长效涂肤剂"防蚴灵"预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的研究

目的 观察“防蚴灵”涂肤剂预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的效果。方法 用氯硝柳胺加透皮促进剂制成1％～2％浓度的“防蚴灵”，对感染前1、2、3、4、5、6、7d涂肤的小白鼠和家兔分别进行预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的试验，并与对照组比较。结果 小鼠在感染前1～4d，涂1％防蚴灵1次，其减虫率为100％，在感染前5～7d涂药1次，减虫率为99，7％～88，1％。家兔感染前37d涂2％的防蚴灵1次，减虫率为86．4％～80，1％。结论 涂肤剂“防蚴灵”具有较长时间的防御血吸虫尾蚴侵肤感染的功效。     

氯硝柳胺等涂肤剂防御血吸虫尾蚴感染实验观察

目的研究不同涂肤剂型预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的效果。方法用不同基质即霜剂、膏剂及泌水型基质与氯硝柳胺、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DEET)配制成不同的防蚴霜膏，进行体外接触杀尾蚴试验及小鼠预防血吸虫尾蚴感染试验，并与对照组比较，统计分析效果。结果不同的防蚴霜膏体外对血吸虫尾蚴均有杀灭作用，其中霜剂基质加1％氯硝柳胺杀灭作用最强，接触5min后有100．0％的杀灭作用。小鼠防尾蚴感染试验以泌水型基质加1％氯硝柳胺组及加15％DEET的保护率为100．0％。膏剂基质加1％氯硝柳胺及15％DEET对小鼠防尾蚴感染的保护率为100．0％。霜剂基质加15?ET的保护率为89．6％，霜剂基质加1％氯硝柳胺保护率为97．5％。结论3种基质加1％氯硝柳胺对小鼠预防尾蚴感染都有较满意的保护作用。     

防蚴润肤霜防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的研究

目的：实验评价新型少肤防护剂一防蚴润夫霜防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的效果，并了解其对皮肤的急性刺激反应。方法：采用模拟现场试验方法，分别在小白鼠腹部和尾部涂布防蚴润肤霜，并经泥水浸泡洗刷4-8h后接种日本血吸虫尾蚴，饲养40d解剖小鼠观察感染情况。以小鼠感染率、平均虫荷数和减虫率为评价指标，同时进行皮肤急性刺激试验。结果：防蚴润肤霜涂布小鼠腹部、尾部后减虫率达100％；家兔皮肤急性刺激试验结果为阴性。结论：防蚴润肤霜涂布皮肤后4-8h具有完全防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的作用，对皮肤无刺激作用。     

植物提取液防蚴灵预防血吸虫感染效果

目的评估植物提取液"防蚴灵"预防血吸虫感染的效果。方法随机抽取湖北省3个行政村因生产、生活接触疫水的村民作为研究对象,将接触疫水前涂擦"防蚴灵"的村民作为Ⅰ组,未涂擦"防蚴灵"的村民作为Ⅱ组,对两组进行问卷调查,并进行血检和粪检以了解其血吸虫感染情况。结果两组性别、年龄、职业以及疫水接触方式构成均无统计学差异(P均>0.05)。Ⅰ组159人,血检阳性率3.14%,粪检阳性率1.87%,Ⅱ组人员血检阳性率9.30%,粪检阳性率6.40%,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。Ⅰ组中完全涂擦"防蚴灵"110人,血检阳性率0.91%,粪检结果阳性率为0,不完全涂擦"防蚴灵"42人,血检阳性率8.16%,粪检阳性率为6.12%,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 "防蚴灵"预防血吸虫感染效果明显;接触疫水前涂擦"防蚴灵"不完全可能是涂擦防护剂但仍出现人员感染的原因之一。     

防蚴灵现场防护血吸虫感染效果

目的 目的 观察抗血吸虫感染新植物药防蚴灵现场防护效果。方法 方法 选择湖北省潜江市熊口镇赵脑村和瞄场村村 民为研究对象, 接触疫水前涂擦防蚴灵的村民作为实验组 （A组）, 未涂擦村民为对照组 （B组）。对两组村民进行问卷调 查, 并进行保护率 （血检和粪检） 比较。结果 结果 A组共调查139人, 血检阳性率为3.13％, 粪检阳性率为1.92％; B组共调查 162人, 血检阳性率为9.34％, 粪检阳性率为6.44%, 两组各率间差异均有统计学意义 （P均＜0.05）。结论 结论 防蚴灵具有 较好的现场防护血吸虫感染作用。     

