广西吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率调查

目的 了解广西百色地区吸毒人群中HIV感染的流行情况及HIV感染有关的危险因素.方法 对上述地区325名吸毒人员进行了调查和血清HIV抗体检测.结果 共检出HIV感染者116例,HIV感染率为35.7%.与HIV感染有关的危险因素主要是静脉注射吸毒及共用注射器,有静注毒品史者HIV感染率为40.9%(114/279),无静注史者为4.3%(2/46).广西吸毒人群中共用注射器现象十分严重,占76.7%.结论 广西吸毒人群HIV感染率高,流行的危险性很大,需进一步开展干预措施.     

自贡市吸毒人群HIV、HCV感染情况及危险因素分析

目的了解自贡市吸毒人群HIV、HCV感染状况及其危险因素,为制定艾滋病及相应传染病的防控措施提供依据。方法对2006-2008年在自贡市疾病预防控制中心美沙酮门诊接受美沙酮替代疗法的吸毒人员进行社会人口学及吸毒行为调查,并采集血样检测HIV、HCV抗体。结果共调查727名吸毒人员,检出HIV抗体阳性158例,阳性率为21.73%;检出HCV抗体阳性584例,阳性率为83.67%(584/698);在158例HIV感染者中合并感染HCV134例,占HIV感染者的84.81%(134/158)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,吸毒时间、是否共用注射器是HIV感染的影响因素;吸毒方式、是否共用注射器、婚姻状况和职业情况是HCV感染的影响因素。结论自贡市吸毒人群HIV、HCV感染率较高,而且HIV合并感染HCV比例也较高,提示吸毒人群中存在许多加速艾滋病和丙型肝炎流行的危险因素,应采取有效措施控制HIV、HCV的传播和流行。     

319例吸毒者HIV抗体监测结果分析

目的通过对吸毒人群HIV抗体监测,掌握宣威吸毒人群HIV感染状况。方法采用现场调查和血液检测的方法对吸毒人群的基本情况、吸毒行为和血清抗体进行监测。结果对319例吸毒人员进行HIV抗体监测,检出HIV感染者106例,感染率33.23%,吸毒人群中20~39岁占84.30%,感染率高达37.67%。其中静脉吸毒和共用注射器的占94.3%和30.6%,HIV感染率分别为45.05%、68.18%;有过多次商业性行为的感染率(48.78%)明显高于无商业性行为者(27.84%)。结论HIV已在宣威吸毒人群中广泛扩散传播,吸毒者有共用注射器和商业性行为双重高危行为。     

自贡市吸毒人群HIV和HCV合并感染情况分析

[目的]了解自贡市吸毒人群HIV、HCV合并感染状况及其危险因素的相关性。[方法]调查美沙酮门诊吸毒人员的社会人口学、吸毒方式,并采集血样检测HIV、HCV抗体。[结果]在698名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性144人,阳性率为20.63%(144/698);共用注射器占静脉吸毒人群的32.26%;HCV抗体阳性584人,阳性率为83.67%(584/698);在HIV感染者中合并感染HCV134人,感染率为93.05%(134/144)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,静脉吸毒时间、共用注射器、文化程度是HIV/HCV合并感染的影响因素。[结论]自贡市吸毒人群HIV合并感染HCV比例高,在吸毒人群中存在许多加速艾滋病和丙型肝炎流行的危险因素。     

绍兴县吸毒人群与HIV感染相关高危因素分析

[目的]了解绍兴县吸毒人群HIV感染状况及危险因素,为实施合理的干预措施提供依据。[方法]对某戒毒所185名吸毒人群进行HIV检测及问卷调查。[结果]HIV感染率为7.0%;感染者中15~34岁占84.6%;口吸133例,静脉吸毒52例,其中共用注射器17例。[结论]吸毒人群中存在引起HIV流行的高危行为,且具有聚集性。需尽快开展有效的干预措施。     

