Shortcomings and pitfalls of ocular MRI

Summary MRI was performed in 41 patients with ocular lesions: 27 cases of malignant melanoma, 5 of haemorrhage, 3 of choroidal metastasis, 3 of senile disciform macular degeneration, 2 retinoblastomas and 1 hamartoma. On MRI 5 small lesions (<2 mm thick): 1 melanoma, the 3 metastases and the hamartoma, were not seen. All the malignant melanomas visualised were hyperintense compared to the vitreous on T1-weighted images. On T2-weighted images 24 of 26 lesions were hypointense compared to the vitreous. The remaining two lesions were almost isointense, corresponding to amelanotic lesions. These MRI features did not differ significantly from those of retinoblastomas, senile disciform macular degeneration or subacute choroidal haemorrhage. Major shortcomings of MRI in lesions of the globe lie in a lack of spatial resolution and poor specificity of the findings.     

Malignant uveal melanoma and simulating lesions: MR imaging evaluation

Twenty-one patients with intraocular disease were studied by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT). In 13 cases, malignant uveal melanoma was considered the likely diagnosis. Both imaging methods were accurate in determining the location and size of uveal melanomas. MR imaging was superior for the assessment of possible associated retinal detachment, for assessment of vitreous change, and for differentiating uveal melanoma from choroidal hemangioma and choroidal detachment. A case of retinal gliosis could not be differentiated from uveal melanoma by either technique. Uveal melanomas appeared as hyperintense lesions on T1-weighted images and as hypointense lesions on T2-weighted images. High signal intensity of the vitreous was observed in patients with vitritis and in those who were thought to have protein leaking into the vitreous as a result of impairment of the retinal-blood barrier.     

Malignant uveal melanoma and similar lesions studied by computed tomography

Forty-four patients with intraocular disease were studied by computed tomography (CT); in 19 cases malignant uveal melanoma was considered the likely diagnosis. CT proved to be accurate in determining the location and size of uveal melanomas, demonstrating scleral invasion, and differentiating melanoma from choroidal detachment or angioma, toxocariasis, and senile macular degeneration. Astrocytic retinal hamartoma and medulloepithelioma could not be distinguished from melanoma with CT. On CT, uveal melanomas appeared as hyperdense lesions with slight to moderate contrast enhancement. Tumors thinner than 2 mm could not be seen. Using dynamic CT, we noted moderate peak amplitude, normal or delayed tissue transit time, and persistently elevated washout phase (downslope), indicating increased permeability as the result of an impaired tumor blood barrier. Histological types of uveal melanoma could not be differentiated on the basis of circulatory patterns. Dynamic CT may be useful in distinguishing uveal melanoma from choroidal hemangioma or hematoma.     

眼球孤立性脉络膜血管瘤的HR-MRI表现

目的　探讨眼球孤立性脉络膜血管瘤的高分辨率磁共振 (HR MRI)影像学特征 ,进一步提高诊断水平。资料与方法　回顾性分析诊断明确的孤立性脉络膜血管瘤 16例共计 17个病灶的位置、数目、形态、大小、MRI信号、强化情况、有无合并视网膜脱离及有无视神经和眼外侵犯等。所有病例均行HR MRI及增强扫描 ,部分病例行脂肪抑制。结果　 17个病灶中的 16个呈扁丘状位于眼球内壁的后极。 15个病灶厚度 <5mm ,平均厚度为2 .9mm。病灶边缘清晰 ,T1WI上呈轻度高信号者 16个 ,T2 WI上呈等信号者 15个 ,增强扫描显著强化者有 12个。 3例合并视网膜脱离 ,在T2 WI上多呈等信号 ,T1WI上呈轻度高信号者 ,均无强化。无视神经及眼外侵犯病例。结论　 94 %孤立性脉络膜血管瘤的HR MRI表现具有特征性 ,表现为位于眼球内壁后极的较小、基底较宽、边缘清晰的扁丘状病灶。其T1WI信号高于玻璃体 ,T2 WI信号等于玻璃体 ,增强扫描瘤体显著强化。明确其HR MRI影像学特征有助于临床与恶性葡萄膜黑色素瘤相鉴别 ,避免不必要的眼球摘除     

眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现及其临床价值

目的：探讨眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现及其在诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法：73例眼球肿瘤行CT扫描，45例行MRI扫描，回顾性分析眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现。结果：28例视网膜母细胞瘤CT表现为有钙化的肿块；26例色素膜黑色素瘤MRI显示为短T1短T2信号，增强后轻至中度强化；9例脉络膜骨瘤CT表现为眼球壁高密度扁平性肿块；6例转移瘤MRI表现为扁平性肿块，呈略长T1长T2信号；4例脉络膜血管瘤呈长T1明显长T2信号，增强后明显均匀强化。结论：CT和MRI可显示眼球肿瘤的形态、大小及内部特征，有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

眼球脉络膜转移癌的影像学

描述脉络膜转移癌的CT和MRI表现，对两种检查方法进行评估。材料和方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的9例脉络膜转移癌病例，其中7例经CT扫描检查，3例作MRI检查。结果：CT扫描显示眼球后部呈扁平状，均质中高密度肿块，有中度增强。MRI检查为扁平或半月状肿块，T1W呈高于玻璃体中等信号，PDW为高信号，T2W呈低信号。瘤体表面渗出性视网膜脱离在T1W和T2W均呈高信号。结论：CT和MRI对脉络膜转移癌等眼球内病变均可作出定位的影像学诊断。MRI对脉络膜转移癌与脉络膜黑色毒瘤的鉴别、瘤体内结构、与渗出性机网膜脱离的区分以及癌肿侵犯巩膜的情况较CT为优。     

Intraocular tumors: evaluation with MR imaging

Sixty-seven ocular tumors were studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT). These tumors included primary uveal melanoma (n = 55), circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (n = 3), diffuse choroidal hemangioma (n = 1), retinal capillary hemangioma (n = 1), medulloepithelioma (n = 1), choroidal nevus (n = 1), retinoblastoma (n = 1), and choroidal metastases (n = 4). MR imaging demonstrated all these lesions, while CT demonstrated 88%. Associated retinal detachment was more easily distinguished from the neoplasms with MR imaging. Extrascleral extension of melanoma and hemorrhagic cystic necrosis within the melanoma were clearly demonstrated with MR imaging, but not with CT. Ninety-three percent of melanomas were markedly hyperintense, compared with the intensity of the vitreous body, on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images. All metastatic lesions were isointense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images. The circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas were hyperintense on T1-weighted images and isointense on T2-weighted images. MR imaging is superior to CT in detection of intraocular tumors and may be more specific in diagnosis.     

眼内恶性黑色素瘤的影像诊断

目的　研究眼内黑色素瘤的CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法　 3 3例恶性黑色素瘤患者均经过手术和病理证实 ,回顾性分析CT( 15例 )和MRI( 18例 )表现。结果　黑色素瘤一般为类圆形球内占位 ,脉络膜部位最为常见 ;CT大多为中等密度 ;MRI短T1短T2 信号影 ,其中有特征性的低信号。 2种检查方法相比 ,MRI比CT更具优越性 ,MRI可以更加明确病变位置 ,确定肿瘤范围 ,区别瘤体与视网膜剥离等并发症。CT术前诊断率为 5 3 % ,而MRI术前诊断率为 88%。结论　对于临床怀疑黑色素瘤的患者 ,MRI是理想的影像检查方法     

眼色素膜黑色素瘤的CT与MRI研究

目的研究色素膜黑色素瘤的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ表现，探讨最佳ＭＲＩ的扫描序列。材料与方法１５例患者用各种ＭＲＩ序列进行扫描，其中１１例行ＣＴ扫描，并与手术病理进行对照。结果ＣＴ示９例表现为与眼外肌等密度的肿块，２例肿瘤太小未能显示。ＭＲＩ示１４例具有典型的短Ｔ１、短Ｔ２信号，１例３ｍｍ高度的虹膜黑色素瘤在Ｔ１ＷＩ上未能显示；１１例伴有视网膜脱离，呈短Ｔ１及长Ｔ２信号，与肿瘤在Ｔ１ＷＩ上很难区分。使用脂肪抑制和增强扫描的Ｔ１ＷＩ能较好地显示较小肿瘤（高度＜５ｍｍ）能区分肿瘤及其伴发的视网膜脱离。结论ＭＲＩ显示黑色素瘤的准确率和特异性较ＣＴ和Ｂ超优越。     

