双侧额叶脑挫裂伤20例手术治疗体会

目的探讨双侧额叶脑挫裂伤的临床特点及手术治疗。方法对20例行手术治疗的双侧额叶脑挫裂伤患者的诊断、治疗等临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 11例行双额冠状切口开颅术,4例行单侧冠状切口开颅术,5例行一侧冠状切口开颅、一侧额颞顶大骨瓣开颅术。术后枕部迟发性血肿形成3例,2例手术治疗。术后6个月,预后按GOS分级:良好10例,中残5例,重残2例,植物生存2例,死亡1例。结论双侧额叶脑挫裂伤病情危重,合理掌握手术指征,行针对性的手术治疗可改善预后。     

47例对冲性双额叶脑挫裂伤诊疗分析

目的 探讨对冲性双额叶脑挫裂伤的危险因素及安全有效的诊疗方法.方法 根据47例对冲性双额叶脑挫裂伤病例的临床资料,分析病情演化过程,总结手术时机的把握、手术指征及冠状切口双额开颅减压术的应用.结果 本组47例病人,手术26例,死亡11例,其中术中死亡1例,术后死亡2例,伤后3～7 d突发脑疝死亡8例,病死率23.4%;...     

双额叶脑挫裂伤伴颅内血肿的手术治疗

目的探讨双额叶脑挫裂伤伴颅内血肿的手术方式和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2014-03—2016-03近2a来收治的36例双额叶脑挫裂伤伴颅内血肿手术治疗的临床资料,19例采用单侧入路开颅手术治疗,17例采用双侧冠状切口开颅手术治疗。结果单侧入路开颅手术较双侧开颅,手术创伤小,术后恢复快,精神障碍发生率低,嗅神经损伤率低(P0.05)。术后6个月单侧入路手术组恢复良好率89.5%,高于双侧入路手术组64.7%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单侧入路开颅手术能够有效清除双侧额叶颅内血肿及挫碎失活的脑组织,具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复良好率高等优点,可临床推广应用。     

对冲性双额叶脑挫裂伤的治疗体会

目的探讨对冲性双额叶脑挫裂伤的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2004年6月至2010年5月收治的61例对冲性双额叶脑挫裂伤患者的临床资料。结果按GOS评分及其疗效,本组急诊手术11例,良好7例,中残3例,重残1例;病情恶化再行手术15例,良好3例,死亡3例,重残7例,中残2例;保守治疗35例,良好31例,中残4例。结论对于对冲性双额叶脑挫裂伤患者,临床上应密切观察病情变化,及时进行颅内压监测和动态头颅CT复查;手术治疗与否不应只根据患者意识状况来定,还需结合病人的临床症状及头颅CT表现;采取冠状双额开颅手术,要求尽早、及时,并充分减压,可降低死亡率。     

双额叶脑挫裂伤早期手术干预及预后分析

目的探讨双额叶脑挫裂伤早期手术干预的疗效。方法回顾分析双额叶脑挫裂伤50例，6-8h内及时行冠状切VI双额骨瓣或扩大翼点额颞顶开颅，清除血块及碎裂失活脑组织，去除骨瓣减压。结果治愈40例，好转5例，死亡5例。结论双额叶脑挫裂伤应早期手术干预，行双侧冠状开颅或双额颞大骨瓣开颅充分减压，是救治成功的关键。     

单侧开颅大脑镰下切开治疗双额叶脑挫裂伤(附30例报告)

目的探讨单侧开颅大脑镰下切开术治疗双额叶脑挫裂伤的效果。方法对30例符合入选条件的双额叶脑挫裂伤病人采用单侧开颅大脑镰下切开手术治疗。结果术后48h内复查头颅CT,均无迟发性颅内血肿出现。无手术死亡及植物生存病例。术后随访6个月,GOS评分5分16例,4分10例,3分4例。结论单侧开颅大脑镰下切开术治疗双额叶脑挫裂伤与传统双侧开颅手术相比,能明显缩短手术时间,最大限度减少手术造成的额叶脑功能损伤,值得临床推广。但需注意手术适应证的选择。     

双侧额叶脑挫裂伤经单侧开颅显微镜下手术体会

目的总结双侧额叶脑挫裂伤的临床特点以及经单侧开颅显微镜下手术的经验。方法回顾性分析经单侧开颅显微镜下手术的38例双侧额叶脑挫裂伤病人的临床资料。结果术后死亡1例。随访6个月,按GOS评分:恢复良好27例,轻度残疾6例,重度残疾3例,植物生存1例。结论与传统双侧开颅比较,单侧开颅手术创伤减小,手术时间缩短。显微镜下手术在保证疗效的前提下可减少对额叶皮质的牵拉,并最大限度保护嗅神经和大脑前动脉分支,但需注意严格手术适应证。     

额叶脑挫裂伤的治疗分析

目的探讨额叶脑挫裂伤合理的治疗方法及手术指征.方法对110例额叶脑挫裂伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性或前瞻性分析,其中保守治疗32例;手术治疗78例：设计组24例采用大骨瓣开颅术后额骨部分回覆改良减压治疗额叶挫裂伤;对照组26例采用额部单纯去骨瓣减压术.结果保守治疗死亡率22%,手术治疗死亡率14%.设计组24例治疗结果,其并发症、治愈率及伤残率明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）.结论前额叶脑挫裂伤临床特点似缓而急,早期积极主动的手术治疗能提高抢救成功率,降低恶化率;采用大骨瓣开颅术后额骨部分回覆改良减压治疗额叶脑挫裂伤效果最佳.     

不同手术入路治疗双侧额叶脑挫裂伤伴颅内血肿疗效观察

目的观察不同手术入路治疗双侧额叶脑挫裂伤伴颅内血肿的临床疗效。方法采用随机数字表法将95例双侧额叶脑挫裂伤伴颅内血肿患者分为2组,双侧开颅组术中大脑镰不切开,单侧开颅组术中大脑镰切开,术后不缝合,比较2组患者的手术疗效和远期疗效。结果单侧开颅组与双侧开颅组比较,手术时间短、输血量少、精神障碍发生率和嗅神经损伤率低(P<0.05);单侧开颅组术后6个月末生存良好率85.42%,明显优于双侧开颅组65.96%(P<0.05)。结论单侧入路开颅手术能够有效清除双额叶脑挫裂伤伴颅内血肿患者的血肿和糜烂组织,具有手术时间短、输血量少、精神障碍发生率和嗅神经损伤率低的特点,施术者应严格掌握手术适应证,以最大程度保留脑组织和降低手术创伤为原则开展手术,对于术野暴露不充分或对侧血肿清除困难者,应考虑双侧开颅手术以及时挽救患者生命。     

双侧额叶脑挫裂伤救治体会

目的探讨双侧额叶脑挫裂伤治疗方法及手术时机。方法对31例双侧额叶脑挫裂伤临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 31例患者中,14例双侧额叶发生大面积脑水肿行双额去骨板减压术,其中9例在未发生枕骨大孔疝时手术治疗,术后1例因脑水肿严重发生枕骨大孔疝而死亡,8例恢复良好;5例发生枕骨大孔疝后手术治疗,术后仍因中枢性呼吸、循环衰竭死亡。结论 双额去骨板减压术是治疗双侧额叶脑挫裂伤积极有效措施,可减少枕骨大孔疝的发生,降低病死率。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.