早期胃癌淋巴结转移多因素分析

目的探讨早期胃癌淋巴结转移规律,为微创治疗、缩小手术范围提供依据。方法对解放军总医院1983-2005年间诊治的308例早期胃癌患者进行回顾性分析,其中282例术后找到淋巴结,对其年龄,性别,肿瘤大小、部位、大体类型、分化程度、浸润深度,淋巴管癌栓,癌旁黏膜萎缩、肠化、异型增生等与淋巴结转移的关系进行单因素及多因素分析。结果早期胃癌淋巴结转移率为9．9％（28／282）,黏膜（M）癌淋巴结转移率为2．5％（4／157）,黏膜下层（SM）癌淋巴结转移率为19．2％（24／125）。Logistic回归分析提示,淋巴管癌栓（P=0．000,OR=8．568）、浸润黏膜下层（P=0．018,OR=4．234）、肿瘤〉2cm（P=0．020,OR=4．12）、分化不良（P=0．040,OR-2．710）为淋巴结转移的独立危险因子。进一步分层分析提示,影响M癌淋巴结转移的因素为肿瘤大小、淋巴管癌栓,≤2cm的M癌不论分化程度如何均无淋巴管癌栓,也无淋巴结转移（0／108）,2-4cm、无淋巴管癌栓的M癌不论分化程度如何均无淋巴结转移（0／26）;影响SM癌淋巴结的因素为肿瘤大小、组织学类型、淋巴管癌栓,≤2cm、分化良好型、无淋巴管癌栓的SM癌均无淋巴结转移（0／25）,2era、分化不良型、有淋巴管癌栓的SM癌淋巴结转移率72．7％（8／11）。结论肿瘤大小、淋巴管癌栓与M癌淋巴结转移相关,肿瘤大小、组织学类型、淋巴管癌栓与SM癌淋巴结转移相关。     

早期胃癌淋巴结转移的影响因素分析

目的探讨早期胃癌淋巴结转移的影响因素。方法回顾性分析38例有淋巴结转移和166例无淋巴结转移的早期胃癌患者的临床资料,分析两组患者在各指标上的差异。结果肿瘤大小、大体类型、组织学类型、病理类型和浸润深度是早期胃癌淋巴结转移的影响因素,其中组织学类型的影响最大（OR=16．96）。结论了解早期胃癌淋巴结转移的影响因素,对于正确判断和预测早期胃癌的淋巴结转移,以及采取干预措施有重要的意义。     

CXCR4和VEGF-C在胃癌组织中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系

目的：探讨趋化因子受体4（CXCR4）和血管内皮生长因子C（VEGF-C）在人胃癌组织中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系。方法：选择86例胃癌标本,应用免疫组织化学染色方法,检测CXCR4和VEGF-C在人胃癌组织中的表达,同时对其与临床病理参数的关系进行统计学分析。结果：CXCR4在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率为66.28%,其中淋巴结转移组表达率为83.33%,无淋巴结转移组表达率为23.26%,差异非常显著（P〈0.01）。VEGF-C在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率为73.26%,其中淋巴结转移组织表达率为91.67%,无淋巴结转移组织表达率为5.81%,差异非常显著（P〈0.01）。而且,CXCR4阳性表达与VEGF-C阳性表达呈显著正相关（γ=0.498,P〈0.05）。胃癌CXCR4和VEGF-C的表达水平与肿瘤细胞淋巴结转移密切相关,而与病人的组织学类型、分化程度、肿瘤浸润深度和淋巴结转移等有相关性（P〈0.01-0.05）。结论：CXCR4和VEGF-C的表达可作为评估胃癌病人淋巴道转移的一个观测指标。     

Regional lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer: evaluation with endoscopic US.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was performed in 83 patients with gastric cancer to evaluate regional lymph node metastasis. Histopathologic findings were compared with preoperative EUS findings in a total of 1,519 resected lymph nodes. In lymph node staging, the prevalence of metastatic adenopathy was 31.3% (26 of 83 patients); EUS had an accuracy of 83.1% (69 of 83 patients), sensitivity of 53.8% (14 of 26 patients), specificity of 96.5% (55 of 57 patients), positive predictive value of 87.5% (14 of 16 patients), and negative predictive value of 82.1% (55 of 67 patients). The greater the maximum diameter of the node with metastasis, or the larger the ratio of the metastatic area to the cross-sectional area of the node, the higher the detection rate. In tumors classified on the basis of depth of invasion according to the 1987 TNM system, the rate of detection of metastasis in individual nodes was 0% in pT1 tumors (none of five nodes), 20% in pT2 tumors (17 of 85 nodes), 29% in pT3 tumors (20 of 70 nodes), and 10% in pT4 tumors (three of 31 nodes). It is concluded that the most important use of EUS will be in diagnosis of regional lymph node metastasis.     

