肾移植患者全血他克莫司浓度监测结果分析

目的：探讨肾移植患者全血他克莫司浓度的治疗窗及对血常规和肝肾功能的影响。方法：MEIA法监测全血他克莫司谷浓度。对近4年来390例次肾移植患者全血他克莫司浓度，及他克莫司对血常规和肝肾功能的影响进行分析。结果：390例次全血他克莫司浓度中377例次（80．8％）在3～15μg·L^-1的范围内。移植后6个月内，全血他克莫司浓度差异较大。随着移植时间延长，全血他克莫司浓度逐步降低。在治疗剂量内，他克莫司对肾移植受者的血常规和肝肾功能无明显影响。结论：全血他克莫司谷浓度的治疗窗：术后1～3月为5～15·L^-1，第4～6月为5～10·L^-1，〉6个月为3～10·L^-1。他克莫司对肾移植受者的血常规和肝肾功能无明显影响。     

西罗莫司在全血中的稳定性

目的:考察西罗莫司在全血中的稳定性.方法:配制浓度分别为2.5,7.5,22.5μg·L-1的西罗莫司血样,在3种温度下(25℃,4℃,-20℃)避光储存0～8 d和在-40℃存放后经历3个冻融周期,考察西罗莫司在全血中的稳定性.结果:在3种温度下储存8d和经历3个冻融周期后,西罗莫司血药浓度无显著变化.结论:西罗莫司血样可在冰冻或室温条件保存8d,经历3个冻融周期后西罗莫司在全血中仍能保持稳定.     

肾移植受者应用西罗莫司治疗窗的临床研究

目的:探讨西罗莫司应用于国内肾移植受者的治疗窗范围。方法:采用多中心、开放性临床研究,来自国内4家移植中心的首次肾移植病人共100例。免疫抑制方案为西罗莫司联合环孢素和皮质激素的三联疗法。移植后48h内开始服用西罗莫司,首次负荷剂量为6mg·d-1,维持剂量为2mg·d-1,采用高效液相色谱法测定西罗莫司浓度。结果:100例病人西罗莫司总的全血谷浓度为(6.6±s2.8)μg·L-1,10及90百分位数浓度分别为3.2μg·L-1和10.26μg·L-1。肾移植后6mo内急性排斥发生率为10%(8/84),此8例病人急性排斥时的西罗莫司浓度明显低于非排斥时浓度(P<0.01)。主要不良反应为肝功能损害和高脂血症,三酰甘油浓度与西罗莫司浓度相关(r=0.276,P<0.01)。结论:西罗莫司浓度维持在4～8μg·L-1范围内较为合适,定期监测血药浓度,合理调整用量,可增加西罗莫司应用的有效性及安全性。     

肾移植术后西罗莫司的应用方案选择

本综述总结西罗莫司用于预防肾移植术后排斥反应的各种用药方案,从急性排斥发生率、肾功能、人/肾存活率4个方面综合比较各种用药方案同其他传统免疫抑制方案的优劣。综合比较显示,肾移植术后转换使用西罗莫司是最值得推荐的用药方案。在环孢素与西罗莫司联用（CsA＋SRL）过程中减、停环孢素也是可以考虑的方案,但要注意控制西罗莫司浓度。西罗莫司可以替换麦考酚酸酯,此时钙调神经蛋白抑制剂（CNI）应适当减量。起始低剂量西罗莫司与CNI联用（CNI＋SRL）,以及起始足量CNI＋SRL并维持、起始不含CNI以及术后移植肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）过渡期使用西罗莫司均应当避免。西罗莫司支持术后撤停激素,此种情况下推荐西罗莫司与他克莫司联用。需定期监测西罗莫司谷浓度,并多数情形下推荐使用首剂负荷剂量。     

儿童患者西罗莫司血药浓度监测及临床应用分析

目的:探讨西罗莫司在儿童患者中的血药浓度,考察血药浓度与相关实验室指标的关系,为西罗莫司的合理应用提供更多的临床依据.方法:选择54例使用西罗莫司治疗的患儿,记录基本信息、西罗莫司全血谷浓度(CSRL)、肝功能和中性粒细胞计数(NEU)等相关信息.结果:儿童患者西罗莫司血药浓度为(8.7±5.9) ng/mL,16.7...     

