Incidence and clinical outcomes of acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy in Japan

No population-based studies have described the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Japan. This study prospectively examined the incidence of AKI requiring RRT by surveying 16 hospitals in Shizuoka prefecture from January to October 2006. The subjects comprised 242 patients treated with RRT during the observation period. The estimated incidence of AKI requiring RRT was 13.3 cases/100,000 persons/year in this area. Major contributing factors for AKI were sepsis (34%), cardiac shock (23%), and major surgery (12%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 47.1%, paralleling the increased number of insufficient organs. Oliguria was a risk factor for in-hospital mortality. These findings suggest that the incidence of AKI treated with RRT in Japan is comparable to those in Western countries, and the prognosis of AKI patients requiring RRT is also poor in Japanese patients.     

心脏术后行连续性肾脏替代治疗患者死亡危险因素分析

目的探讨心脏手术后行连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)患者死亡危险因素,并分析CRRT前后各因素变化。方法回顾性分析心脏术后急性肾功能损伤行CRRT治疗的53例患者(存活组26例,死亡组27例)的临床资料,CRRT治疗方法、行CRRT治疗的各项观察指标及死亡危险因素,并进行统计分析。结果心脏术后行CRRT治疗患者病死率为50.9%(27/53)。两组术前心脏手术史、心胸比率、首次CRRT前平均动脉压、血清HCO3-浓度、术后主动脉内球囊反搏使用、低心排血量综合征、感染、CRRT距离手术时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示术前心胸比率、CRRT前平均动脉压、血清HCO3-浓度及术后感染为行连续性肾脏替代治疗患者的独立危险因素。行CRRT治疗后血流动力学、肾功能及肺功能等指标较行CRRT治疗前改善。结论CRRT治疗后血流动力学、肾功能及肺功能较前改善。术前心胸比率、CRRT前平均动脉压、血清HCO3-浓度及术后感染是心脏术后急性肾损伤行CRRT治疗的独立危险因素。     

Evaluation of outcomes with apixaban use for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with end-stage renal disease receiving renal replacement therapy

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - While direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) received expanded labeling for use in atrial fibrillation (AF) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) based on...     

Evolution and mortality risk factors in children with continuous renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery

Introduction and objectives

To study the clinical course of children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery and to analyze factors associated with mortality.

Methods

A prospective observational study was performed that included children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the influence of each factor on mortality. We compared these patients with other critically ill children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy.

Results

Of 1650 children undergoing cardiac surgery, 81 (4.9%) required continuous renal replacement therapy, 65 of whom (80.2%) presented multiple organ failure. The children who started continuous renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery had lower mean arterial pressure, lower urea and creatinine levels, and higher mortality (43%) than the other children on continuous renal replacement therapy (29%) (P = .05). Factors associated with mortality in the univariate analysis were age less than 12 months, weight under 10 kg, higher pediatric risk of mortality score, hypotension, lower urea and creatinine levels when starting continuous renal replacement therapy, and the use of hemofiltration. In the multivariate analysis, hypotension when starting continuous renal replacement therapy, pediatric risk of mortality scores equal to or greater than 21, and hemofiltration were associated with mortality.

Conclusions

Although only a small percentage of children undergoing cardiac surgery required continuous renal replacement therapy, mortality among these patients was high. Hypotension and severity of illness when starting the technique and hemofiltration were factors associated with higher mortality.Full English text available from: www.revespcardiol.org     

End-stage renal failure patients requiring renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: incidence,clinical features,and outcome

