肾上腺间质肿瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨肾上腺间质肿瘤的CT和MRI影像表现。方法:对12例经手术病理证实的肾上腺间质肿瘤的CT和其中6例MRI资料进行回顾性分析。结果:12例肾上腺间质肿瘤包括骨髓脂肪瘤5例,囊肿2例,脂肪瘤、神经纤维瘤伴嗜铬细胞瘤、淋巴瘤、间皮瘤恶变、间叶组织来源恶性肿瘤各1例。骨髓脂肪瘤表现为不均质肿块内有显著的脂肪组织密度或信号;囊肿和脂肪瘤分别为均质的水和脂肪密度或信号;神经纤维瘤伴嗜铬细胞瘤为较低密度无强化肿块,MRI表现为不均匀长T1长T2信号;淋巴瘤、间皮瘤恶变及间叶组织来源恶性肿瘤为不规则软组织密度肿块。结论:骨髓脂肪瘤、囊肿、脂肪瘤表现有特征性,可明确诊断;其它表现为软组织肿块的肿瘤无特征性,诊断均需结合临床及组织学检查。     

肾上腺少见肿瘤的CT诊断

目的　探讨肾上腺少见和罕见肿瘤的CT表现特征和鉴别诊断。方法　对 9例经手术和病理证实的肾上腺少见肿瘤之CT表现进行回顾性分析 ,其中肾上腺节细胞神经瘤 3例 ,肾上腺神经母细胞瘤 2例 ,肾上腺囊肿、肾上腺脂肪瘤、肾上腺神经纤维瘤及肾上腺间叶瘤各 1例。结果　肾上腺囊肿、神经母细胞瘤和肾上腺脂肪瘤各有其CT表现 ;肾上腺节细胞神经瘤 ,神经纤维瘤及间叶瘤CT平扫均为较大体积的较低密度或等密度肿块 ,增强后节细胞神经瘤及神经纤维瘤不强化 ,间叶瘤轻到中度强化。结论　肾上腺囊肿、神经母细胞瘤和脂肪瘤CT可明确诊断 ;肾上腺节细胞神经瘤 ,神经纤维瘤及间叶瘤CT特征明显 ,较难或不能与腺瘤或嗜铬细胞瘤鉴别 ,确诊仍需结合临床及组织学检查     

肾上腺罕见间质肿瘤的CT表现

目的　分析 7例罕见肾上腺间质肿瘤的CT表现。方法　对 7例经手术和病理证实的肾上腺间质肿瘤的CT表现进行回顾性分析 ,其中肾上腺囊肿、肾上腺脂肪瘤各 2例 ,肾上腺神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤及间叶瘤各 1例。结果　肾上腺囊肿及脂肪瘤分别为水和脂肪密度 ,CT特征明显 ;神经纤维瘤及神经鞘瘤为较低密度肿块 ,增强后不强化 ,神经鞘瘤密度不均匀 ,可见囊变 ;间叶瘤为较大的等密度肿块 ,增强后呈轻～中度强化。结论　肾上腺囊肿和脂肪瘤CT可明确诊断 ;神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤及间叶瘤CT特征不明显 ,较难或不能与腺瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤鉴别 ,确诊需依赖组织学检查     

CT密度测量在原发性肾上腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨CT值测量在原发性肾上腺肿瘤诊断中的价值.方法:回顾性分析48例经手术和病理证实的原发性肾上腺肿瘤的CT表现,并进行肿瘤CT值测量.结果:9例醛固酮腺瘤CT值为-12～17 HU,增强无明显强化;8例无功能性皮质腺瘤及10例皮质醇腺瘤CT值为28～45 HU,肿瘤轻度均匀强化;3例嗜铬细胞瘤肿块＜3 cm者密度均匀,CT值为40～55 HU,3例嗜铬细胞瘤肿块＞3 cm者密度不均,CT值为10～45 HU,肿瘤组织显著强化;2例皮质腺癌肿块内密度不均匀,CT值为35～50 HU,其内见低密度区及钙化影,呈不均匀强化;2例神经母细胞瘤密度不均匀,CT值为35～50 HU,瘤内见不规则低密度区,瘤内均见钙化;6例肾上腺囊肿呈均匀性水样密度,CT值为0～15 HU,增强扫描无强化;5例髓性脂肪瘤瘤内以脂肪密度为主,CT值为-50～100 HU,无明显强化.结论:不同类型原发性肾上腺肿瘤因所含组织成份各异而呈现不同的CT值,肿块密度及强化程度与细胞形态、瘤内结构及血供密切相关,肿瘤密度测量可为原发性肾上腺肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断提供有价值的信息.     

