卡托普利与缓释硝苯地平治疗对高血压病患者运动血压的影响

目的探讨原发性高血压(EH)降压治疗后,运动血压反应是否恢复正常及观察卡托普利与缓释硝苯地平治疗有无差异.方法以正常成人22例作为对照,44例EH患者随机分为卡托普利和硝苯地平治疗两组.卡托普利始用12.5 mg,2次/d,缓释硝苯地平始用10 mg,2次/d,治疗2周,血压未降至正常者,逐渐加至25 mg,2次/d或20 mg,2次/d;观察3个月.于观察期结束前1周,测定运动前、运动终止后即刻、5、10、15 min坐位血压,并计算SBP恢复至运动前水平的时间(血压恢复时间).结果正常组运动后SBP和DBP升高幅度分别为(12.6士3.3)mm Hg和(-0.1土2.6)mm Hg,血压恢复时间为(5.9士2.0)min;高血压治疗两组虽然安静血压得到满意控制,但上述参数仍明显高于对照组;与硝苯地平组比较,卡托普利组运动终止即刻SBP/DBP升幅明显更低[(14.9±3.2/8.7±3.3比18.9±7.7/11.6±4.5)mm Hg,P均＜0.05];血压恢复时间更短[(9.8土4.6比13.3土5.3)min,P＜0.05].结论高血压病患者即使血压得到有效控制,运动血压增幅和血压恢复时间仍明显大于正常血压者;与缓释硝苯地平比较,卡托普利治疗运动血压增幅更小、血压恢复时间更短.     

卡托普利与缓释硝苯地平对高血压患者血清瘦素的影响

目的探讨卡托普利与缓释硝苯地平治疗对原发性高血压(EH)患者血清瘦素、胰岛素的影响及其差异。方法入选轻中度高血压患者44例(男24例,女20例),配对健康体检者22人(男12人,女10人),研究分为3组:正常对照组(C),卡托普利组(Ca)和硝苯地平组(Ni),每组各22例(男12例,女10例)。卡托普利起始用12·5mg,缓释硝苯地平10mg,2次/d,治疗2周血压未降至正常者,分别逐渐加至50mg和20mg,2次/d,治疗12周。观察体质量指数(BMI)、血压,空腹抽血测定血清瘦素、胰岛素、三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇、血糖。12周后治疗组重复血压、BMI、瘦素、胰岛素、血糖测定。结果Ca和Ni两组除血压高于C组外,BMI、血糖、TG、胆固醇与C组无明显差异,高血压两组间上述参数相似。但Ca和Ni两组的血清瘦素[Ca(6·1±2·5)和Ni(6·4±3·1)vsC(5·0±1·4)μg/L,P<0·05)和胰岛素[Ca(9·1±5·5)和Ni(9·1±6·3)vsC(6·2±2·4)mIU/L,P<0·05)]均明显高于C组。Ca组治疗后血清瘦素明显降低[(6·1±2·5)vs(5·3±1·2)μg/L,P<0·05)],而Ni组无明显变化[(6·4±3·1)vs(6·5±2·5)μg/L]。结论高血压患者血清瘦素水平高于正常人,卡托普利治疗可降低瘦素水平,而硝苯地平则无明显影响。     

美托洛尔对高血压患者运动后血压的影响

目的：探讨美托洛尔对高血压患者运动后血压的影响。方法：300例高血压患者被随机均分为美托洛尔治疗组和常规治疗组。美托洛尔组给予美托洛尔＋硝苯地平缓释片,常规治疗组给予卡托普利＋硝苯地平缓释片,当患者血压降至130/80mmHg以下后嘱其在平地中速行走150 m,并测量两组患者行走前、后肱动脉血压。结果：行走后较行走前美托洛尔治疗组收缩压（SBP）上升（8.2±2.5）mmHg,舒张压（DBP）上升（4.6±2.1）mmHg,常规治疗组SBP上升（14.3±3.4）mmHg,DBP上升（8.0±2.6mmHg）,美托洛尔组较常规治疗组SBP上升显著减少（P〈0.01,t=2.68）,DBP上升显著减少（P〈0.05,t=2.26）。结论：美托洛尔可明显降低高血压患者运动后血压。     

动态血压监测评价贝尼地平治疗原发性高血压的疗效观察

目的应用动态血压监测(ABPM)的方法评价贝尼地平治疗原发性高血压的降压疗效、谷/峰比值及不良反应.方法采用开放的方法,20例研究对象经2周洗脱期,服用贝尼地平4mg/d一次,2周末坐位舒张压(SeDBP)≥90 mmHg者加量至贝尼地平8 mg/d一次,继续服用6周.于洗脱期末及治疗8周末各行ABPM和实验室检查一次.结果ABPM显示8周末24 h、日间、夜间收缩压(SBP/DBP)较洗脱期末分别下降(9.4±5.4/6.2±4.1)mmHg、(10.7±6.7/6.8±3.8)mmHg、(6.9±9.0/5.1±7.7)mmHg.降压T/P值SBP为58%,DBP为59%.无严重不良反应.结论贝尼地平4～8 mg/d一次为疗效确切的降压药物.     

