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1.
Lorenza Serena Colzato Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg Nelleke C. van Wouwe Merel M. Pannebakker Bernhard Hommel 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,196(3):467-474
The inhibitory control of actions has been claimed to rely on dopaminergic pathways. Given that this hypothesis is mainly
based on patient and drug studies, some authors have questioned its validity and suggested that beneficial effects of dopaminergic
stimulants on response inhibition may be limited to cases of suboptimal inhibitory functioning. We present evidence that,
in carefully selected healthy adults, spontaneous eyeblink rate, a marker of central dopaminergic functioning, reliably predicts
the efficiency in inhibiting unwanted action tendencies in a stop-signal task. These findings support the assumption of a
modulatory role for dopamine in inhibitory action control.
相似文献
Lorenza Serena ColzatoEmail: |
2.
Randomizing visual feedback in manual aiming: reminiscence of the previous trial condition and prior knowledge of feedback availability 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Cheng DT Luis M Tremblay L 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,189(4):403-410
A trial-by-trial analysis was used to systematically examine the influence of switching visual conditions on visual feedback
utilization for a manual aiming movement. In experiment one, vision was randomly manipulated from trial to trial with no more
than four consecutive trials in the same visual condition. In experiment two, participants were provided with certainty of
visual feedback availability prior to every trial. Results of both studies revealed that movement endpoint variability was
most associated with visual feedback availability on the previous trial. Furthermore, correlation analyses comparing movement
trajectory at 25, 50 and 75% with movement end (i.e. 100%) revealed that the efficiency of online corrections also depends
on the availability of visual feedback on the previous trial. These results suggest that the accuracy of an aiming movement
is highly dependent on processing of offline visual information from the preceding trial.
This study was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) awarded to
Luc Tremblay.
相似文献
Darian T. ChengEmail: |
Luc Tremblay (Corresponding author)Email: |
3.
Carolina C. Pacca Adriana A. Severino Adriano Mondini Paula Rahal Solange G. P. D’avila José Antonio Cordeiro Mara Correa Lelles Nogueira Roberta V. M. Bronzoni Maurício L. Nogueira 《Virus genes》2009,38(2):224-231
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process that is induced by double stranded RNA and involves the degradation of specific sequences
of mRNA in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells. It has been used as an antiviral tool against many viruses, including flaviviruses.
The genus Flavivirus contains the most important arboviruses in the world, i.e., dengue (DENV) and yellow fever (YFV). In our study, we investigated
the in vitro and in vivo effect of RNAi against YFV. Using stable cell lines that expressed RNAi against YFV, the cell lines
were able to inhibit as much as 97% of the viral replication. Two constructions (one against NS1 and the other against E region
of YFV genome) were able to protect the adult Balb/c mice against YFV challenge. The histopathologic analysis demonstrated
an important protection of the central nervous system by RNAi after 10 days of viral challenge. Our data suggests that RNAi
is a potential viable therapeutic weapon against yellow fever.
相似文献
Maurício L. NogueiraEmail: |
4.
Communicating bad news is never easy and for physicians these interactions may be a significant source of stress. To examine
the characteristics that make delivering of bad news stressful, two studies were conducted. In the first study, 37 physicians
generated 192 responses describing the characteristics that influence how difficult it is to break bad news. After sorting
the responses in terms of common themes, six categories were identified: Physician, Patient, Institutional, Illness, Relationship,
and Mishap. In Study 2, 115 physicians rated the degree of stress associated with each factor. Using principle component and
reliability analyses, empirical support was found for six categories. A higher-order factor analysis suggested the existence
of one over-arching factor. Items in the Mishap category were rated on average as the most stressful. Stress scores were largely
unrelated to years in practice, experience delivering bad news or training.
相似文献
J. T. PtacekEmail: |
5.
Stewart SF Robinson RA Nelson RA Malinauskas RA 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2008,36(11):1764-1781
Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are used to prevent pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with deep vein thrombosis for whom
anticoagulation is contraindicated. IVC filters have been shown to be effective in trapping embolized clots and preventing
PE; however, among the commercially available designs, the optimal balance of clot capture efficiency, clot dissolution, and
prevention of to vena cava occlusion is unknown. Clot capture efficiency has been quantified in numerous in vitro studies, in which model clots are released into a mock circulation system, with the relative capture efficiency of various
IVC filters analyzed statistically. In general, two-stage filters have been found to be more efficient than one-stage filters.
However, other factors may play a role in the ultimate dissolution of clots and in the overall effect of the resulting blood
flow on caval vasculature. Clot dissolution has been shown to increase with increasing wall shear stress, while low and oscillating
wall shear stresses are known to have a deleterious effect on vessel walls, causing intimal hyperplasia. This paper describes
the effect of IVC filters on blood flow, velocity patterns, and wall shear stress by flow visualization and computational
fluid dynamics.
相似文献
Sandy F. C. StewartEmail: |
6.
