食管平滑肌瘤的影像学表现

目的：探讨食管平滑肌瘤的影像学诊断和鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实24例食管平滑肌瘤的影像学表现。结果：常规食管X线钡餐造影示腔内型16例。表现为圆形或半圆形充盈缺损,腔外型8例,表现为局部轻度受压。其中21例行CT检查,显示圆形和椭圆形及马蹄型肿块,增强扫描呈均匀强化。16例行MR扫描显示肿块,矢状位和冠状位肿块与食管关系密切。结论：食管平滑肌瘤X线钡餐造影检查是首选检查方法,但有时定性诊断较难,CT与MRI扫描能确定肿瘤大小、范围、性质及与其他病变鉴别。     

食管息肉样隆起性病变X线诊断(附42例分析)

目的 分析食管不同息肉样隆起病变的X线表现特点,以提高诊断符合率和良恶性鉴别水平.方法 经病理证实,通过食管低张双对比造影发现,病变直径＜3 cm的食管息肉样隆起病变42例,其中食管癌23例,平滑肌瘤11例,息肉 3例,食管囊肿、乳头状瘤、孤立性静脉瘤、炎性假瘤及恶性黑色素瘤各1例.对其X线表现进行回顾性分析.结果 在食管常见肿瘤中,食管癌诊断符合率91.3%,平滑肌瘤符合率90.9%,息肉为66.7%,在剩余的5例少见病中,总诊断符合率为40%.食管息肉样隆起病变的良恶性判断总正确率为90.5%.结论 X线钡餐检查在食管息肉样隆起病变中,对于食管癌和平滑肌瘤的诊断以及在鉴别肿瘤的良恶性方面具有重要价值.     

食管平滑肌瘤的X线诊断与鉴别

平滑肌瘤是消化道常见的良性肿瘤，食管又为平滑肌瘤的好发部位。现将我院积累收集到X线病理资料较完整的食管平滑肌瘤28例报告分析如下，借以总结研究本病的诊断及鉴别。     

食管疾病的CT诊断（附30例分析）

３０例共３４次食管ＣＴ扫描，其中食管癌２３例，食管癌术后复发１例，食管静脉曲张和贲门失弛缓症各１例，钡餐疑食管外压性病变，经ＣＴ扫描，其中２例分别为右位主动脉和左主支气管压迫，另２例ＣＴ扫描无异常，经随访检查为正常。笔者分析了相应食管疾病的ＣＴ表现，重点讨论了食管癌的ＣＴ扫描方法及诊断，认为ＣＴ扫描是钡餐和胃镜检查的重要辅助方法，在良、恶性肿瘤的鉴别、判断有无转移及治疗方案的选择上有重要临床意义，并且可以随访观察疗效，指出食管癌管周脂肪间隙模糊或消失不宜作为能否手术切除的评价指标。     

消化道平滑肌类肿瘤的X线钡餐造影与CT诊断

目的：探讨胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤的X线钡餐造影表现与CT特征以及平滑肌瘤与平滑肌肉瘤鉴别诊断中的一些问题。资料与方法。搜集经手术病理证实的胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤15例，包括平滑肿瘤11例，平滑肌肉瘤4例，13例行胃肠道气钡双重造影检查，6例行螺旋CT平扫及双期增强扫描。结果：4例食管平滑肌瘤包括腔内型和腔外型各2例，X线钡餐造影表现为腔内充盈缺损和粘膜皱襞受压推移，3例边缘呈“屋檐征”，9例胃部平滑肌类肿瘤包括腔内型5型，腔外型和腔内外型各2例，X线钡餐造影表现为腔内充盈缺损，4例胃平滑肿瘤（4／7）有“桥”形皱襞形成，CT表现为腔内或腔内外软组织肿块影，1例胃平滑肌瘤密度均匀，2例平滑肌肉瘤密度不均匀，2例小肠平滑肌肉瘤均为腔内外型，CT扫描表现为小肠区多个不规则肿块，密度不均匀。结论：X线钡餐造影是胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤基本的首选检查方法，CT作为重要的补充检查特别是对于腔外型和腔内外型病变，二者结合使用弥补了单一方法的不足，提高了对胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤的诊断价值，并对平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤鉴别诊断有较大帮助。     

CT误诊为淋巴瘤的纵隔肿物分析

目的 分析纵隔内肿块性病变易误诊为淋巴瘤的主要原因,探讨纵隔病变的CT鉴别诊断要点。资料与方法 回顾性分析20例CT误诊为纵隔淋巴瘤,后经手术病理或穿刺活检证实为其他病变的纵隔肿物,分析其临床及CT表现与淋巴瘤的鉴别点。结果 20例误诊病例的最终结果分别为：淋巴结结核6例,组织坏死性淋巴结炎2例,艾滋病（AIDS）淋巴结肿大2例,淋巴结转移癌4例,结节病3例,食管癌2例,支气管源性囊肿1例。均表现为纵隔肿块和／或淋巴结肿大,但在病变位置和病变特点上有所不同。结论 纵隔肿块性病变的CT诊断须将病变位置、病变特点与临床资料相结合,才能减少误诊,提高诊断准确率。     