氯沙坦的降压疗效及其对血压谷/峰比值的影响

目的:以动态血压观察氯沙坦片对原发性高血压病患者的疗效及其对血压谷峰比值的影响。方法:60例原发性高血压病患者被随机均分为氯沙坦片组和苯那普利片组(各30例),分别给予氯沙坦片50～100mg和苯那普利片10～20mg,晨服,1次/日,疗程16周。结果:治疗后两组病人的血压均有明显下降,氯沙坦片组,收缩压(SBP)由治疗前的168.2±16.3 mmHg降至138.3±17.2mmHg,舒张压(DBP)由治疗前的99.8±8.1mmHg降至治疗后的85.3±6.4mmHg,SBP、DBP谷/峰比值分别为0.73和0.68;苯那普利组;SBP由治疗前的169.4±16.7mmHg降至139.3±16mmHg,DBP由治疗前的98.7±9.2mmHg降至治疗后的84.6±6.3mmHg,SBP、DBP谷/峰比值分别为0.67、0.63,与治疗前比较,P均<0.01,但组间比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。氯沙坦组无明显副作用,苯那普利组有6例出现咳嗽,2例咳嗽较剧烈,退出观察。结论:氯沙坦片能安全、有效、平稳地降低高血压病人的血压,其疗效与苯那普利疗效相似,但副作用明显少于后者,是高血压治疗的理想用药。     

动态血压监测评价国产坎地沙坦酯对高血压的疗效及安全性

目的 :观察国产坎地沙坦酯对原发性高血压 (EH)患者治疗的有效性、安全性及耐受性。方法 :EH患者 37例 ,整个研究过程包括 2周停药观察期和 8周治疗期。口服坎地沙坦酯 8mg ,qd ,在治疗 1、2、4、6和 8周末各随访 1次。服药 4周后若患者坐位舒张压 (DBP)≥ 90mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa)则增加剂量至 16mg。在治疗开始时以及治疗期的第 8周进行 2 4h动态血压监测。结果 :①服药后 2 4h和白昼、夜间收缩压 (SBP)和DBP较服药前明显下降 ,分别为 (7.5 4± 12 .2 9) / (5 .19± 8.2 8) ,(6 .99± 14 .0 5 ) / (4 .6 2± 9.5 0 ) ,(8.4 8± 13.4 0 /(6 .0 2± 9.5 0 )mmHg ,均 P <0 .0 1。② 2 4h动态血压监测示服药后 2 4h各时点DBP和SBP均较服药前下降 ,大部分时点P <0 .0 5。③DBP、SBP的谷峰比率分别为 0 .70、0 .6 4。④平滑指数 (SI) :SBP、DBPSI分别为 3.99、3.10。⑤轻微不良反应发生率为 8.1% (3/ 37例 )。结论 :患者每日一次口服国产坎地沙坦酯 8～ 16mg治疗EH能持续 2 4h安全、平稳降压     

高血压病患者的运动血压及影响因素

目的研究高血压病患者的运动血压及影响因素.方法监测327例1、2级高血压患者及64例正常者在活动平板运动试验中的血压反应,分析可能对其有影响的因素偶测血压、性别、年龄、体质指数、血脂、病程、吸烟、饮酒及家族史等.结果活动平板运动试验中高血压患者及正常者随运动量增加血压反应增高,高血压患者运动中、最大运动量及恢复期的血压反应均显著高于正常组,2级高血压组显著高于1级高血压组,运动中最高血压正常组为154±15 mmHg/81±10 mmHg, 1级高血压组为193±14 mmHg/96±7 mmHg, 2级高血压组为204±13 mmHg/102±7 mmHg.以运动高血压为标准,正常组有运动高血压4.68% , 1级高血压组有41.27% , 2级高血压组有75.76% , 各组间均有显著性差异.多元逐步回归分析显示运动中最高收缩压与偶测SBP、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、偶测DBP、低密度脂蛋白、体质指数、年龄、饮酒、性别有关;运动中最高舒张压与偶测SBP、胆固醇、偶测DBP、年龄、性别、饮酒、体质指数有关.结论各级高血压患者的运动血压反应具有统计学意义,运动血压除与偶测血压密切相关外,其他相关因素与高血压发病的危险因素相似,本研究所得血压反应值可为其在临床的应用提供参照依据.     

