脑组织修复与3H—TdR掺入之间的关系

为研究脑组织修复与3H－TdR（氚标胸腺嘧啶核苷）掺入之间的关系，本实验采用昆明小鼠20只，制成脑损伤模型，分别于术后3天、1周、2周、3周取损伤部位的脑组织，进行3H－TdR放射活度测定。5只作对照。结果：术后3天和1周3H－TdR液闪计数最高，分别为45．92±20．02和41．11±22．34，对照组为15．76±96。两组间有明显差异（P＜0．01；P＜0．05）．说明伤后3天至1周脑组织摄取3H－TdR最多。     

补阳还五汤对鼠脑损伤修复的影响——γ-谷氨酰转移酶活性和星形胶质细胞增殖研究

采用昆明小鼠90只,制成脑损伤模型,其中45只口服补阳还五汤(10ml·kg~(-1),每日二次),另45只常规饲养作对照.两组分别于术后3天,1、2、3、4周取损伤部位脑组织,做γ-谷氨酰转移酶测定和病理学检查.结果:术后3周中药组该酶活性为31.2士6.9U,对照组为14.4士1.3U,两组间有显著统计学差异(P<0.01);中药组术后炎性反应较轻.术后2周有大量增生的星形胶质细胞,术后3周即有典型的胶质瘢痕形成,分别比对照组提前1周.提示:补阳还五汤能提高伤后脑组织γ-谷氨酰转移酶活性,促进氨基酸的摄取,使星形胶质细胞增殖明显加快,有利于脑组织的修复.     

体外不同比例再生肝细胞与结肠癌细胞的共培养

目的 观察体外与不同比例再生肝细胞共培养对结肠癌细胞增殖潜能及肝再生相关因子的影响.方法 70%肝切除大鼠模型术后24 h采用原位胶原酶灌流法分离获得有活性的再生肝细胞,分别以10:1(A组)、1:1(B组)与人结肠癌细胞株SW480共培养,对照组为单独培养的结肠癌细胞(C组).培养后第24和72 h,通过3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷(3H-TdR)掺人法比较各组培养后的增殖能力,并采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测表皮生长因子(EGF)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)及肝细胞生长因子(HGF)的浓度.结果 培养后24 h 3组间3H-TdR掺人率和EGF、IGF-1、HGF的浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),72 h A、B两组的3H-TdR掺入率(15.9±1.4,13.2±1.5)和EGF[(722.9±55.4)ng/L,(498.2±41.5)ng/L]、IGF-1[(755.2±35.7)ng/L,(538.1±37.5)ng/L]明显高于C组(P<0.05),且A组高于B组(P<0.05).HGF的浓度在培养后第24、72小时差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 与再生肝细胞共培养的结肠癌细胞增殖能力增强,其机制可能与来自于肝细胞内的生长信号增加结肠癌细胞EGF和IGF-1的表达有关.     

缺氧缺血新生大鼠脑组织水通道蛋白4的表达变化

目的研究缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)病理过程中水通道蛋白4(aquaporin-4,AQP-4)的作用及其意义。方法120只7日龄新生Wistar大鼠按照完全随机化方法分为4部分,每部分(n=30)再分为对照组、HIBD后6h、24h、3d、5d和7d共6组,每组5只。分别测定脑组织含水量;原位杂交和免疫组化检测AQP-4表达;检测脑组织病理变化。结果HIBD组6h、24h、3d的脑组织含水量较对照组显著增加(P<0.05);且各组脑组织含水量随时间延长而增加,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);HIBD5d、7d组脑组织含水量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组AQP-4 mRNA和AQP-4蛋白少量表达(吸光度A值为0.29±0.07和0.06±0.01)。与对照组相比,HIBD后6~24h,AQP-4 mRNA和AQP-4蛋白表达显著增加。AQP-4 mRNA的A值由0.42±0.04上升到0.80±0.02(P<0.05);AQP-4蛋白A值由0.14±0.03上升到0.23±0.05(P<0.05),同时光镜下可见脑组织轻度水肿;3d时AQP-4 mRNA和蛋白表达达高峰,AQP-4 mRNA的A值为0.91±0.08,AQP-4蛋白A值为0.41±0.04,此时脑组织严重水肿,神经元、胶质细胞和内皮细胞明显肿胀;第5~7天AQP-4的表达已下降(尤其mRNA明显),但仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05),此时脑水肿已减轻。在整个HIBD脑水肿形成的过程中,AQP-4 mRNA和蛋白的表达呈正相关(rs>0.82,Ps<0.05)。结论AQP-4参与了HIBD的发生发展过程,AQP-4在HIBD脑水肿的形成过程中可能起重要作用。     