Sappinia diploidea is known as a free-living amoeba of worldwide distribution and has also been reported as causative agent of a brain infection
in an immunocompetent young man. In the current study, we were able to isolate eight strains of S. diploidea-like amoebae identified by light microscopy from different habitats. Cultures of all strains were established successfully
for molecular characterization. The small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of all strains were sequenced and compared to one another,
to the neotype of S. diploidea, and to strains of Sappinia pedata, the only other Sappinia species known to date, from GenBank by multiple sequence alignment and cluster analysis. Altogether, the phylogenetic position
of the genus Sappinia within the Thecamoebidae was corroborated; however, it was shown that the genus splits into several well-separated clusters
making the establishment of new species within this genus inevitable. Furthermore, two of the S. diploidea-like strains were actually more closely related to S. pedata than to S. diploidea, although the diagnostically relevant standing form which seems to be characteristic for S. pedata was not observed in either of the two strains.
Claudia Wylezich and Julia Walochnik have contributed equally to this work.
相似文献
Claudia Wylezich (Corresponding author)Email: |
Rolf MichelEmail: |
7.
Working memory capacity,intelligence, and the magnitude of the attentional blink revisited 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Martens S Johnson A 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,192(1):43-52
The attentional blink (AB) is a well-established phenomenon in the study of attention. This deficit in reporting the second
of two targets presented in rapid serial visual presentation when it occurs 200–500 ms after the first is considered to reflect
a fundamental limitation in attentional processing. However, we recently reported that some individuals do not show an AB,
and presented psychophysiological evidence that target processing differs between blinkers and non-blinkers. One possibility
is that non-blinkers may have a larger WM capacity, allowing better attentional control. Here we explore the relation between
the magnitude of the AB, general intelligence, and different measures of working memory (WM) and short-term memory (STM) capacity.
Surprisingly, no correlation was found between memory capacity measures and AB magnitude, raising doubts about the generalizability
of earlier findings of such a relationship.
相似文献
Sander MartensEmail: |
8.
It is well-established that genetic factors account for large proportions of individual differences in multiple cognitive
abilities. It is also well-established that individual differences in performance on many different cognitive ability measures
are strongly correlated. Recent empirical investigations, however, have suggested two interesting qualifications to these
well-established findings: Genetic variance in cognitive abilities is higher in richer home environments (gene-by-environment
interaction), and common variance in different cognitive abilities is lower at higher levels of overall ability (nonlinear
factor structure). Although they have been investigated independently, these two phenomena may interact, because richer environments
are routinely associated with higher ability levels. Using simulation we demonstrate how un-modeled nonlinear factor structure
can obscure interpretation of gene-by-environment interaction. We then reanalyze data from the National Collaborative Perinatal
Project, previously used by Turkheimer et al. (2003; Psychol Science), with a two-step method to model both phenomena.
相似文献
Elliot M. Tucker-DrobEmail: |
9.
D. Fuentes J. T. Oden K. R. Diller J. D. Hazle A. Elliott A. Shetty R. J. Stafford 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2009,37(4):763-782
An adaptive feedback control system is presented which employs a computational model of bioheat transfer in living tissue
to guide, in real-time, laser treatments of prostate cancer monitored by magnetic resonance thermal imaging. The system is
built on what can be referred to as cyberinfrastructure—a complex structure of high-speed network, large-scale parallel computing
devices, laser optics, imaging, visualizations, inverse-analysis algorithms, mesh generation, and control systems that guide
laser therapy to optimally control the ablation of cancerous tissue. The computational system has been successfully tested
on in vivo, canine prostate. Over the course of an 18 min laser-induced thermal therapy performed at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC)
in Houston, Texas, the computational models were calibrated to intra-operative real-time thermal imaging treatment data and
the calibrated models controlled the bioheat transfer to within 5 °C of the predetermined treatment plan. The computational
arena is in Austin, Texas and managed at the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES). The system is designed
to control the bioheat transfer remotely while simultaneously providing real-time remote visualization of the on-going treatment.
Post-operative histology of the canine prostate reveal that the damage region was within the targeted 1.2 cm diameter treatment
objective.
相似文献
R. J. StaffordEmail: |
10.
David Souto Dirk Kerzel 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2009,195(4):531-540
After presentation of a peripheral cue, facilitation at the cued location is followed by inhibition of return (IOR). It has
been recently proposed that IOR may originate at different processing stages for manual and ocular responses, with manual
IOR resulting from inhibited attentional orienting, and ocular IOR resulting form inhibited motor preparation. Contrary to
this interpretation, we found an effect of target contrast on saccadic IOR. The effect of contrast decreased with increasing
reaction times (RTs) for saccades, but not for manual key-press responses. This may have masked the effect of contrast on
IOR with saccades in previous studies (Hunt and Kingstone in J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 29:1068–1074, 2003) because only mean RTs were considered. We also found that background luminance strongly influenced the effects of gap and
target contrast on IOR.