Choroidal hemangioma: MR findings and differentiation from uveal melanoma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe aim of this study was to establish the MR imaging characteristics of choroidal hemangioma and to compare them with those of uveal melanoma.METHODSAmong 41 patients examined at 1.5 T (4-cm surface coil, T1-weighted and fast spin-echo T2-weighted sequences), 25 had uveal melanoma and 16 had circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. After i.v. bolus injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine, dynamic and T1-weighted sequences were acquired.RESULTSIn patients with choroidal hemangioma, uniform signal characteristics were detected on fast T2-weighted images. In 15 of 16 patients with choroidal hemangioma, lesions were isointense with vitreous on fast spin-echo T2-weighted images, whereas lesions in 24 of 25 patients with uveal melanoma were hypointense. Signal characteristics of uveal melanoma and hemangioma did not differ significantly on plain T1-weighted images. Enhancement was earlier and much stronger for circumscribed choroidal hemangioma than for uveal melanoma. After i.v. bolus application of gadopentetate dimeglumine, the increase of signal intensity was higher for circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (signal intensity ratio, 5.8) than for uveal melanoma (signal intensity ratio, 2.2).CONCLUSIONCircumscribed choroidal hemangioma may be difficult to differentiate from melanoma by ophthalmologic examination. Differentiation may not be possible if direct viewing of uveal space-occupying lesions is hampered by opaque vitreous media. The characteristic findings on fast spin-echo T2-weighted MR images and early enhanced images aid in differentiating choroidal hemangioma from uveal melanoma.     

视网膜脱离的MRI诊断价值

目的:探讨视网膜脱离的MRI表现及诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术和临床证实的16例(17只眼)视网膜脱离患者的MRI图像特征。结果:部分性脱离11例(12只眼),完全性脱离5例;脱落部位以累及视乳头双侧者较多见(9/17),发生于单侧者多位于颞侧(6/8);脱落的形态多呈"v"字形(8/17)和月牙形(6/17),其次不规则弧形(3/17);病变信号强度T1WI以等或稍高信号为主(16/17),仅1例呈稍低信号,T2WI信号均高于玻璃体信号;合并玻璃体出血、混浊5例,脉络膜黑色素瘤1例,脉络膜脱离1例。结论:视网膜脱离的MRI表现较具特征性,MRI对视网膜脱离的诊断具有重要价值。     

Intraocular metastases: differential diagnosis from uveal melanomas with high-resolution MRI using a surface coil

Magnetic resonance imaging with dedicated surface coils plays a pivotal role in differential diagnosis and staging of intraocular tumors. The purpose of this study was to establish MRI criteria for the differential diagnosis of uveal melanomas and intraocular metastases. In a prospective study 44 eyes in 36 patients with intraocular metastases and 200 patients with uveal melanomas were investigated with MRI using a 1.5-T scanner and a 5-cm surface coil. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the resulting images was performed. The MR signal intensities typically expected for metastases (slightly hyperintense on non-contrast T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images compared to the vitreous body) were seen in only 23.1%. The typical melanoma signal of either moderate or strong hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and hypointensity on T2-weighted images was seen in 69.4% of the proven melanomas. Contrast enhancement was observed in both metastases and melanomas. Morphological differences between metastases and melanomas were detected in tumor size, shape, position, frequency of retinal detachment, and homogeneity of the tumor. Differentiation between intraocular metastases and uveal melanoma is limited by overlap of signal intensities. Some improvement is achieved with morphologic criteria.     

葡萄膜转移瘤的MRI表现

目的探讨葡萄膜转移瘤的MRI表现特点。方法回顾性分析20例经病理或临床随访证实的葡萄膜转移瘤的MRI表现。1例仅行平扫，19例同时行平扫和增强扫描，其中4例行动态增强扫描。结果20例葡萄膜转移瘤中，位于虹膜和睫状体2例，18例位于脉络膜；2例表现为略长T1、等T2信号，9例表现为等T1、等T2信号，3例表现为等T1、略长T2信号，3例表现为等T1、略短T2信号，2例表现为略短T1、略短T2信号，1例表现为略短T1、略长T2信号；8例表现为眼球壁轻度增厚，3例呈新月形，7例呈梭形，2例呈结节状。19例呈中度至明显强化；行动态增强扫描的4例时间-信号强度曲线均呈速升、缓降型。伴有视网膜脱离11例和玻璃体信号异常2例。结论MRI能显示葡萄膜转移瘤的部位、形态、信号及强化特点，有助于葡萄膜转移瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断。     