一期彻底清创负载抗生素硫酸钙治疗跟骨骨髓炎

目的探讨运用一期彻底清创负载抗生素硫酸钙治疗跟骨骨髓炎的效果。方法从2012年06月~2014年12月共收治21例跟骨骨髓炎患者,男15例,女6例;年龄(33~55)岁,平均(43.71±6.73)岁,跟骨骨髓炎病史(1~36)个月,平均(12.67±9.62)个月,Cierny-Mader分型:Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ6例,采用一期彻底清创,放置负载敏感抗生素硫酸钙颗粒。结果所有患者均获随访12~36个月,21例患者感染均得到控制,创面一期愈合,愈合时间(12~21)天,平均(15.19±2.34)天,术后2周复查X线均发现硫酸钙开始降解,8周出现不同程度骨传导及新骨形成。所有患者均于术后8周开始部分负重行走,3个月恢复正常负重。引流管留置时间(3~8)周,平均(5.14±1.74)周。结论采用一期彻底清创填充负载抗生素硫酸钙颗粒治疗跟骨骨髓炎疗效好,感染复发率低。     

跨腕关节外固定支架配合克氏针治疗桡骨远端C型骨折的疗效分析*

目的探讨跨腕关节外固定支架配合克氏针治疗桡骨远端C型骨折的临床疗效。方法选取2009年6月~2013年12月采用跨腕关节外固定支架配合克氏针治疗桡骨远端C型骨折26例,男16例,女10例;按国际内固定研究学会(AO/OTA)分型:C1型3例,C2型10例,C3型13例。比较术后影像学指标、功能指标,术后8~12周拆除外固定支架并进行腕关节功能锻炼,按Gartland-Werley评分标准对术后腕关节功能进行疗效评估。结果所有患者获得6~18个月(平均10.5个月)随访。术后1周、术后8周分别测量掌倾角[(12.02±3.57)°、(11.99±3.59)°]、尺偏角[(20.34±4.31)°、(20.31±4.29)°]、桡骨高度[(12.39±6.81)mm、(12.38±6.79)mm],术后1周、术后8周分别较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(<0.05),术后1周与术后8周比较,差异无统计学意义(>0.05)。术后6月腕关节功能评定结果:优10例,良11例,可2例,差3例,优良率为80.8%(21/26);并发症发生率为15.4%(4/26)。结论跨腕关节外固定支架固定配合克氏针治疗桡骨远端C型骨折可取得满意疗效,且固定牢靠,能有效防止骨折复位丢失和再移位。     

甘草苷对抑郁模型大鼠体重及行为学的影响

目的:观察甘草苷对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠体重及行为学的影响。方法:72只成年SD雄性大鼠,随机分为6组:正常对照组、模型组、氟西汀组,以及甘草苷3个剂量组,每组12只。采用慢性应激加孤养造模,应激持续5周,从第3周起进行药物干预。观察大鼠体重及行为学改变。结果:应激5周后,与正常对照组相比模型组大鼠体重降低(429±45/494±37,P<0.01),糖水消耗量降低(8.3±3.3/14.4±2.7,P<0.01),强迫游泳的不动时间延长(96±10/37±9,P<0.01)。3周甘草苷灌胃后,大鼠体重仍低于正常对照组(444±45、442±22、423±28/494±37,P<0.01),但与模型组相比差异无显著性;甘草苷3个剂量组的糖水消耗量较模型组大鼠增加(11.4±4.0、14.1±3.5、14.0±2.5/8.3±3.3,P<0.05);强迫游泳不动时间较模型组大鼠也缩短(63±8、66±10、26±8、41±11/96±10,z=-2.02、-3.52、-3.03,P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:除未发现对体重的影响外,3周灌胃甘草苷可以有效逆转抑郁模型大鼠上述的行为学改变,提示甘草苷具有抗抑郁样作用。     