Predicting sentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer with lymphoscintigraphy

Objective

Lymphoscintigraphy is an effective method for detecting sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). However, the rate and degree of SLN detection is not uniform. We quantified SLNs detected with lymphoscintigraphy, and investigated correlations with factors that may influence detection. We then attempted to predict SLN metastasis from lymph node counts, comparing the predictions to subsequent biopsy results.

Methods

We assessed lymph node counts in 100 breast cancer patients in whom a single SLN was detected with a fixed lymphoscintigraphy procedure. We examined correlations between the counts and factors known to influence lymphoscintigraphic SLN detection (age, body mass index, tumor size, and presence or absence of metastasis), and determined reference values (lymph node counts of 10.0, 19.4 and 53.0) which were used to predict SLN metastasis in 100 subsequent patients. The predictions were then compared with the SLN biopsy findings.

Results

SLN counts correlated strongly with the presence or absence of metastasis, with metastasis-positive lymph nodes showing significantly lower counts than negative nodes (p < 0.001). Prediction of SLN metastasis achieved a 100% positive predictive value at a reference value of 10.0, and a 100% negative predictive value at a reference value of 53.0. At a reference value of 19.4, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were 77.8, 73.2, and 74.0%, respectively.

Conclusions

The SLN counts detected with lymphoscintigraphy were significantly lower in metastasis-positive lymph nodes than in metastasis-negative lymph nodes. This suggests that prediction of SLN metastasis in breast cancer is possible using lymphoscintigraphy.     

食管癌气管食管沟淋巴结转移

目的评价ＣＴ对食管癌气管食管沟淋巴结的诊断价值。方法搜集经病理证实的食管癌气管食管沟淋巴结病例３７例，行ＣＴ检查，平扫１０例，增强扫描２７例。结果（１）各段食管癌均可引起气管食管沟淋巴结转移，左右两侧表现不一致。右侧淋巴结绕着气管右后壁生长呈“Ｌ”形，边界不清晰，密度多均匀，致气管右后壁受压狭窄呈不规则状，甚至气管左移，局部颈总动脉和颈内静脉被推向外或前外。而左侧淋巴结呈结节状紧贴气管左壁，气管以右移为主，局部颈总动脉和颈内静脉被推向外或后外。（２）颈段食管癌伴局部淋巴结转移时，应以ＣＴ作为治疗定位标准。（３）颈部转移淋巴结的大小与食管癌局部病变的大小不呈平行关系。（４）食管癌气管食管沟淋巴结转移，需与甲状腺癌、气管癌、环后区癌、神经源性肿瘤鉴别。结论掌握食管癌气管食管沟淋巴结ＣＴ特征，有助于正确诊断，可为临床进一步治疗提供依据。     