AIMS: To study incidence, clinical features, and outcome of critically ill patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and to test the validity of severity scoring systems for these patients. METHODS: Data for ESRF patients treated with RRT were collected from 81 Australian adult ICUs providing RRT. They were compared with matched controls with acute renal failure. RESULTS: Thirty-eight ESRF patients received RRT in the ICU over 3 months. The mean APACHE II score was 21.8 (predicted mortality: 37%) and the SAPS II score 44.7 (predicted mortality: 37%). The hospital mortality was 34%. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed good discrimination ability for hospital mortality for these two scores (AUC: 0.81 for APACHE II and 0.84 for SAPS II). Using admission diagnosis and SAPS II scores, 32 ESRF patients treated with continuous RRT (CRRT) were matched to 32 acute renal failure patients also treated with CRRT. ICU mortality (22 vs. 38%) and hospital mortality (38 vs. 38%) were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: ESRF patients requiring RRT in the ICU were relatively frequent. Severity scores could be used to predict the hospital outcome for these patients. Their mortality, when treated with CRRT, was similar to that of diagnosis- and severity-score-matched patients with acute renal failure.     

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes and renal replacement therapy

Reports of renal replacement therapy in diabetes usually refer to patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) only, and little is known about renal failure in non-insulin-dependent diabetics (NIDDM). A high proportion, 46/141 (32%), of the diabetics treated at our unit since 1974 had NIDDM. They were older at treatment (56 +/- 9 years, mean +/- SD) compared to the IDDM patients (39 +/- 10 years, p less than 0.001), and had a shorter duration of diabetes (13 +/- 8 years versus 23 +/- 8 years, p less than 0.001). Asians and Afro-Caribbeans accounted for 48% of the NIDDM patients (22/46) compared to only 7% of those having IDDM (6/95, p less than 0.0001). Non-diabetic renal disease accounted for the renal failure in 32% (15/46) of the NIDDM patients but only in 10.5% (10/95) of the IDDMs (p less than 0.001). Despite these differences the prevalence of other diabetic complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease) was similar. Patient survival after transplantation was poorer in NIDDM than IDDM (23% and 57%, respectively, at 2 years). Survival on dialysis was equally poor in NIDDM and IDDM. Thus, NIDDM patients treated for renal failure are more commonly non-European and more often have non-diabetic renal disease. Yet other diabetic complications occur to the same extent in both IDDM and NIDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy.     

连续性肾脏替代疗法在重症急性肾功能衰竭治疗中的应用

目的 回顾分析连续性肾脏替代疗法（ＣＲＲＴ）在重症急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）治疗中的应用和影响预后的因素。方法 １９８６年５月至１９９９年１月用ＣＲＲＴ治疗重症ＡＲＦ患者１０１例,回顾性分析了患者临床特点、ＣＲＲＴ方法和预后。结果 １０１例患者中６０例（５９．４％）度过疾病的急性期（存活组）,４１例（４０．６％）在急性期死亡（死亡组）,对两组患者的临床统计学资料、肾功能衰竭的特点、疾病严重程度（ＡＰ     

The role of primary prophylactic factor replacement therapy in children with severe factor X deficiency

Severe factor X (FX) deficiency is one of the severest inherited coagulation disorders. Clinical manifestations include umbilical cord, mucosal, joint and central nervous system bleeding. Four Irish children with severe FX deficiency presented with umbilical cord bleeding. One developed an intraperitoneal haemorrhage and another an intracranial bleed. Prophylaxis, using intermediate purity Factor IX concentrate, was commenced within the first month of life, necessitating the insertion of central venous access devices in two of the children. All children have normal joint function, suggesting that prophylaxis commenced early in life reduces the incidence of arthropathy and improves quality of life.     

新型冠状病毒病与肾脏替代治疗

2019年12月中国武汉市发现了以不明原因肺炎为主要表现的急性传染病[1].2020年1月,Zhou等[2]通过对患者呼吸道样本的深度测序分析,鉴定出该不明原因肺炎的致病微生物是一种从未在人类发现过的RNA病毒,属于冠状病毒的新成员,即新型冠状病毒.由该病毒引起的疾病被世界卫生组织命名为 2019 冠状病毒病(coro...     