去肾交感神经对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨去肾交感神经对2型糖尿病大鼠糖代谢和胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法选择50只健康雄性Wistar大鼠,鼠龄8周龄,体质量180~220 g。随机分成正常组(NO组,n=10)和模型组(n=40)。将模型组大鼠随机分为对照组(DC组)、糖尿病手术组(DO组)、假手术组(DS组),每组11只。检测各组手术前及术后2周、4周、8周空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE),于术前及术后8周测定糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)。以稳态模型评估法评估胰岛素抵抗(HOMA-IR)指数和胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)指数。结果 33只大鼠造模成功,4只造模失败,3只死亡。与术前比较,DO组去肾交感神经术后2周FPG、FIns、hs-CRP、TNF-α、E、NE、HOMA-IR降低,术后4周较术后2周更低(P0.05);HOMA-β变化与此相反,术后8周与术后4周比较各指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。DO组术后8周Hb A1c较术前明显下降(6.85±0.55 vs 7.82±0.48;t=3.325,P0.01),且明显低于相同时间点DS组(7.87±0.78)及DC组(7.90±0.80);DS组及DC组手术前后Hb A1c水平差异无统计学意义(t=1.987、2.102,P0.05)。结论去肾交感神经可改善胰岛素抵抗,其机制可能与炎症反应的减轻有关。     

肾性高血压大鼠血压变化趋势及大鼠收缩压和舒张压的年龄和性别差异

三组Wistar大鼠,雌雄两组各13只,另14只(雌雄各半)于出生后8周两肾一夹法造成肾性高血压。出生后5周至35周(大鼠一周龄=人类3年),每3周用本室研制的“大鼠尾动脉血压计“测量清醒状态下收缩压/舒张压(SP/DP,mmHg,(?)±SD)。结果如下:(1)高血压组术后3周(11周龄)SP/DP由术前107±8/     

频域光学相干断层扫描增强技术观察糖尿病视网膜病变激光光凝术前后黄斑区脉络膜体积的变化

目的：应用频域光学相干断层扫描增强技术(enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography, OCT)观察糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)在视网膜激光光凝术前后黄斑区脉络膜体积(macular choroidal volume,MCV)的变化情况。方法：经眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)和光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)确诊重度非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)和早期增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)伴黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)的患者30例(51只眼)纳入研究。所有患眼均先行黄斑区格栅样激光光凝治疗,然后1周后行全视网膜激光光凝术(panretinal photocoagulation,PRP)。治疗前、黄斑区格栅样激光光凝完成后1周及PRP全部治疗完成后1个月和三个月,分别采用频域OCT增强深部成像技术(enhanced-depth imaging,EDI)技术对所有患眼黄斑区脉络膜进行水平扫描,测量计算出MCV值。结果：治疗前MCV值为(6.38±0.69) mm3,黄斑区格栅样激光光凝术后1周MCV值为(7.79±0.70) mm3,较治疗前增大(1.56±0.32) mm3,差异有统计学意义(t=3.265,P<0.05),PRP术后一个月MCV值为(7.01±0.71) mm3,较治疗前增大(1.21±0.31) mm3,差异有统计学意义(t=3.237,P<0.05),PRP术后3个月MCV值为(6.11±0.57) mm3,较治疗前减小(0.87±0.22) mm3,差异有统计学意义(t=3.305,P<0.05)。结论：黄斑区格栅激光后1周及PRP术后1个月DR患者MCV值增大,3个月MCV值减小。OCT-EDI可以无创地、直观地观察到黄斑区脉络膜结构的变化。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.