能谱CT动静脉期碘含量差值对胃癌淋巴结转移的预测价值

目的 探讨能谱CT动静脉期的碘含量差值预测胃癌淋巴结转移的价值。 方法 回顾性选取经病理确诊的胃腺癌病人104例,其中男66例、女38例,平均年龄（58.79±9.10）岁。均于术前1周内进行能谱CT检查。根据术后病理淋巴结转移结果将病人分为转移组（64例）和非转移组（40例）。分别采用卡方检验和独立样本t检验比较2组病人基本资料、肿瘤病理特征及能谱CT参数[肿瘤最大径,动脉期和静脉期的CT值、碘浓度（IC）值和标准化碘浓度（nIC）值以及动静脉期CT差值、IC差值、nIC差值]。采用多因素Logistic回归分析胃癌病人淋巴结转移的影响因素。采用受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线分析并计算能谱CT参数预测淋巴结转移的敏感度、特异度和相应曲线下面积（AUC）。 结果 转移组中肿瘤低分化,T₃和T₄分期,Bommann Ⅲ、Ⅳ型占比以及肿瘤最大径均高于非转移组（均P<0.05）,2组病人性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、Lauren分型的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。转移组的动脉期和静脉期的IC、nIC以及动静脉期IC差值、nIC差值均高于非转移组（均P<0.05）;2组动脉期和静脉期的CT值以及动静脉期CT差值的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示T分期（OR=4.226）、Bommann分型（OR=3.006）、肿瘤最大径（OR=3.722）、静脉期nIC（OR=4.108）、动静脉期IC差值（OR=3.992）、动静脉期nIC差值（OR=4.607）是胃癌病人淋巴结转移的影响因素（均P<0.05）。动静脉期nIC差值的临界值为-0.35时,敏感度（0.933）、特异度（0.837）和AUC（0.918）最高。 结论 胃癌病人术前采用能谱CT检查有利于评估淋巴结转移,其中动静脉期nIC差值对淋巴结转移预测价值高于静脉期nIC。     

Ultrasound diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer

The role of ultrasonic (US) examination in the detection of cervical lymph node metastasis from head and neck cancer has been evaluated. The subjects were 57 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity, maxillary sinus or oropharynx who underwent radical neck dissection. The preoperative US and postoperative histopathological findings were compared in 181 lymph nodes (LNs) of 5 mm or more in diameter. LNs were evaluated by US with reference to their size, shape, boundary and internal echoes. The histologically positive rate was higher for larger LNs on US scans: 96% (44/46) of LNs of 15 mm or more were positive. On the other hand, 95% (18/19) of the flat LNs were negative. The positive rate was higher for well delineated than poorly delineated LNs, but similar among the homogeneous, heterogeneous and reflective core patterns of internal echoes. No LNs were detected by US in six of the 57 patients, of which four were true negative and the other two false negative. In the two false negative patients, histopathological examination showed a total of four LNs with two showing extensive extranodal spread of tumour and fibrosis of the surrounding tissue due to previous radiotherapy. Whether LNs are metastatic or not is difficult to determine directly by US. However, the positive rate can be enhanced by evaluation of the size, shape and boundary of the LN. US is indispensable for diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with malignant head and neck tumours.     

MSCT对纵隔淋巴结结核和纵隔淋巴结转移瘤诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对纵隔淋巴结结核和纵隔淋巴结转移瘤的诊断价值.方法 选取50例纵隔淋巴结结核及26例纵隔淋巴结转移瘤的MSCT影像资料,记录病变分布、大小、密度、融合、强化方式、邻近组织受累情况,进行对比分析.结果 成人纵隔淋巴结结核比转移瘤更易累及4R、2R、7区淋巴结.前者病灶直径在1～4 cm之...     

前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者腋窝转移危险因素的研究

目的研究前哨淋巴结（sentinellymphnode,SLN）阳性乳腺癌患者腋窝非前哨淋巴结（NSI-N）转移的危险因素,验证纪念斯隆一凯特琳癌症中心（MSKCC）腋窝NSLN转移预测模型评估乳腺癌患者的临床应用价值。方法回顾性地分析军事医学科学院附属医院普外科2000年,11月至2011年3月175例成功行SLN活检且结果阳性、随即行腋窝淋巴结清扫的乳腺癌患者临床病理资料,使用MSKCC预测模型计算每例患者腋窝NSLN转移风险,利用校正曲线和受试者操作特性曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）评估该模型预测的准确性。结果原发肿瘤大小、肿瘤是否多发、阳性SLN数、阳性SLN转移率、阴性SLN数与腋窝NSLN转移相关,P值分别为0．0018、0．0029、0．0049、0．0007、0．0002。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,原发肿瘤大小、肿瘤是否多发和阳性SI．N数是NSI．N转移的独立危险因素,P值分别为0．0022、0．0160、0．0176。校正曲线显示预测值曲线和真实值曲线趋势相近,MSKCC预测模型被验证的AUC值为0．79。结论对于SLN转移阳性的乳腺癌患者,原发肿瘤越小、肿瘤单发、阳性SLN数越少、阴性SLN数越多、阳性SLN转移率越低,其腋窝NSLN转移可能性越低,可对是否行腋窝淋巴结清扣提供参考。MSKCC预测模型可较准确地预测腋窝NSI．N的转移风险。     