Free radicals and extracorporeal renal replacement therapy

Free radicals (FR), highly reactive substances with an unpaired electron in the outer orbital attack lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and alter the structure and function of these macromolecules. Against the negative effects of FR during evolution various defense mechanisms developed described comprehensively as antioxidant defense. Under physiological conditions in the organism equilibrium is established between free radical production and antioxidant defense factors. Extracorporeal renal replacement mechanisms can interfere in a negative way with this equilibrium. They provoke the formation of FR and at the same time they weaken the antioxidant defense e.g. by elimination of substances with antioxidant properties. Impairement of the equilibrium between FR production and antioxidant mechanisms to the disadvantage of antioxidant defense in patients with chronic renal failure was proved and is described as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress threatens dialyzed patients with serious clinical complications e.g. accelerated atherosclerosis, amyloidosis, haemolysis and the development of a state of chronic inflammation. Reduction of oxidative stress can be achieved by reducing FR production by using biocompatible dialyzation membranes, proper correction of acid-base disorders, by preventing an iron overload of the organism. The second approach is to foster the antioxidant defense by supplementation with antioxidants. Final recommendations as regards selection of the optimal dialyzation membrane, type of extracorporeal renal replacement and the amount and composition of antioxidant supplements have not yet been established and the problem is the subject of intense research.     

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相比较于间断血液透析(IHD),持续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)因其在维持水电解质、酸碱平衡以及容量管理方面具有突出优势,不仅适用于重症患者的肾脏支持治疗,而且还用于非肾脏疾病,如器官功能支持、免疫调节等,但是,大量随机对照研究结果证明,在发病率和病死率方面,CRRT和IHD之间差异并无统计学意义,可能与CRRT的相关并发症有关。     

Choice of renal replacement therapy in patients with diabetic end stage renal disease

Diabetic nephropathy is becoming the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Although the prognosis of patients with diabetes and ESRD receiving Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) has improved greatly, the presence of pre-existing cardiovascular disease means that the survival and medical rehabilitation of diabetics continue to be inferior to that of non-diabetics. RRT should be initiated earlier in patients with diabetes than in non-diabetics and the main choices of modalities are: 1) haemodialysis (HD), 2) Peritoneal dialysis (PD), 3) Kidney transplantation alone (KTA) or 4) simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation (SPKT). The most common modality of RRT utilised in the diabetic patient remains HD but this method is associated with many clinical problems, in particular the managment of vascular access and frequent intradialytic hypotension. There is accumulating evidence demonstrating that both survival and medical rehabilitation of patients with diabetes and ESRD is superior after renal transplantation with or without pancreas transplantation.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗时机对脓毒症相关急性肾损伤患者28天预后的影响

目的探讨重症监护病房(ICU)中脓毒症相关急性肾损伤(SI-AKI)患者临床特点及连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)时机对28 d预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年6月至2018年12月解放军总医院第一医学中心重症医学科SI-AKI患者44例,根据AKI发生48 h内是否行CRRT分为早期CRRT组29例和晚期CRRT组15例,比较2组患者各项生理功能指标及28 d预后情况。应用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据进行分析。Kaplan-Meier生存分析患者28 d预后。结果根据KDIGO分期标准,AKI 1期13.6%(6/44),2期18.2%(8/44),3期68.2%(30/44)。短暂性AKI占18.2%(8/44),持续性AKI占81.8%(36/44)。AKI发生28 d时15例死亡。早期CRRT组相比晚期CRRT组患者糖尿病比例(31.0%和6.7%,P=0.048)高,CRRT时收缩压[(114±15)和(130±20)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),P=0.005]、平均动脉压[(82±11)和(91±18)mmHg,P=0.040]、血肌酐(197.0和418.9μmol/L,P=0.002)、尿素氮(12.9和35.0 mmol/L,P0.001)、血钙(1.9和2.0 mmol/L;P=0.007)、血镁(0.7和0.8 mmol/L,P=0.013)水平低,血红蛋白[(96±26)和(84±13)g/L,P=0.046]及血乳酸(3.8和1.7 mmol/L,P=0.009)水平高,AKI 3期患者比例(58.6%和86.7%,P=0.041)低。早期CRRT组患者28 d病死率31%(9/29),晚期CRRT组患者28 d病死率40%(6/15),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.575)。结论早期CRRT没有明显改善SI-AKI患者28d病死率。     