西罗莫司不同血药浓度对肾移植患者肝肾功能的影响

目的探讨西罗莫司不同血药浓度对肾移植患者肝肾功能的影响。方法 45例肾移植术后服用西罗莫司治疗的患者,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)检测西罗莫司的血液浓度,比较分析不同血药浓度下肝肾指标的变化情况。结果西罗莫司血药浓度≤8 ng/ml组患者的天门冬氨酸肌转酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、直接胆红素(DBIL)分别为(65.26±12.68)U/L、(70.19±13.66)U/L、(11.05±9.64)μmol/L,显著低于>8 ng/ml组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);西罗莫司血药浓度为4~8 ng/ml组患者的内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)为(82.64±17.32)ml/(min·70 kg),显著高于<4 ng/ml组、>8 ng/ml组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肾移植术后采用西罗莫司行免疫抑制治疗时,血药浓度控制在4~8 ng/ml最佳。     

西罗莫司治疗肾移植后排斥反应的疗效、不良反应与其血药浓度的相关性分析

目的:观察西罗莫司治疗肾移植后排斥反应时,其疗效、不良反应与血药浓度的相关性。方法:选择52名肾移植术后应用西罗莫司进行免疫抑制治疗的患者为研究对象,其中男性43人,女性9人。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定西罗莫司血药浓度,同时测定患者的肌酐清除率、肝功能指标、血常规等。结果:共收集西罗莫司血药浓度数据112份。西罗莫司的血药浓度与给药剂量/体重比呈正相关,与体重呈负相关,女性患者血药浓度明显高于男性患者(P<0.05),未发现西罗莫司血药浓度与年龄有明显相关性;西罗莫司的主要不良反应表现为肝功能损伤,将血药浓度分为<8ng·mL-1和>8ng·mL-1组,不同血药浓度组的肝功能差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);西罗莫司的临床疗效确切,将西罗莫司稳态谷浓度分成<4ng·mL-1、4～8ng·mL-1和>8ng·mL-1组,不同血药浓度组其肌酐清除率和肾功能恢复情况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:西罗莫司副作用主要表现为肝功能异常,其血药浓度与临床疗效和不良反应均有相关性,西罗莫司稳态谷浓度宜控制在4～8ng·mL-1范围内。     

药物相互作用致三酰甘油升高1例

目的 报道并分析西罗莫司致高三酰甘油血症1例,提高临床重视西罗莫司对血脂代谢的影响。方法 1例肝移植病人使用西罗莫司后引起高三酰甘油血症的关联性评价及查阅文献印证。结果 住院第7日查血生化示:总胆固醇2.80 mmol/L,三酰甘油7.74 mmol/L;西罗莫司血药浓度为20 ng/mL;立即停用西罗莫司。住院第14日西罗莫司血药浓度为7 ng/mL,住院第21日复查血生化示:总胆固醇2.75 mmol/L,三酰甘油4.77 mmol/L。结论 该肝移植术后病人并发高三酰甘油血症很可能是西罗莫司引起。在应用西罗莫司时,应严密监测病人血脂情况,一旦出现三酰甘油值增加,应及时调整西罗莫司给药方案以期维持其血药浓度在基线范围内,从而降低其对血脂代谢的影响。     

HPLC法检测肾移植病人全血中西罗莫司的药物浓度

目的 :建立测定全血中西罗莫司含量的方法。 方法 :采用HPLC法 ,色谱柱为 :YMC PackODS A(15 0mm× 4 .6mm ,5 μm) ,预柱为AlltimaC18(7.5mm× 4 .6mm ,5 μm)。流动相为乙腈∶四氢呋喃∶水 =5 5∶5∶4 0 ;检测波长为 2 78nm ,流速为 1.5ml/min ,柱温 :5 0℃。 32 去甲氧基西罗莫司为内标。 结果 :西罗莫司及内标 32 去甲氧基西罗莫司的保留时间分别为 10 .1、12 .1min ,全血定量线性范围 :2 .4 9～ 76 .36ng/ml,最低检测浓度为 1.98ng/ml,方法回收率为 99.93%～ 10 5 .90 % ,日内、日间RSD <7.4 0 %。 结论 :本方法准确、可靠 ,适用于临床对西罗莫司的血药浓度监测。     

西罗莫司乳膏的制备及其药效学研究

目的:制备西罗莫司乳膏并探究其对小鼠慢性皮炎湿疹模型的疗效。方法:制备O/W型西罗莫司乳膏并建立制剂的含量测定方法。选取70只SD小鼠分为7组,分别为空白对照组,模型组,西罗莫司低（0.1%）、中（0.5%）、高（1%）剂量组,他克莫司组和吡美莫司组。除空白对照组外,其余各组制备小鼠慢性皮炎湿疹模型,采用7%2,4-二硝基氯苯丙酮溶液致敏,0.3%2,4-二硝基氯苯溶液多次激发。各组于致敏后开始给药,2次/d,持续14 d,以小鼠耳朵肿胀度为指标,并采用ELISA法测定血清中IFN-γ、IL-4等细胞因子的浓度。结果:制得的西罗莫司乳膏匀展性好,西罗莫司在1.0¹00.0μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为99.7%,RSD为0.7%（n=9）。西罗莫司乳膏能显著抑制小鼠耳朵肿胀度（P<0.05）,改善小鼠耳部的红肿情况（P<0.01）,同时促进小鼠血清中IFN-γ的表达,并降低IL-4的表达。结论:药效学实验表明,西罗莫司对小鼠慢性皮炎湿疹有一定疗效,为西罗莫司外用制剂的研究提供了实验依据。     