Dual-time-point FDG-PET for evaluation of lymph node metastasis in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate whether delayed additional F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging can improve the certainty of this modality in evaluating lymph node metastasis in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Eighty-three patients with NSCLC were examined. FDG-PET imaging (whole body) was performed at 1-h (early) post-FDG injection and repeated 2 h (delayed) after injection only in the thoracic area. The PET images were evaluated qualitatively for regions of focally increased metabolism. If a lymph node was visible on the PET image, the semi-quantitative analysis using the standardized uptake value (SUV) was determined for both early and delayed images (SUV(early) and SUV(delayed), respectively). Retention index (RI) was then calculated on the basis of the following equation: (SUV(delayed) - SUV(early)) x 100/SUV(early). The RI value of more than 0% was taken to be the PET criterion for malignancy. RESULTS: For early and delayed PET, sensitivities for lymph node staging were 54% and 62%, respectively, specificities were 89% for both, and accuracies were 78% and 81%, respectively. The results of combined delayed PET and RI showed a sensitivity of 62%, specificity of 96%, and accuracy of 86%. CONCLUSIONS: Dual-time-point FDG-PET (combined delayed PET and RI) showed better (although not statistically significant) specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy than early or delayed PET alone for lymph node staging in NSCLC.     

DWIBS 对直肠癌淋巴结转移的初步研究

目的：探讨背景信号抑制扩散加权成像(DWIBS)在直肠癌淋巴结转移诊断中的应用价值。方法30例经肠镜确诊的直肠癌患者行常规 MRI 及 DWIBS 检查。对照术后病理结果,确定转移性和非转移性淋巴结。测量淋巴结实质部分的表观扩散系数(ADC)值,比较差异有无统计学意义,采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析确定 ADC 值的诊断阈值。结果73枚淋巴结中,转移性淋巴结52枚,非转移性淋巴结21枚。转移性与非转移性淋巴结实质部分的 ADC 值分别为(0.881±0.094)×10-3 mm2/s和(1.072±0.108)×10-3 mm2/s,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。当以 ADC=0.957×10-3 mm2/s 作为鉴别转移性与非转移性淋巴结的诊断指标,其诊断价值为优(Az 值=0.919,P <0.05),灵敏度为90.5%,特异度为80.8%。结论ADC 值可用于直肠癌淋巴结转移的鉴别,DWIBS 在直肠癌淋巴结转移的评估中具有较高的应用价值。     

MRI for detection of extramural vascular invasion in rectal cancer

OBJECTIVE: Extramural vascular invasion is a pathologic feature predictive of distant relapse and poor survival among patients with colorectal cancer. This article illustrates the use of high-spatial-resolution MRI to identify extramural vascular invasion. CONCLUSION: Objective MRI features that correlate with histopathologic findings can be identified and used to evaluate extramural vascular invasion on preoperative images. The MRI extramural vascular invasion score provides additional staging information, which is important when selective neoadjuvant therapy is being considered.     

Comparison of FDG-PET with MIBI-SPECT in the detection of breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to compare [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) PET and 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) SPECT in the detection of breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis in the same patients. METHOD: FDG-PET and MIBI-SPECT were performed within 3 days for 40 women (age range 25-86 years old) with suspected breast cancer, in whom biopsies and/or mastectomies were performed. Both images were visually assessed, and the count ratio between tumor and normal tissue (T/N ratio) was calculated. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients had breast cancer, and the remaining two had benign breast lesions. The sensitivities of FDG-PET and MIBI-SPECT were 78.9 and 76.3% for breast cancer and 50.0 and 37.5% for axillary lymph node metastasis, respectively. The T/N ratio of breast cancer was significantly higher in FDG-PET (6.01 +/- 3.08 mean +/- SD) than that in MIBI-SPECT (3.48 +/- 1.21) (p = 0.01). Nonmalignant diffuse uptake of FDG in the breasts and the accumulation of MIBI in heart and liver occasionally obscured tumor uptake. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that MIBI-SPECT is comparable with FDG-PET in detecting breast cancer. Neither FDG-PET nor MIBI-SPECT is sufficiently sensitive to rule out axillary lymph node metastasis.