科旗防蚴灵防护血吸虫感染的效果及毒副作用

科旗防蚴灵是最近研制的血吸虫病防护药物 ,我们选择鄂州市芦洲村为试区 ,对该药进行了研究。该村属湖沼型洲垸亚型血吸虫病流行区。钉螺面积 9.3万 m2 ,钉螺阳性率为1.96 % ,阳性钉螺密度为 0 .0 0 6只 /框 (0 .1m2 )。该村 2组2 5 0人 ,人群感染率为 5 .6 % ,3组 2 17人 ,人群感染率为7.37%。以 3组作为涂抹防蚴灵预防血吸虫感染实验组 ,观察其防护效果及毒副作用 ,现报告如下。1　方法1.1　观察对象　观察前对 2、3组 6～ 6 5岁居民用沉孵法粪检 ,阳性者用吡喹酮 6 0 m g/ kg2日疗法治疗 ,体重以 6 0kg为上限。对粪检阴性的居民 ,采用询…     

不同工艺提取麻疯树籽油及其杀灭血吸虫尾蚴效果

目的 目的 观察不同工艺提取的麻疯树籽油杀灭血吸虫尾蚴的效果, 以筛选制备麻疯树籽油的最佳工艺及配方。方 方 法 法 采用6种不同工艺提取的麻疯树籽油, 进行杀灭血吸虫尾蚴即时接触试验。采用麻疯树籽油及其与不同添加剂制成 的制剂, 进行昆明小鼠血吸虫尾蚴即时接触感染试验, 观察其抗血吸虫感染的减虫率。结果 结果 95%乙醇回流、 料液比1∶8、 2 h提取工艺出油率达30.7%。即时接触试验6种麻疯树籽油30 min内将尾蚴全部杀灭。即时接触感染试验麻风树籽油原 液减虫率达70.97%, 添加苯甲酸苄酯减虫率为58.87%, 单一添加月桂氮酮减虫率达77.42%, 添加苯甲酸苄酯、 邻苯二甲酸 二丁酯、 月桂氮酮减虫率达100%。结论 结论 95%乙醇回流、 料液比1∶8、 2 h提取工艺为麻疯树籽油最佳提取工艺。麻疯树籽 油有较好的血吸虫尾蚴杀灭作用。     

麻风树籽提取物杀灭钉螺的实验研究

目的 研究麻风树籽提取物杀灭钉螺的效果。方法 采用室内浸杀法，对麻风树籽的乙醇提取物和水提取物的杀螺效果进行观察。结果 麻风树籽乙醇提取物浸杀钉螺24、48h和72h的LC50分别为53．7、25．3mg／L和11．6mg／L；水提取物浸杀钉螺48h和72h的LC50分别为45．6mg／L和26．1mg／L。结论 麻风树籽乙醇提取物和水提取物对钉螺均具有杀灭作用。麻风树籽是研究植物杀螺剂较有价值的候选植物。     

抗蚴灵现场使用方法初探

抗蚴灵俗称防护油，是阻止血吸虫尾蚴侵入人体常用药物之一。正确稀释和使用抗蚴灵对预防血吸虫感染起着重要作用。本文就抗蚴灵的现场使用方法作一介绍。1抗蚴灵成份和浓度其主要成份是苯二甲酸二丁酯和烷基磺酸钠。根据现场实验，擦原液虽能起到预防作用，但从经济角度来看显得浪费。抗蚴灵与水按1:4比例稀释，既能达到预防效果，又涂擦方便。2配制方法先取抗螺灵放在洁净容器里，再将水徐徐加入，用木棒按顺时针方向搅拌混匀成白色乳剂。稀释时切勿顺逆方向搅拌，以免造成母液与水达不到亲和。稀释数量要根据下水人数和水淹部位等情况规…     

灭绦灵预防小鼠血吸虫病研究

<正> 灭绦灵又名氯硝柳胺,目前作为一种较理想的抗绦虫药广泛用于治疗家畜猪带线虫和牛带线虫感染;它也是常用的灭螺药,杀螺效力比五氯酚钠高10倍,对血吸虫尾蚴和毛蚴有强大杀灭作用。近年来湖沼地区血吸虫病疫情出现回升,为了提供新的防制对策,我们进行了药物预防的动物试验,观察灭绦灵是否对小鼠血吸虫感染具有防护作用,摸索完全防护剂量,为将来人群药物预防打下基础。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.