Correlation between pretransplantation test dose cyclosporine pharmacokinetic profiles and posttransplantation sirolimus blood levels in renal transplant recipients

We sought to determine whether pretransplantation test dose pharmacokinetic measurements of cyclosporine (CsA) concentrations would forecast the posttransplantation blood concentrations of sirolimus in renal transplant patients treated de novo with CsA, sirolimus, and prednisone. All 44 renal transplant recipients enrolled in Phase I/II studies of de novo posttransplantation therapy with sirolimus, CsA, and prednisone underwent pretransplantation pharmacokinetic profiling after having received paired intravenous (i.v.) and oral test doses of CsA. After transplantation, all patients were treated with CsA on a once- or twice-daily schedule (according to a concentration-controlled regimen), with tapering doses of prednisone, and with fixed doses of sirolimus on a once-daily schedule. Patients were divided into four cohorts based on the deviation of their pretransplantation CsA clearance or bioavailability values from the mean. Patients with high pretransplantation CsA clearance rates displayed a significantly lower mean posttransplantation value of sirolimus trough concentrations than patients with low pretransplantation CsA clearance rates. In contrast, values for pretransplantation absolute oral CsA bioavailability failed to correlate with the mean posttransplantation concentration of sirolimus but did predict posttransplantation CsA bioavailability. Therefore, pretransplantation CsA clearance rate estimates may forecast posttransplantation sirolimus concentrations, possibly guiding use of sirolimus therapy to achieve an optimal ratio of concentration-dependent immunosuppressive versus toxic effects.     

五酯胶囊对肾移植受者他克莫司血浓度影响的临床研究

目的：研究五酯胶囊（Wuzhi-capsule,WZ）与他克莫司（Tacrolimus,Tac）联合应用对肾移植受者Tac血浓度的影响。方法：45名服用Tac＋WZ患者为试验组,45名单服Tac患者为对照组,以Tac全血浓度及肝、肾功能生化检测指标作为临床评价指标。结果：合用WZ患者Tac全血浓度与合用前比较明显增加（P〈0．01）,与对照组比较亦有显著性提高（P〈0．01）。WZ与Tac合用对肝、肾功能无明显影响。结论：WZ能明显升高肾移植受者Tac血浓度。在升高Tac血浓度的同时,WZ并不增加Tac的肝肾毒性反应。WZ与Tac合用可减少Tac用药量,节省Tac费用。     

环孢素联合糖皮质激素冲击治疗难治性肾病综合征的临床观察

目的:探讨环孢素联合激素冲击治疗难治性肾病综合征的临床疗效和安全性。方法:60例难治性肾病综合征患者采用随机数字表的方法,分为观察组和对照组各30例,对照组给予糖皮质激素冲击治疗,观察组加用环孢素;治疗前、治疗3、6、12个月分别记录尿常规、24 h尿蛋白定量、肝功能(AST、ALT、ALb)、肾功能(CRE、UA、GLU)和不良反应;随访1年,观察比较2组患者的临床治疗效果。结果:观察组总有效率63.33%,明显高于对照组的30.00%,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:环孢素联合糖皮质激素冲击治疗难治性肾病综合征具有安全有效、缓解率高等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

大剂量阿托伐他汀用于冠状动脉旁路移植术临床观察

目的：观察冠心病冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）患者用大剂量阿托伐他汀治疗后的血脂变化及其所致不良反应。方法：我院住院冠心病CABG患者60例,采用常规剂量阿托伐他汀（常规剂量组）30例,大剂量阿托伐他汀（大剂量组）30例,观察两组治疗前后血脂、肝肾功能等指标,及不良反应发生情况。结果：大剂量组治疗后TG和LDL水平较常规剂量组明显降低（P〈0．05）,不良反应发生率与常规剂量组基本无差异（P〉0．05）。结论：大剂量阿托伐他汀能显著降低冠心病CABG患者TG和LDL水平,不良反应无明显增加。     