成人眼球内葡萄膜黑色素瘤与非黑色素瘤MRI比较研究

目的比较分析成人眼球内葡萄膜黑色素瘤与非黑色素瘤性肿块的MRI征象,寻找最佳联合诊断特征。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院2005年3月至2015年12月经手术病理或临床随访确诊的254例成人眼球内肿块患者的MRI资料,包括128例葡萄膜黑色素瘤和126例非黑色素瘤性肿块。采用χ2检验或独立样本t检验比较两组肿块的MRI征象,包括部位、形态、边缘、T1WI和T2WI信号(分别与脑灰质和玻璃体相比)特征及均匀度、高度、基底径、基底径与高度比值、强化程度、强化方式、有无伴发视网膜脱离;采用二元logistic回归分析获取具有鉴别诊断价值的MRI征象,并采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析其诊断黑色素瘤的灵敏度、特异度和准确率,建立logistic回归模型构建联合参数,评价其诊断效能。结果黑色素瘤与非黑色素瘤间肿块部位、形态、边缘、T1WI和T2WI信号(分别与脑灰质和玻璃体相比)、信号均匀度、强化程度、伴发视网膜脱离,肿瘤高度、基底径与高度比值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。二元logistic回归分析结果显示,肿块的T1WI和T2WI信号(与脑灰质相比)、高度、形态、部位、强化程度及伴发视网膜脱离是诊断黑色素瘤的有效指标,其中肿块的T2WI信号(与脑灰质相比)优势比(12.237)最大,准确率为86.2%。与脑灰质相比T2WI呈低信号和T1WI呈高信号的诊断准确率高于与玻璃体相比(Delong检验,P<0.001)。肿块的高度、强化程度、T1WI和T2WI信号(与脑灰质相比)联合诊断黑色素瘤的灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别为90.6%、92.1%和96.1%,高于任何单一指标(P<0.001)。结论综合分析肿块的T1WI和T2WI信号(与脑灰质相比)、高度、形态、部位、强化程度和伴发视网膜脱离情况可提高鉴别诊断葡萄膜黑色素瘤和非黑色素瘤性肿块的准确率,以脑灰质为参照物评估肿块的T1WI和T2WI信号优于玻璃体。     

颅内黑色素瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨颅内黑色素瘤的CT和MR影像特点。方法回顾性分析1993年以来收治的5例颅内黑色素瘤的CT和MR影像特点。结果原发性黑色素瘤2例，转移性黑色素瘤3例。全部病例均行CT检查，表现为类圆形高密度影4例、类圆形低密度影1例；4例行MR检查，呈短T2、短T2者3例，稍长T1、短T2者1例。结论MRI有助于颅内黑色素瘤的诊断，在一定程度上可以区分原发性和转移性黑色素瘤。     

MRI诊断非出血性脑弥漫性轴索损伤的临床价值

目的探讨MRI对非出血性脑弥漫性轴索损伤的临床应用价值.材料和方法回顾性分析36例非出血性脑弥漫性轴索损伤的MRI资料.结果全部病例行CT和MRI检查.36例非出血性挫伤灶中,位于胼胝体16例,脑干8例,小脑蚓部2例,放射冠8例,内囊4例,额、颞叶20例.CT扫描仅2例(5.6%)显示出低密度灶.MRIT1WI均呈等或略低信号,T2WI呈高信号.结论MRI是诊断非出血性脑弥漫性轴索损伤最佳的影像学手段,对临床正确诊断本病具有重要的应用价值.     

MRI, antibody-guided scintigraphy, and glucose metabolism in uveal melanoma.

To evaluate the usefulness of structural and biochemical imaging techniques for the diagnosis of uveal melanoma, 12 patients with choroidal melanoma were examined. Magnetic resonance imaging was used in 11 of 12 patients, as one had a metal prosthesis. All the subjects underwent single photon planar scintigraphy (SPPS) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using the 99mTc-labeled F(ab')2 of the anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody 225.28S ([99mTc]MoAb) and positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG). Magnetic resonance identified 6 of 11 melanotic lesions (definite melanomas) and 4 of 11 hypomelanotic lesions (probable melanomas), whereas in one case it was inconclusive. [99mTc]MoAb uptake was observed in 5 of 12 lesions using SPPS and 8 of 12 lesions using SPECT. [18F]FDG uptake was observed in 3 of 12 lesions by PET. These results demonstrate that both MR and radioimmunoscintigraphy are sensitive techniques for the diagnosis of choroidal melanomas and suggest that the detection of melanomas by MR, SPPS, and SPECT is largely dependent upon their size. The validity of these conclusions was verified in four subjects in whom the diagnosis was based on MR and/or SPECT findings only and confirmed by histology. The finding that only some of the uveal melanomas of larger size are visualized based on [18F]FDG uptake suggests that melanomas can have either high or low glucose consumption.     