食管平滑肌瘤的X线分析

食管平滑肌瘤为最常见的食管良性肿瘤，约占食管良性肿瘤的2／3。多数为单发，少数亦可多发。本文报道几例近年经手术病理证实的食管平滑肌瘤8例，并结合文献讨论其X线诊断与鉴别诊断。近几年检查手段较为先进，结合胃镜，CT检查、诊断较为准确。     

乳腺疾病的CT诊断

目的明确乳腺疾病的ＣＴ征象，评价ＣＴ扫描在乳腺癌及腋窝淋巴结转移诊断中的价值。材料与方法报告乳腺疾病５３例，包括乳腺癌３０例，良性疾病２３例，均行ＣＴ扫描，其中４４例同时进行钼靶摄影。结果（１）乳腺癌ＣＴ表现为：圆形、椭圆形或不规则形肿块，边缘毛刺，导管牵拉征，库伯韧带受累，局部皮肤胸壁浸润及周围脂肪间隙变形。良性疾病：单纯增生表现为不规则形肿块及患侧腺体增厚；囊性增生典型表现为多发圆形含液体密度囊肿。（２）ＣＴ与钼靶摄影结果相比较，两者在良恶性乳腺疾病的鉴别方面具有相同价值。但在肿块靠近腋窝或胸壁等情况下，ＣＴ较钼靶更为实用；并且ＣＴ有助于乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的诊断。结论ＣＴ扫描在乳腺病变的发现、病变良恶性的鉴别诊断以及腋窝淋巴结转移的诊断方面有很大价值。     

食管平滑肌肉瘤与食管癌并存1例报告

在一个脏器同时发生两种恶性病变者较罕见 ,我们遇到 1例食管下段平滑肌肉瘤并存食管癌 1例 ,经手术病理证实 ,现报告如下。患者　女 ,67岁。进行性吞咽困难 3年 ,近 3个月来加重 ,伴有恶心、呕吐。在门诊食管钡餐检查及ＣＴ检查 ,诊断为食管下段平滑肌瘤恶变而收入住院。查体 :营养状态欠佳 ,消瘦 ,全身浅表淋巴结无肿大 ,心肺正常 ,肝脾未触及。实验室检查 :血尿常规正常。食管钡餐检查 :食管下段扩张 ,内有 5ｃｍ× 8ｃｍ大小的卵圆形充盈缺损区 ,肿块表面粘膜紊乱、边缘较光整。瘤体上段食管壁僵硬 ,管腔略狭窄 ,边缘不规则 ,见约 2ｃｍ…     

PET／CT在胸段食管癌诊断与淋巴分期中的应用价值

目的：探讨^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）正电子发射型计算机断层（PET／CT）在胸段食管癌诊断与淋巴分期中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析了经PET／CT显像的34例患者资料。患者在显像后2-3周内行手术治疗,手术时对颈、胸、上腹部三野淋巴结清扫,所有淋巴结送病理学检查。病理学证实34例患者均为鳞状细胞癌。胸上段食管癌4例,中段食管癌16例,下段食管癌14例。结果：34例患者食管肿瘤长度为1-8．3cm（4．5±1．6cm）。PET／CT均显示FIX;代谢增高,SUV最高值范围4．3-23．2（10．84±5．32）,平均SUV值3。16．7（8．92±4．09）。作为对照,分析36例PET／CT健康查体人员,发现有2例食管平滑肌瘤显示假阳性。PET／CT诊断食管癌的准确度、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为：97．1％、100％、94．4％、94．4％和100％。34例患者中有20例发生不同程度的淋巴结转移,PET／CT显示转移淋巴结高FDG代谢,SUV最高值为2．7-13．9（7．28±2．75）,SUV平均值为2．3-10．7（5．63±2．49）;其中有6例患者转移到腹腔内,6例腹腔淋巴结转移患者中有5例为下段食管癌,1例为中段食管癌。4例转移至颈部淋巴结,为中上段食管癌转移。手术清除淋巴结163枚,其中病理示转移淋巴结52枚,PET／CT显像结果与病理结果比较,有7枚小淋巴结未能显示,排除了3枚直径大于1cm的可疑转移淋巴结,有13个良性淋巴结显示假阳性,对淋巴结诊断的准确度、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为：87．7％、86．2％、88．2％、77．6％和85．2％。结论：PET／CT对食管癌原发灶的诊断有很高的价值,对淋巴结分期有较高的灵敏度与特异性。     

Predicting the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue treatment on uterine leiomyomas based on MR imaging