不同抗排异组方对肾移植受者肝功能的影响

目的:了解环孢素(CsA)与硫唑嘌呤、霉酚酸酯、咪唑立宾、雷帕霉素及泼尼松不同组方治疗肾移植术后排斥反应时对患者肝功能的影响。方法:调查我院1995～2005年肾移植患者药历600份,分析应用不同CsA抗排异组方治疗前后生化指标的变化。结果:600例患者中109例发生了肝损害(18.2%)。肝功能异常组的CsA血药浓度显著高于肝功能正常组(P<0.05)。CsA与硫唑嘌呤、泼尼松合用时肝损害比率31%,高于其他三组。结论:CsA为主的联合抗排异治疗方案可导致肝损害,抗排异治疗时应尽量选用对肝损害较小的方案。     

Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on sirolimus pharmacokinetics during staggered administration in renal transplant recipients

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different calcineurin inhibitors on sirolimus pharmacokinetics during long-term, staggered administration in kidney transplant recipients. Design. Randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial. SETTING: A medical center and one of its teaching hospitals in Taiwan. PATIENTS: Twenty-two de novo kidney transplant recipients. INTERVENTION: Patients received cyclosporine microemulsion or tacrolimus capsules twice/day in combination with once-daily sirolimus solution and corticosteroids. Sirolimus was administered 6 hours after the morning dose of cyclosporine or tacrolimus. After receiving a 6-mg loading dose of sirolimus, participants received sirolimus 2 mg/day for at least 7 days. Neither the cyclosporine nor the tacrolimus dosage was adjusted for at least 3 days before and during blood sampling for pharmacokinetic profiling. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: One patient dropped out because of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-related hepatotoxicity. We observed no differences between the two patient groups in terms of their demographic data, renal and liver function, or dosage of sirolimus during the study. During multiple-dose administration, the area under the whole-blood concentration-time curve and the peak and trough concentrations of sirolimus in the cyclosporine group were, respectively, 1.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-1.71), 1.42 (95% CI 1.08-1.76), and 1.42 (95% CI 1.09-1.76) times higher than those of the tacrolimus group, even though sirolimus was administered 6 hours after the other agents. CONCLUSION: Sirolimus pharmacokinetics may change significantly when calcineurin inhibitors are switched, even with staggered administration, which may not completely prevent a drug interaction between cyclosporine and sirolimus solution.     

Sirolimus: the evidence for clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring

This review seeks to apply a decision-making algorithm to establish whether clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring (CPM) of sirolimus (rapamycin) in solid organ transplantation is indicated in specific patient populations. The need for CPM of sirolimus, although a regulatory requirement in Europe, has not yet been firmly established in North America and other parts of the world.Sirolimus has demonstrated immunosuppressive efficacy in renal, pancreatic islet cell, liver and heart transplant recipients. The pharmacological response of immunosuppressive therapy with sirolimus cannot be readily evaluated; however, a relationship between trough blood sirolimus concentrations, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the incidence of rejection has been proposed. Furthermore, sirolimus can be measured in whole blood by several assays--high-performance liquid chromatography with detection by tandem mass spectrometry, or with ultraviolet detection, radioreceptor assay or microparticle enzyme immunoassay.Both experimental animal and clinical data suggest that adverse events and their associated severity are correlated with blood concentrations. To prevent rejection and minimise toxicity, a therapeutic range of 4-12 microg/L (measured via chromatographic assays) is recommended when sirolimus is used in conjunction with ciclosporin. If ciclosporin therapy is discontinued, a target trough range of 12-20 microg/L is recommended. Sirolimus pharmacokinetics display large inter- and intrapatient variability, which may change in specific patient populations due to disease states or concurrent immunosuppressants or other interacting drugs. Due to the long half-life of sirolimus, dosage adjustments would ideally be based on trough levels obtained more than 5-7 days after initiation of therapy or dosage change. Once the initial dose titration is complete, monitoring sirolimus trough concentrations weekly for the first month and every 2 weeks for the second month appears to be appropriate. After the first 2 months of dose titration, routine CPM of sirolimus is not necessary in all patients, but may be warranted to achieve target concentrations in certain populations of patients, but the frequency of further monitoring remains to be determined and should be individualised.     

口服常规剂量甲泼尼龙治疗原发性肾病综合症的观察

目的比较口服常规剂量甲泼尼龙和泼尼松对原发性肾病综合症的临床疗效。方法选取原发性肾病综合症患者68例,随机分为两组,对照组给予泼尼松,治疗组给予甲泼尼龙,观察两组患者的24小时尿蛋白定量,血常规,尿常规,肝肾功能,血脂,血糖及电解质。结果两组患者在8周和12周时有效率差异无显著性;治疗组因激素撤减引起的复发和反跳明显少于对照组,且较少发生肝功能损害。结论甲泼尼龙可避免由于激素撤减引起的复发和反跳,且不良反应较泼尼松少。