地尔硫卓在围手术期重症高血压中的疗效观察

目的:评价盐酸地尔硫卓(合贝爽)注射剂在治疗围手术期高血压中的有效性和安全性。方法:开放性病例收集研究。共收集23例非心脏外科手术合并有高血压的患者。先以(5～10)μg/(kg·min)静脉滴注或泵入,每5min递增5～10μg/(kg·min),平均点滴速率在30min内渐增至10～20μg/(kg·min)。观察血压和心率的变化。结果:治疗前与治疗后不同时间段对收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)以及心率(HR)的作用效果分别为:从治疗前的SBP/DBP210.8±19.6/128.4±10.3(mmHg)至治疗后10min的SBP/DBP186.4±15.3/93.1±11.2(mmHg),和用药前相比P<0.05;治疗后60min:SBP/DBP158.3±14.7/84.3±8.3mmHg,和用药前相比P<0.001。给药前与给药后各时间段的心率无显著性改变(用药前HR:88.6±18.6次/min,用药后60min81.4±14.9次/min),P>0.05。结论:地尔硫卓注射剂治疗围手术期重症高血压安全有效。     

低剂量吲哒帕胺缓释片治疗原发性高血压的30小时动态血压评价

目的评价吲哒帕胺1.5 mg新型缓释片(SR I .D)的长效降压疗效及安全性.方法 24例轻中度原发性高血压患者,服SR I .D 1.5 mg前和8周后分别进行连续30小时的动态血压监测,并测定血钾及血尿酸,观察药物的安全性.结果服药后诊所血压总有效率54.2%.SBP/DBP由治疗前的(142.4±11.9/97.2±5.0)mmHg降至治疗后的(132.5±8.4/88.0±6.0)mmHg,心率无明显改变.前24小时ABPM血压由(130.3±9.1/86.3±6.3)mmHg降至(123.4±10.3/81.4±7.3)mmHg,延长段6小时ABPM血压由(136.9±9.7/90.7±6.0)mmHg降至(128.0±8.6/85.7±7.9)mmHg,两者均有显著意义.SBP和DBP的T/P比值分别为0.75和0.73.治疗后血钾由(4.6±0.56)mmol/L下降至(4.1±0.36)mmol/L(P<0.01),最低值为3.5 mmol/L(2例).血尿酸值由服药前的(333.8±73.0)mol/L变为(367.9±88.3)μmol/L,异常的例数由3例上升至7例,但尚无统计学差异.结论吲哒帕胺1.5 mg缓释片每日1次给药降压平稳而达30小时以上,不良反应少.     

氯沙坦对高血压病人24小时血压的影响

目的观察氯沙坦对高血压病人24小时血压的影响,探讨其临床意义。 方法20例Ⅰ-Ⅱ级高血压病人,入院后停药2周,服氯沙坦50mg,qd,疗程12周,1个月后血压若未降至140/90mmHg以下,可加大剂量到100mg,qd,治疗前后复查24小时动态血压。以二次给药间距终末时血压下降数除以给药间距中最大血压下降数值作为药物降压的谷/峰比(T∶P),以夜间血压均值与白昼血压均值比较时下降10%或大于10mmHg者为夜间血压下降或"杓型者",反之为夜间血压不下降者或"非杓型者"。 结果　发现(1)氯沙坦能明显降低高血压病人的24小时平均血压(mmHg)(SBP134±14比113±8,DBP89±12比71±5,P<0.01);有效率为85.0%.(2)氯沙坦降压的SBP和DBPTP比率分别为78.6%(48%～93.9%)和76.2%(46.4%～89.6%).SBP,DBP和MBP的平滑曲线指数分别是1.23±0.32,1.36±0.41和1.32±0.38.(3)对夜间血压高于正常值(120/80mmHg)的高血压患者,氯沙坦明显降低夜间血压(mmHg)(SBP142.6±8.8降至116.3±11.4,DBP89.2±9.6降至74.3±6.8,P<0.01),对夜间血压已属正常者,氯沙坦无进一步降压作用(SBP120.3±3.7比116.3±6.8;DBP78.2±6.1比74.3±7.2,P>0.05).(3)24小时SBP,DBP下降幅度与治疗前SBP,DBP明显相关,r分别为0.803和0.797,P<0.01. 结论　氯沙坦是一种安全有效的降压药,其主要优点是24小时平稳降压,谷峰比满意,夜间无过度降压的危险,晨间血压上升受到明显抑制,基础血压越高,降压效果越好。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.