磁共振在眼球常见恶性肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的通过分析眼球常见恶性肿瘤的磁共振影像学表现特征,以提高对眼球恶性肿瘤的认识。方法回顾分析经手术病理及临床证实27例眼球恶性肿瘤病例的磁共振影像表现。结果总计眼球恶性肿瘤27例,其中葡萄膜黑色素瘤19例,表现为突向眼球内结节状、蘑菇状影,多数T₁WI呈高信号、T₂WI呈低信号,增强后病灶轻度或中度强化;葡萄膜黑色素细胞瘤恶变1例,表现为突向眼球内结节状影,T₁WI呈高信号、T₂WI呈低信号,增强后病灶中度强化;视网膜母细胞瘤4例,表现为眼球内突向玻璃体内肿块状影,T₁WI呈等信号、T₂WI呈等低信号,增强后病灶轻度或中度强化;脉络膜转移瘤2例,表现眼球后壁半球、扁平样突起影,T₁WI呈稍高信号,T₂WI呈稍低信号,增强后病灶中度强化,边缘强化明显。眼球内淋巴瘤1例,表现为眼内T₁WI信号增高,眼球内软组织结节影,T₁WI呈等信号、T₂WI呈等低信号,增强后病灶轻度强化。结论磁共振检查能够准确反映眼内常见恶性肿瘤的发生部位、大小及范围等影像特征,为临床治疗方法的选择提供重要的影像学依据。     

出血坏死性鼻息肉的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨出血坏死性鼻息肉的CT和MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析17例经病理证实的出血坏死性鼻息肉的影像资料.其中14例行CT检查,16例行MR检查,15例同时行MR增强检查.结果 17例病变均以上颌窦口为中心向鼻腔及上颌窦内生长,边缘清晰,16例形态不规整,呈浅分叶状,仅1例呈卵圆形.CT表现:14例病变表现为密度不均匀的软组织肿块影,2例分别在病变周边及内部见到条形及结节状高密度影,邻近骨质均呈压迫、吸收改变,局部骨质不连续,以上颌窦内壁最常见.MRI表现:16例病变内部在T_1WI上为低信号(与脑灰质相比),T_2WI上为高信号,14例同时伴有线样的低信号分隔;15例病变周边可见到T_1WI为等信号、T_2WI为低信号的不规则环形影围绕;15例行增强检查的病变呈不均匀性明显强化,强化部分形态各异,10例内部为多发结节状强化,4例为斑片状强化,1例强化外观似叶片状,而T_2WI上的低信号环不强化.4例病变的鼻腔侧周边可见边缘清楚的囊状液体信号影,向前至鼻前庭,向后达后鼻孔区,增强后不强化.11例行动态增强扫描,其中7例时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)呈持续上升型;4例呈速升缓降型.结论 MRT_2WI上内部的不均匀高信号为低信号围绕以及增强后结节状、斑片状的强化特征均是出血坏死性鼻息肉特异的MRI表现,而CT有助于判断病变性质,明确诊断有一定困难,MRI应是出血坏死性鼻息肉的首选检查方法.     

眼球脉络膜血管瘤的影像学表现

目的：探讨眼球脉络膜血管瘤的CT、MRI表现及其诊断、鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析9例经病理（3例）和临床证实（6例）的脉络膜血管瘤。CT扫描6例，MR检查4例，9例均行B超检查，3例作了眼底荧光血管造影。结果：2例CT平扫示眼球后极球壁轻度或新月形增厚，与球壁呈等密度，5例（1例平扫＋增强）增强示眼球后极部高密度梭形或扁平状隆起均匀肿块，瘤体强化明显。与玻璃体比较3例MR T1WI呈高信号，T2WI呈低信号，与视神经、眼外肌相比呈等信号；1例较小肿瘤辅以增强T1WI脂肪抑制技术被清楚显示。渗出性视网膜脱离在T1WI、T2WI上均呈中、高信号；增强T1WI瘤体显著强化，边界清晰，且信号均匀。B超检查8例为实质不均质肿块占位，1例为均质肿块占位，9例均探及视网膜脱离光带。结论：CT＋MRI＋B超检查对脉络膜血管瘤可得到较为全面的影像学诊断资料，MRI在该病的诊断及鉴别诊断中较CT及B超更具敏感性和特异性。