江苏省吸毒人群HIV感染危险行为及影响因素分析

目的:了解江苏省吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染相关危险行为状况及其影响因素。方法:通过匿名调查,获得吸毒人群的行为学资料,用Logistic回归模型进行危险因素分析。结果:调查的952名吸毒人群中,静脉注射吸毒占59.66%,其中有44.54%的人曾与他人共用过针具,近20%的人曾与我国艾滋病流行率最高的云南和新疆地区的吸毒者一起吸食过毒品。70.38%的人有多性伴史,59.56%的人从未用过安全套。多因素分析注射吸毒的危险因素包括首次吸毒年龄(OR=0.39),吸毒年限(OR=192),吸毒圈中有云南、新疆人(OR=6.79);共用注射器吸毒的危险因素包括注射史>3年(OR=3),吸毒圈中有云南、新疆人(OR=2.1)。结论:江苏省吸毒人群中存在HIV感染流行的危险,应进一步完善目前的行为监测系统,并加大美沙酮社区维持和针具交换项目的覆盖面。     

佛山市2004年HIV哨点监测结果分析

目的了解佛山市2004年吸毒人群HIV感染状况及危险因素行为特征,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法2004年5~8月对佛山市两个吸毒人员监测哨点在规定时间内的吸毒人群进行行为学调查,并采集血样进行HIV、梅毒抗体检测。结果共调查815名吸毒者,吸毒者以20~39岁男性为主,吸毒方式以静脉注射吸毒为主,占62.70%;两个哨点HIV抗体阳性率为5.52%(45/815),梅毒抗体阳性率为8.10%(66/815)。结论佛山市吸毒人群中不仅存在因静脉吸毒经血传播HIV的危险,还存在因性接触传播的危险因素。应及时开展宣传教育及行为干预工作。     

吸毒高危行为与HIV感染调查

目的了解吸毒人群与HIV感染相关的高危行为。方法对136名吸毒人员进行血清HIV抗体检测和进行问卷调查。结果52例HIV阳性者,HIV抗体检出率38.24%,吸毒人群中15~35岁占81.62%;HIV感染者中,15~35岁占92.41%,吸毒人员中静脉注射吸毒者高达86.03%,最近3个月共用注射器者占静脉吸毒者的33.33%。结论吸毒人群中存在引起HIV流行的高危行为,需尽快开展有效的干预措施。     

阳江市吸毒人群HIV感染状况及危险因素研究

目的了解阳江市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法收集阳江市2017—2018年2个国家级吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测数据进行统计分析。结果吸毒人群以男性、低文化水平为主,平均(40.1±8.4)岁;艾滋病知识知晓率92.9%(1 486/1 600);HIV抗体阳性率8.4%(135/1 600);69.0%(1 104/1 600)吸毒者有注射毒品史,其中共用注射器占30.0%(331/1 104);有性行为的吸毒者中吸毒后发生性行为占42.2%(334/792);最近1次吸食毒品后发生性行为时安全套使用率仅38.6%(129/334);最近1年有商业性行为的吸毒者,商业性行为发生率35.4%(280/792),其中坚持使用安全套占82.5%(231/280);多因素logistic回归分析显示,共用注射器的吸毒者感染HIV的风险是未共用者的38.91倍,传统毒品及新型毒品混合使用的吸毒者,比仅用传统毒品吸毒者更易感染HIV。结论阳江市吸毒人群HIV阳性率较高,高危行为仍然存在,需继续采取综合防控措施以遏制HIV传播。     

山东省2005～2008年吸毒人员艾滋病监测结果分析

[目的]了解山东省吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的相关行为信息,为制定艾滋病预防控制措施提供科学依据. [方法]对2005～2008年在山东省安康医院戒毒的吸毒者进行血清HIV抗体检测,并对吸毒者吸毒方式及性行为进行分析. [结果]2005～2008年共监测814名吸毒者,吸毒者年龄以21～40岁男性为主,占78.13%;吸毒方式以口吸多见,占71.87%,但感染艾滋病的途径主要通过静脉注射传播;性行为中未使用安全套的占67.89%;共检出65名HIV抗体阳性者,平均检出率为7.99%;65例阳性者中,山东省户籍吸毒者只有1例,其余均为外省户籍吸毒者,以四川省和新疆为主. [结论]山东省吸毒人群中HIV感染总体上处于低流行水平,但与艾滋病传播的相关危险行为依然存在,不仅存在因静脉吸毒经血液传播HIV的危险,还存在因性乱行为传播的危险因素,当前工作重点应在吸毒人群中开展艾滋病宣传教育及行为干预措施.     