肾上腺骨髓脂肪瘤影像及病理基础

目的　探讨肾上腺骨髓脂肪瘤影像表现的组织学基础 ,评价影像方法对该肿瘤的诊断价值。方法　回顾分析 2 1例经手术、病理证实的肾上腺骨髓脂肪瘤的影像表现和病理学表现。结果　该肿瘤组织学上表现为脂肪与骨髓组织混杂存在 ,无明确的分界边缘 ,骨髓血供丰富 ,瘤灶与正常肾上腺组织紧邻 ,CT、MRI表现为含脂肪夹杂不规则斑块、条状骨髓组织 ,无明显肿瘤包膜 ,少见有不规则局限性“包膜” ,则为被挤压的瘤外肾上腺组织构成。增强扫描可见骨髓组织强化 ,造成骨髓斑块扩大 ,边缘模糊 ,脂肪组织内“雾状”强化现象。超声显示肾上腺含脂肪的高回波团块 ;静脉尿路造影仅见肿瘤同侧肾脏移位 ,肾轴改变。结论　CT平扫是肾上腺骨髓脂肪瘤最准确的定性方法 ;MRI的冠状及矢状面扫描使定位更加准确 ;超声是该肿瘤检出的重要手段 ,而静脉尿路造影及腹部平片不能作为定性的标准。     

肾上腺少见肿瘤的CT表现及其病理基础

目的探讨肾上腺少见肿瘤的CT表现特征与病理的相关性,以提高诊断水平。资料与方法对18例经手术病理证实的少见肾上腺肿瘤进行回顾性分析,包括肾上腺节细胞神经瘤5例,髓性脂肪瘤4例,淋巴瘤3例,囊肿、神经鞘瘤各2例以及神经节母细胞瘤、畸胎瘤各1例。在CT图像上,观察病变的位置、大小、形态、密度、内部结构及其与周围结构的关系。结果肾上腺节细胞神经瘤CT表现为均匀软组织密度肿块,1例有点状钙化。髓性脂肪瘤为以脂肪密度为主的肿块。淋巴瘤为软组织密度肿块。良性神经鞘瘤为软组织肿块,有囊变及钙化;恶性神经鞘瘤也为软组织肿块,内见坏死区,伴淋巴结转移。囊肿呈水样密度,壁薄光整,1例有囊壁钙化。神经节母细胞瘤为密度不均匀软组织肿块,内见坏死灶,伴周围淋巴结肿大。畸胎瘤为含钙化、脂肪及软组织成分的肿块。结论CT可揭示肾上腺少见肿瘤的病理基础,它们存在一定的影像表现特点,CT是临床上最常用的影像学检查方法。     

肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT表现特征及鉴别诊断。方法：对10例经手术病理证实的肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT表现进行回顾分析。结果：10例中，术前明确诊断9例，1例误诊为脂肪肉瘤。病灶位于右侧8例，左侧2例，其中l例位于肾周。CT主要表现为位于肾上腺区的脂肪密度肿块，病灶内伴有数量不等的条索状及斑片状软组织密度。结论：CT可对大多数病例术前作出明确诊断，但对个别发生于肾上腺外的病例仍须病理确诊。     

肾上腺肿瘤的螺旋CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：总结肾上腺肿瘤的CT表现及特征,评价螺旋CT对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析36例经手术病理证实的各类肾上腺肿瘤的CT征象,提出诊断与鉴别诊断要求。结果：皮质腺瘤14例,大小、密度中等;皮质腺癌4例,肿块较大不规则,密度不均匀,中心有低密度坏死;嗜铬细胞瘤9例,单侧瘤体较大,平扫密度不均匀,实质部分强化明显;髓质脂肪瘤3例,低密度的脂肪显示是其特征性CT表现;转移瘤5例,多为肺癌转移,肿块呈圆形或不规则形,密度不均匀,中等强化;肾上腺囊肿1例,凹值低而均匀,壁薄规则。结论：肾上腺肿瘤CT表现有一定的特征性,认真分析,结合临床及生化检查,可对其作出定性诊断。     

肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的分型、CT和MRI表现及鉴别诊断.材料和方法:收集16例肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT、MRI及临床、病理资料.男6例,女10例,年龄27～65岁,平均46.2岁.结果:本组16例肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤,右侧11例,左侧2例,双侧3例(1例左侧有2处病灶),共20处病灶.肿瘤直径为2～10cm,呈圆形或类圆形,边界清.肿瘤内密度/信号不均匀,以脂肪为主12处,以软组织为主8处,增强扫描软组织呈轻至中度较均匀强化.1例肿瘤长于增生的肾上腺内,4处病灶有点状或条状钙化.结论:肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT、MRI表现较具特征性,一般可在术前作出诊断.     

无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的CT诊断价值

目的 探讨CT对无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析32例无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的CT表现.结果 32例中,皮质腺瘤 13例,皮质腺癌 2例,转移瘤11例,髓样脂肪瘤4例,囊肿 2例.26例为单侧肾上腺肿瘤,6例为双侧,均为转移瘤.各类无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的密度、大小、形态、CT值等方面有相对不同的CT表现特点.结论 结合临床表现及肿瘤的CT征象,多数无功能性肾上腺肿瘤均能作出准确的定性诊断.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.