) ultimately failed nonoperative management and opted for lumbar fusion. Conservative therapy failure rates were especially high in patients with a smoking history (2.1%) and those utilizing lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESIs) (3.7%). A greater percentage of patients who failed conservative management utilized opioid medications (p < 0.0001), muscle relaxants (p < 0.0001), and LESIs (p < 0.0001). Patients who failed nonoperative management spent more than double than the successfully treated cohort (failed cohort: $1806.49 per patient; successful cohort: $768.50 per patient). In a multivariate logistic regression model, smoking, obesity and prolonged opioid use were independently associated with failure of nonoperative treatment.     

METRx系统辅助下显微外科手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨METRx系统辅助下腰椎间盘突出症显微外科手术的技术特点和临床疗效。方法于METRx系统辅助下显微外科手术治疗51例腰椎间盘突出症患者(L4-5椎间盘突出24例、L5-S1椎间盘突出27例),记录手术时间、术中出血量和住院时间,并于术前和术后1周、3个月、末次随访时采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价手术前后疼痛改善情况,复查腰椎MRI评价椎管减压程度。结果 51例患者手术成功率为98.04%(50/51),平均手术时间为125 min、术中出血量为50 ml、住院时间5 d、术后随访24个月。与术前相比,术后1周(P=0.036,0.029)、3个月(P=0.018,0.023)和末次随访时(P=0.007,0.013)VAS和ODI评分均减少;至末次随访时,ODI改善率为35.37%。无手术相关感染、术后脑脊液漏和神经功能缺损加重、手术切口感染病例。术后1例出现附件炎,1例神经根刺激症状明显,均经对症治疗后痊愈。结论 METRx系统辅助下显微外科手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症,可以有效解除神经根压迫、保护硬脊膜囊和神经根、减少手术并发症的发生。