云南省艾滋病监测报告(1986~1990)

云南省从1986年开始HIV/AIDS监测工作,至1990年12月,共监测17 021例不同人群,其中发现429例阳性者(含2例艾滋病病例),艾滋病病毒波及的人群为静脉吸毒者及HIV阳性者的配偶。分布于5个地区,绝大多数为德宏州瑞丽县静脉吸毒人群。较集中发现于1989年10月以后。对暗娼、性病患者、献血员等人群的监测没有发现阳性者。     

HIV seroprevalence surveys in drug treatment centers

Sharing of equipment used to inject illicit drugs intravenously is a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Systematic surveillance of HIV infection among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in the United States is essential to monitor the HIV epidemic and to target and evaluate prevention programs for IVDUs and their partners. The most accessible segment of the largely covert population of IVDUs are those in drug treatment programs. In collaboration with State and local health departments and drug abuse treatment agencies, the Centers for Disease Control is conducting blinded (serologic test results not linked to identifiable persons) and nonblinded (in which clients voluntarily agree to participate) surveys of IVDUs entering drug treatment in 39 U.S. metropolitan areas. The same protocol is used in all participating drug treatment centers. Blinded surveys will be carried out annually to determine HIV seroprevalence rates in eligible IVDUs entering drug treatment and to monitor trends over time. Each year, nonblinded surveys of IVDUs entering drug treatment will assess self-reported drug use and sexual behaviors to help design educational interventions and to detect changes in behavior over time. This sentinel surveillance system, using a standardized methodology, will provide the best national and regional data available on the seroprevalence of HIV among IVDUs and the relationships of drug use, sexual behaviors, and HIV serologic status of IVDUs.     

HIV infection in intravenous drug users entering drug treatment, United States, 1988 to 1989. The Field Services Branch of the Centers for Disease Control.

BACKGROUND. Intravenous drug use has played a key role in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Standardized surveillance of HIV infection among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) is needed to determine HIV prevalence rates, to monitor changes in prevalence over time, and to describe behaviors associated with HIV infection. METHODS. In 1987, the Centers for Disease Control began collaborating with state and local health departments to conduct a national program of HIV seroprevalence surveys in a variety of populations and settings. This program includes unlinked HIV seroprevalence surveys in IVDUs entering sentinel drug treatment programs. RESULTS. From April 1988 through December 1989, annual studies were completed in 59 drug treatment centers in 33 US cities. Center-specific seroprevalence rates ranged from 0% to 48.2%, with a median of 4.6%. HIV seroprevalence rates varied widely by geographic area, with rates highest in the Northeast, intermediate in the Middle Atlantic cities of Baltimore and Washington, DC, and lower in other parts of the country. Median rates were 15.6% among African Americans, 3.2% among Hispanics, and 3.3% among Whites. CONCLUSIONS. Intravenous drug use is likely to remain an important factor in HIV transmission. This study supports the need to develop or expand programs to prevent the further introduction and spread of HIV among IVDUs and to prevent HIV transmission to their sexual partners.     

Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in 581 intravenous drug users, northeast Italy, 1984-1988. The AIDS and Related Syndromes Study Group

Prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus infection were assessed in 581 heterosexual intravenous drug users (IVDUs), recruited from eight public drug assistance centres in the northeast of Italy, an area at low risk for AIDS. The overall seroprevalence for HIV antibody was rather high, 39% (95% confidence interval (CI): 35-43%). HIV prevalence had risen from 32% in 1984-1985 to 52% in 1987-1988. Thirty-three per cent of female and 41% of male IVDUs had antibodies to HIV (p = 0.07). Seropositivity rates showed a strong east-west geographical gradient (from 16% to 60%, p = 0.005): IVDUs living in the western part of the study area had a nearly sevenfold higher risk of infection (odds ratio (OR) = 6.9, 95% CI: 4.4-13.9) than those living in the eastern part. Sharing of drug injection equipment (OR = 3.6), duration of drug addiction (OR = 2.6), use of heroin in high-incidence cities (OR = 2.3), use of cocaine in addition to heroin (OR = 1.5) and history of prostitution (OR = 2.3) increased the risk of acquiring HIV infection. Over the study period, the ORs associated with area of residence decreased, whereas those associated with the use of heroin in high-incidence cities and with prostitution increased.     

2001—2007年广西玉林市吸毒者行为特征及HIV感染状况的研究

目的了解玉林市吸毒人群行为和HIv感染状况，为吸毒人群干预措施提供科学依据。方法制定统一的问卷调查表，由专业人员采用一对一的问卷调查方法，抽取吸毒者静脉血检测HIV抗体。结果2001—2007年共调查吸毒者3620人，发现艾滋病病毒感染者128人，HIV阳性率3．54％；兴业县和福绵管理区HIV感染率最高，分别为11．21％（66／589），9．87％（23／233）。外籍人口6．82％（9／132）。3620名吸毒者中79．39％为静脉注射吸毒，58．28％共用针具吸毒；其中51．30％（1857／3620）有性乱行为，且66．77％（1240／1857）性过程从未使用安全套。128例艾滋病病毒感染者，99．22％为静脉注射吸毒，69．29％（88／127）共用针具注射吸毒，67．97％（87／128）有性乱行为，83．91％（73／87）性活动从未使用安全套。结论艾滋病在个别县（市、区）呈流行趋势。吸毒者大部分为静脉注射吸毒，且相当部分吸毒者吸毒性乱行为并存，加速了艾滋病在吸毒者之间和普通人群之间的传播速度。加强对吸毒的打击力度和无毒社区建设，做好吸毒人群艾滋病感染者的管理、治疗关怀和干预工作，是控制艾滋病流行的关键性措施。     

Condom use and sexual habits of heterosexual intravenous drug users in Northern Italy

In order to assess modes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIVV) transmission from heterosexual intravenous drug users (IVDUs) to their partners, condom use and sexual habits with both steady and occasional partners were investigated. A total of 349 heterosexual IVDUs (247 men and 102 women) who ignored, at the time of interview, their HIV serostatus were interviewed. Respondents were asked for information on condom use and sexual habits for the three year period prior to the interview. Nearly 40% of IVDUs reported sexual intercourse with both steady partners and occasional partners. Fifty-four percent of their steady partners and 48% of their occasional partners were individuals who did not belong to groups at risk for HIV infection. Anal intercourse with steady partners was reported by 29% of IVDUs and 24% of IVDUs with occasional partners. Condom use during vaginal intercourse was seldom reported: 83% of IVDUs never used a condom with steady partners and 75% did not use one with occasional partners. IVDUs who were 1) unmarried, 2) enrolled in the study after 1986, 3) partners of not at-risk individuals, 4) partners of a foreigner and, 5) aware of their partners HIV seropositivity showed significantly higher, albeit still low, frequencies of condom use with steady partners. Conversely, all these factors seemed to have little impact on condom use with occasional partners. Condom use and sexual habits were similarly reported by HIV-positive and HIV-negative IVDUs. The present study shows that high-risk sexual behaviours among IVDUs are very widespread and it stresses the need for intensive counselling to promote condom use among IVDUs.Corresponding author.     