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that the simple assessment of signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images is predictive of the effect of hormonal treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The correlation between T2-weighted MR imaging of uterine leiomyomas and histologic findings was evaluated using 85 leiomyomas from 62 females who underwent myomectomy or hysterectomy. We also correlated the pretreatment MR images features obtained in 110 women with 143 leiomyomas with the effect of GnRH analogue treatment. The size (length x width x depth) of the leiomyoma was evaluated before and at 6 months after treatment by ultrasound. RESULTS: The proportion of leiomyoma cell fascicles and that of extracellular matrix affected signal intensities of uterine leiomyomas on T2-weighted MR images. The amount of extracellular matrix was predominant in hypointense leiomyomas on T2-weighted images, while diffuse intermediate signal leiomyomas were predominantly composed of leiomyoma cell fascicles. Marked degenerative changes were noted in leiomyomas with heterogenous hyperintensity. The homogeneously intermediate signal intensity leiomyomas showed significant size reduction after treatment (size ratio; posttreatment volume/pretreatment volume 0.29+/-0.11). The size ratio for the hypointense tumors was 0.82+/-0.14, and 0.82+/-0.18 for the heterogeneously hyperintense tumors. There was a significant difference in the response to treatment between the homogeneously intermediate signal intensity leiomyomas and the hypointense or heterogeneously hyperintense leiomyomas (both p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images depends on the amount of leiomyoma cell fascicles and extracellular matrix. Simple assessment of the MR signal intensity is useful in predicting the effect of GnRH analogue on uterine leiomyomas.     

食管癌肉瘤的X线表现(附5例报告)

目的:探讨食管癌肉瘤的X线表现,提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的食管癌肉瘤影像资料。5例均行食管钡剂造影和电子纤维胃镜检查,5例均行手术治疗。结果:食管钡剂造影显示病变位于食管中段2例,下段3例。食管腔扩张4例,狭窄1例。管壁柔软4例,僵硬1例。结论:息肉型食管癌肉瘤有一定的X线特征性表现,浸润型食管癌肉瘤缺乏影像学特征。     

Leiomyomas of the gastrointestinal tract

Sixteen patients with leiomyoma of the gastrointestinal tract underwent operation and removal of their tumor during a four- and one-half-year period from January 1980 to July 1984. There were three esophageal, five gastric, two small bowel, four colon, and two anorectal leiomyomas. The majority of gastric leiomyomas presented with bleeding, as did half of the small bowel and colon cases. All were treated by excision without mortality. The various clinical presentations, evaluations, and choice of operative approach for this uncommon tumor are discussed.     

Uterine Artery Embolization for Pedunculated Subserosal Leiomyomas: Evidence of Safety and Efficacy

Purpose

To evaluate safety and efficacy of uterine artery embolization (UAE) for pedunculated subserosal (PS) leiomyomas.

二维、彩色多普勒血流显像在腹段食管癌诊断及分型中的应用

目的:探讨二维、彩色多普勒血流显像(2D-CDFI)在腹段食管癌诊断及分型中的价值。方法:应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头频率3.5 MHz。对46例食管癌患者和40例正常人食管进行了检查,总结了正常食管声像图特征及食管癌超声表现,并对其声像图进行对照分析。结果:46例食管癌均经手术、病理和临床证实。食管壁增厚1.3~2.5 cm,病变范围长度3.7~8.3 cm。其中,中段19例、下段27例。食管贲门癌5例,食管旁、贲门旁淋巴结转移6例,大血管周围淋巴结转移9例,肝脏转移5例。结论:2D-CDFI在腹段食管癌诊断及分型中具有重要价值。     

食管肿瘤的数字减影食管钡餐造影研究

目的：探讨食管肿瘤的数字减影食管钡餐造影价值。材料和方法：对１３例食管病变运用西门子Ｐｏｌｙｓｔａｒ　ＦｌｕｏｒｏｓｐｏｔＨ影像处理系统，１－２幅／秒数字减影成像技术，１５０％Ｗ／Ｖ硫酸钡混悬液进行食管钡餐造影，摄片位置采用正位、右前斜位、左前斜位和左侧位，先摄蒙片，然后咽下造影剂连续摄片，１０－２０幅／体位，并与传统食管钡餐造影方法进行比较研究。结果：发现食管鳞形细胞癌１０例（１１处），食管平滑肌瘤２例，食管鳞状上皮乳头状瘤１例，除１例外均经胃镜或手术病理证实，无论何种体位，经连续摄片数字减影成像处理，窗宽窗位调节、图像边缘增强及放大等影像后处理，都得到了令人满意的图像。结论：经数字减影食管钡餐造影，食管肿瘤病变显示更清晰，更能及时抓住早期、微小病变，同时亦能对病变食管进行动态观察，大大提高了食管造影的准确率。     

Diffuse esophageal leiomyomatosis in a patient with Alport syndrome: CT demonstration

In a patient with progressive dysphagia, postprandial vomiting, and a history of Alport syndrome, barium and manometric studies had been interpreted as consistent with achalasia, but a subsequent computed tomographic (CT) scan of the thorax was suggestive of a lower esophageal intramural mass. Multiple leiomyomas of the esophagus were later proved at thoracotomy. Differences between adult and pediatric leiomyomas and the association of leiomyomas with Alport syndrome are discussed.     