Aortic valve replacement in children: Options and outcomes

Several disease pathologies such as congenital heart disease and rheumatic fever can affect the aortic valve (AV) in children frequently necessitating intervention. While percutaneous or surgical AV repair is recommended as initial management strategy in children with AV disease, AV replacement (AVR) might become necessary in children with significant valve destruction and after repair or intervention failure. AVR in children is associated with distinct clinical and technical problems owing to several anatomic, social and prosthesis-related issues.In the current review, we list different AV substitutes, discuss their advantages and shortcomings, outline AVR results in children, and explore the divergence of outcomes in various age, anatomy and pathology subgroups; all in the aim to identify optimal AVR choice for each patient taking into consideration his unique anatomic and demographic characteristics.     

Antiviral therapy and outcomes of influenza requiring hospitalization in Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the impact of antiviral therapy on outcomes of patients hospitalized with influenza in southern Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Patients admitted to Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network hospitals with laboratory-confirmed influenza from 1 January 2005 through 31 May 2006 were enrolled in the study. Demographic and medical data were collected by patient and physician interview and chart review. The main outcome evaluated was death within 15 days after symptom onset. RESULTS: Data were available for 512 of 541 eligible patients. There were 185 children (<15 years of age), none of whom died and none of whom were treated with antiviral drugs. The median age of the 327 adults was 77 years (range, 15-98 years), 166 (51%) were male, 245 (75%) had a chronic underlying illness, and 216 (71%) had been vaccinated against influenza. Of the 327 adult patients, 184 (59%) presented to the emergency department within 48 h after symptom onset, 52 (16%) required intensive care unit admission, and 27 (8.3%) died within 15 days after symptom onset. Most patients (292 patients; 89%) received antibacterial therapy; 106 (32%) were prescribed antiviral drugs. Treatment with antiviral drugs active against influenza was associated with a significant reduction in mortality (odds ratio, 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.80; n=100, 260). There was no apparent impact of antiviral therapy on length of stay in survivors. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant burden of illness attributable to influenza in this highly vaccinated population. Treatment with antiviral drugs was associated with a significant reduction in mortality.     

连续肾脏替代疗法在急性肾功能衰竭及多脏器功能衰竭中的临床应用

目的　观察不同年龄组急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)及多脏器功能衰竭 (MOF)时 ,连续肾脏替代疗法 (CR RT)治疗效果及影响预后的因素。方法　 2 6例ARF患者按年龄分为中青年组 8例 ,老年组 9例 ,高龄组 9例 ;应用连续动静脉血液滤过或连续动静脉血液透析滤过 (CAVH或CAVHDF) 11例 ,连续静静脉血液滤过或连续静静脉血液透析滤过 (CVVH或CVVHDF) 15例。结果　CRRT能满意清除尿毒症毒素 ,较快纠正水、电解质、酸碱平衡失调。 3个年龄组病死率无显著差异 ,死亡与器官衰竭数目呈显著负相关 ,3个或 3个以上器官衰竭 ,病死率接近 10 0 %。结论　CRRT在救治少尿型ARF及MOF时 ,不受年龄限制 ,其血流动力学稳定 ,是有效的治疗方法。     

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??Abstract??The incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease in elderly patients have been increasing rapidly in recent years.Previous studies have pointed out special physiopathological characteristics and clinical manifestations in elderly patients.These patients often suffer from malnutrition and multiple extra-renal comorbidities such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Most studies showed that the quality of life and survival of the elderly dialyzed patients were worse than those of younger patients because of multiple comorbidities.However??hemodialysis??peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation are elective model for the elderly??and the choice of treatment model depends on the individual??clinical??economic conditions and social factors.     

Filter clotting with continuous renal replacement therapy in COVID-19

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be associated with increased arterial and venous thromboembolic disease. These presumed abnormalities in...