IV drug users: changes in risk behaviour according to HIV status in a national survey in Spain.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--To determine whether HIV positive intravenous drug users (IVDUs) who were receiving outpatient treatment for opiate and cocaine abuse or dependence used practices aimed at reducing the spread of HIV. DESIGN--Cross sectional study of behaviour and HIV serostatus in IVDUs. SETTING--A nationwide sample, from 83 health centres for outpatient treatment, stratified by autonomous regions. PARTICIPANTS--Altogether 1074 IVDUs were recruited. HIV serostatus could be verified in 738 (68.7%) of these. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Crude and adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated to assess the association between HIV serostatus and behavioural changes. In their daily interactions with other members of the same household, seropositive subjects more frequently used preventive methods aimed at avoiding transmission than seronegative patients. Treatment for abuse or dependency before the current regimen had a greater impact in HIV positive than HIV negative subjects in terms of abstaining from risk behaviours. There was a significant trend toward lower drug consumption in HIV positive subjects, and the number of seropositive and seronegative IVDUs who stopped injecting their drugs was significantly higher among the former. Seropositive subjects were also more likely to stop sharing drug injecting equipment and to change their sexual habits; they reported an increased consistent use of condoms. CONCLUSIONS--HIV positive IVDUs were more likely to change their risk behaviours than their HIV negative counterparts.     

HTLV-II among Italian intravenous drug users and hemophiliacs

The seroprevalence of HTLV-I/II was evaluated in 1247 Italian individuals at high risk for HIV infection. The population studied consisted of 985 intravenous drug users (IVDUs), 474 of whom on methadone maintenance and 511 in a therapeutic community, 110 HIV-infected patients in various stages of HIV-related disease and 152 hemophiliacs. Sera were screened for antibody to HTLV-I/II by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and confirmed by Western blot and radioinununoprecipitation assay. Confirmed positive samples were further differentiated by EIA using HTLV-I and HTLV-II specific peptides. The overall prevalence of anti-HTLV-I/II was 4.0% in IVDUs, with the highest prevalence (8.2%) among HIV-infected symptomatic patients. None of the hemophiliacs was antiHTLV-I/II positive, even though 63.1% tested positive for HIV antibodies. The trend of seroprevalence in drug users and the evaluation of possible risk factors demonstrated that HTLV-I/II infection has been present in Italy before the onset of HIV epidemic. The overall seroprevalence showed no significant changes during the 10 year period covered by this survey but correlated with HIV seropositivity, age and duration of drug use. Peptide testing showed that HTLV infection was mainly due to HTLV-II.Corresponding author.     

静脉吸毒人群HIV/HBV/HCV混合感染分析

目的 了解静脉吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染情况。方法 采用血清流行病学方法对412例静脉吸毒者进行抗HIV、抗HBV和抗HCV抗体检测。结果 在412例静脉吸毒人群中，HIV阳性检出率为41．75％；在HIV阴性的静脉吸毒人群中，单纯HCV感染比例最高(45．1％)，其次为抗HCV阳性伴抗HBs阳性(35．83％)；在，HIV阳性的静脉吸毒人群中，单纯HCV感染比例最高(55．81％)，其次为抗HCV阳性伴抗HBs阳性(36．05％)。结论 静脉吸毒是HIV、HBV和HCV多重感染的主要原因之一，且HIV合并HCV感染最为常见。     

湖北吸毒人群中HIV、HBV、HCV、HGV、TTV感染情况调查

目的 了解湖北吸毒人群中HIV、HBV、HCV、HGV及TTV感染情况。方法 对湖北某戒毒所及本科室门诊的吸毒者进行调查并采静脉血分离血清作抗HIV、HBsAg、抗HCV、抗HGv、抗TTV检测。结果 89例吸毒者中，发现HIV阳性2例，阳性率为2．2％；FIBsAg阳性9例，阳性率为10．1％；HCV阳性51例，阳性率为57．3％；HGV阳性48例，阳性率为53．9％；42例吸毒者检查TTV，阳性25例，阳性率为59．5％。结论 在静脉吸毒人群中存在着较高的血传播病毒感染，且多为合并感染。湖北吸毒人群中的HIV感染尚为传入阶段，亟需采取有力措施控制HIV在吸毒人群中的传播。