Multiple leiomyomas of the esophagus.

Multiple leiomyomas of the esophagus are rare. These benign intramural, extramucosal tumors present a sufficiently characteristic appearance during a barium examination to suggest a specific roentgenologic diagnosis. Although leiomyomas may become quite large and cause considerable distortion of the esophageal lumen, they produce surprisingly few symptoms in most patients. Since these tumors have little if any malignant potential, surgical excision is necessary only in patients with significant symptoms. Four patients with leiomyomas of the esophagus are reported here, and the clinical and roentgenologic features of these tumors are reviewed.     

Observation of normal appearance and wall thickness of esophagus on CT images

Purpose

This study sought to observe the appearance of normal esophagus, measure and record the thickness of esophageal wall in order to offer reference for estimating esophageal wall abnormalities and delineating gross tumor target of esophageal carcinomas on CT images.

Materials and methods

From September 2006 to February 2007, 110 consecutive CT films from adult patients without esophageal diseases were collected and studied. On CT images the entire esophagus was divided into cervical, thoracic, retrocardiac and intraabdominal segments. The appearance of esophagus was described when the esophagus contracted or dilated. Thickness of esophageal wall and diameters of esophageal cavities were measured by hard-copy reading with a magnifying glass. Age, sex and the thickness of subcutaneous fat of each patient were recorded.

Results

It was observed that the esophagus presented both contracted and dilated status on CT images. In each segment there were certain portions of esophagus in complete contraction or dilatation. 47 images (42.7%) showed contracted esophagus in each segment available for measurement. The largest wall thickness when esophagus was in contraction and dilatation was 4.70 (95%CI: 4.44-4.95) mm and 2.11 (95%CI: 2.00-2.23) mm, respectively. When contracting, the intraabdominal esophagus was thicker than the cervical, thoracic and retrocardiac parts, and the average thickness was 5.68 (95%CI: 5.28-6.09) mm, 4.67 (95%CI: 4.36-4.86) mm, 4.56 (95%CI: 4.31-4.87) mm, and 4.05 (95%CI: 3.71-4.21) mm, respectively. When the esophagus was dilating, the average esophageal wall thickness was between 1.87 and 2.70 mm. The thickest part was cervical esophagus. Thickness of esophageal wall was larger in males than that of females (5.26 mm vs. 4.34 mm p < 0.001). Age and the thickness of subcutaneous fat had no significant impact on the thickness of esophageal wall (p-value was 0.056 and 0.173, respectively).

Conclusion

The Observation of normal appearance and wall thickness of esophagus helps us to identify thickened esophageal wall on CT images using new CT scan technologies. Thus it is probably helpful in judging esophageal diseases and delineating gross tumor target of esophageal carcinomas in modern radiotherapy.     

Imaging of esophageal tuberculosis: a review of 23 cases

PURPOSE: To evaluate the various radiological abnormalities in patients with proven esophageal tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case records of 23 patients with proven esophageal tuberculosis were evaluated retrospectively for various radiological abnormalities. Twenty-two patients had secondary involvement of esophagus in the form of direct extension of mediastinal and pulmonary tuberculosis or spinal tuberculosis. Only 1 patient had primary involvement of the esophagus with no evidence of disease elsewhere. The diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopic and CT-guided biopsy/aspiration cytology in 7 and 6 cases, respectively. Diagnosis was made on the basis of surgical biopsy of lymph node and autopsy in 1 patient each. In the remaining 8 patients the diagnosis was based on radiological and endoscopic findings and the response to antituberculous treatment. RESULTS: Chest radiography (CXR) was abnormal in 65% patients. While the findings were non-conclusive for esophageal tuberculosis, characteristic lesions of tuberculosis in lungs or spine were suggestive of tuberculous etiology. In 15 patients, CT of the chest confirmed the corresponding CXR findings and also showed additional findings of mediastinal lymphadenopathy when CXR was normal. Fourteen patients showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy on CT of the chest. In all these patients, more than one group of lymph nodes was involved. The characteristic hypodense center of lymph nodes suggestive of tuberculosis was seen in 12 patients. Radiological abnormalities seen in barium swallow examination were extrinsic compression, traction diverticula, strictures, sinus/fistulous tracts, kinking and pseudotumor mass of esophagus in decreasing order of frequency. The middle third of the esophagus was found to be the most frequent site of involvement.