高效液相色谱法测定枇杷叶中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量

目的 建立枇杷叶中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量测定方法,测定不同品种和叶龄的枇杷叶中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量.方法 采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定,色谱柱为Hypersil BDS C18柱,流动相为甲醇-0.2%乙酸铵溶液(85:15),流速为0.6ml/min,检测波长为210nm,柱温25℃.结果 齐墩果酸和熊果酸的平均回收率分别为104.3%、97.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)值分别为1.2%、2.2%(n=6).结论 本法简便、灵敏、快速,可作为枇杷叶药材的质量控制方法之一.     

健胃消食片中熊果酸的含量测定

目的建立健胃消食片中熊果酸的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法测定熊果酸含量,ODS为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸（90：10）,检测波长210nm,流速1ml/min。结果熊果酸进样量在0.032～0.32μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率99.74%,RSD为0.84%（n=6）。结论HPLC法测定健胃消食片中熊果酸的含量,灵敏度高、准确、快速、专属性强、重现性好。可用于健胃消食片中熊果酸的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定消炎散核冲剂中熊果酸的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定消炎散核冲剂中熊果酸的含量。方法色谱柱为Phenomenex Gemini C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.02 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(67∶33),检测波长为215 nm。结果线性方程为A=23 107.3C+19 479.6,熊果酸在10.8～97.2 mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 6;平均加样回收率为98.1%,RSD为1.40%(n=9)。结论方法操作简便,准确性、重现性良好,可用于消炎散核冲剂中熊果酸的含量测定及质量控制。     

HPLC法测定熊果酸自微乳中熊果酸的含量

目的建立 HPLC法测定熊果酸自微乳制剂的含量.方法采用 AgilentTC C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),乙腈 0.3%磷酸(85∶15)为流动相,流速1.0ml·min-1,检测波长210nm,柱温30℃.结果熊果酸在40~160mg·L-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),方法精密度和回收率均符合要求.结论该方法结果准确,重现性好,可用于熊果酸自微乳制剂的质量控制.     

降脂灵颗粒质量标准研究

目的建立降脂灵颗粒质量标准。方法采用TLC法对处方中枸杞子、黄精、山楂、决明子进行定性鉴别;并采用HPLC法测定山楂中熊果酸的含量。结果薄层色谱均检出枸杞子、黄精、山楂、决明子;熊果酸在0.000262～0.003144μg范围呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9996;平均加样回收率为100.6%,RSD=1.41%。结论定性定量方法简便、准确、重现性好。提高后质量标准能更有效地控制该药品内在质量。     

HPLC法同时测定毛建草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量

目的建立毛建草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法采用ODS柱,流动相为乙腈-甲醇-水-醋酸铵(70∶14∶16∶0.05),检测波长210nm。结果齐墩果酸在0.196～3.920μg范围内线性关系良好,熊果酸在0.512～12.800μg范围内线性关系良好;该法回收率齐墩果酸为99.5%,熊果酸为100.6%;齐墩果酸RSD为2.0%,熊果酸RSD为2.2%(n=6)。结论为毛建草的含量测定提供了一种快速、准确的方法,为蒙药植物资源的进一步开发提供了依据。     

HPLC法测定连钱草不同部位中熊果酸的含量

目的 运用高效液相色谱法测定连钱草不同部位中熊果酸的含量,为进一步提高连钱草质量控制提供依据.方法 采用HPLC法测定,SunfireC18(4.6 mm×250 nm,5 um);柱温:30℃;流动相:甲醇∶水∶冰醋酸(83∶ 17∶0.1,体积比)含有0.5％磷酸、0.45％三乙胺;流速:1.0 ml/min;气体流速:1.8 L/min;检测波长:210nm; ELSD检测器漂移管温度:68℃.结果 熊果酸的进样量在1.176 ug ～ 17.640 ug线性关系良好.样品平均回收率为96.63％,RSD为1.1％(n=6);其中全草、茎、叶的熊果酸含量检测结果分别为0.25％、0.19％、0.28％(RSD 1.2％、1.8％、1.6％; n=-3).结论 采用HPLC法测定连钱草不同部位的中熊果酸的含量,灵敏、准确、重现性好,可以作为连钱草及其提取物质的质量控制依据.     

HPLC法同时测定复方痤疮胶囊中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定复方痤疮胶囊中齐墩果酸、熊果酸的含量。方法：采用Waters symmetry-C18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺（87：13：0.04：0.02）,检测波长210nm,柱温为30℃。结果：齐墩果酸在10～80mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.9996）,平均加样回收率为100.76%（RSD=1.86%）。熊果酸在10～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.9998）,平均加样回收率为100.63%（RSD=1.48%）。结论：本方法测定复方痤疮胶囊中齐墩果酸、熊果酸的含量,方法简便、准确,结果稳定,可为复方痤疮胶囊的质量评价提供依据。     

HPLC法测定不同产地莕菜中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定莕菜中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量的方法,并对不同产地的药材进行测定.方法:采用Shim-pack CLC-ODS(M)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(86∶14∶0.02);检测波长为210 nm;流速为1.0 mL· min-1;柱温为20℃.结果:齐墩果酸和熊果酸分别在1.02～20.40 μg· mL-1、0.53～10.60 μg· mL-1范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系.结论:该方法简便、准确,可以用于善菜药材的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定苦丁茶中的熊果酸和齐墩果酸的含量

目的:建立 HPLC 法同时测定苦丁茶中的熊果酸和齐墩果酸的含量。方法:色谱柱为 Betasil C_(18)柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(95:5),检测波长为210nm,灵敏度为1.000AUFS,柱温为35℃,流速为0.5 mL·min~(-1)。结果:熊果酸的进样量在0.20～4.0μg范围内,峰面积与进样量之间线性关系良好,平均回收率为95.9%;齐墩果酸的进样量在0.17～3.5μg范围内,峰面积与进样量之间线性关系良好,平均回收率为93.3%。结论:本方法可同时测定苦丁茶中熊果酸和齐墩果酸的含量,结果准确,重复性好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.