相似文献
David SoutoEmail: |
11.
Paclik D Berndt U Guzy C Dankof A Danese S Holzloehner P Rosewicz S Wiedenmann B Wittig BM Dignass AU Sturm A 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》2008,86(12):1395-1406
Galectins have recently emerged as central regulators of the immune system. We have previously demonstrated that carbohydrate-dependent
binding of galectin-2 induces apoptosis in activated T cells. Here, we investigate the potential therapeutic effect of galectin-2
in experimental colitis. Galectin-2 expression and its binding profile were determined by immunohistochemistry. Acute and
chronic colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulfate administration and in a T-cell transfer colitis model. Apoptosis was
assessed by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling, and cytokine secretion was determined by cytometric bead array. We
show that galectin-2 was constitutively expressed mainly in the epithelial compartment of the mouse intestine and bind to
lamina propria mononuclear cells. During colitis, galectin-2 expression was reduced, but could be restored to normal levels
by immunosuppressive treatment. Galectin-2 treatment induced apoptosis of mucosal T cells and thus ameliorated acute and chronic
dextran-sodium-sulfate-induced colitis and in a T-helper-cell 1-driven model of antigen-specific transfer colitis. Furthermore,
the pro-inflammatory cytokine release was inhibited by galectin-2 treatment. In preliminary toxicity studies, galectin-2 was
well tolerated. Our study provides evidence that galectin-2 induces apoptosis in vivo and ameliorates acute and chronic murine
colitis. Furthermore, galectin-2 has no significant toxicity over a broad dose range, suggesting that it may serve as a new
therapeutic agent in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
相似文献
Andreas SturmEmail: |
12.
Jansson E Wilson AD Williams JH Mon-Williams M 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2007,182(4):549-558
Recent behavioural research has investigated whether viewing someone perform an action results in activation of that action
by the observer. Postulated empirical support for this ‘ideo-motor (IM) conjecture’ typically rests upon two types of experimental
paradigm (reaction time and movement tracking tasks). These paradigms purport to show movement facilitation when compatible
movements are observed and vice versa, but only for biological stimuli. Unfortunately, these paradigms often contain confounding
(and unavoidable) generic stimulus–response compatibility effects that are not restricted to observed human movement. The
current study demonstrates in three experiments that equivalent compatibility effects can be produced by non-biological stimuli.
These results suggest that existing empirical paradigms may not, and perhaps cannot, support the IM-conjecture.
相似文献
Andrew D. WilsonEmail: |
13.
Stable RNA interference (RNAi) is commonly achieved by recombinant expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). To generate virus-resistant
cell lines, we cloned a shRNA cassette against the phosphoprotein gene of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) into a polIII-driven
plasmid vector. Analysis of individual stable transfectants showed a spectrum of RSV resistance correlating with the levels
of shRNA expressed from different chromosomal locations. Interestingly, resistance in a minority of clones was due to mono-allelic
disruption of the cellular gene for vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Thus, pure clones of chromosomally integrated
DNA-directed RNAi can exhibit gene disruption phenotypes resembling but unrelated to RNAi.
相似文献
Sailen BarikEmail: |
14.
Fraizer EV Suvobrata M Mitra S 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,185(3):429-441
Dual-task interactions in posture and cognitive tasks have been explained as a competition for spatial processing structures
or as interference in the online sensorimotor adjustments required for sensory integration. Going beyond these general terms
accounts, we propose that interference between spatial and temporal operations in posture–cognition arises at least partly
from the need to share a common behavioral context, such as a spatial frame of reference. Using immersive visualization and
motion-tracking techniques, we manipulated the spatial reference frames for a standing task and a conjunction visual search
task into or out of coincidence. Aside from performance trade-offs due to task-load manipulations, performing visual search
in a non-coincident reference frame led to cognitive task and postural task performance decrements (Experiment 1). Postural
dual-task decrements were also observed when visual search was split between coincident and non-coincident frames and both
frame conditions rendered identical in visual information relevant to posture control (Experiment 2). We concluded that the
postural control costs observed for posture–cognition dual-tasking may in part reflect costs of keeping tasks’ reference frames
in register.
相似文献
E. V. FraizerEmail: Email: |
15.
Research on the reception of health risk feedback has focused on the analysis of single, researcher-selected cognitive reactions.
The full range of spontaneous reactions and their patterns have received little attention. The present paper explores content,
interrelations, and adaptivity of spontaneous reactions to health risk feedback from a network perspective. Participants (n = 423) received blood pressure and cholesterol feedback and listed their thoughts afterwards. A network of reactions to health
risk feedback was constructed from the responses. Emotions, risk feedback valence, future lifestyle, and expectedness emerged
as strong and largely well-connected network nodes, while previously well-researched reactions like feedback acceptance formed
small, less connected nodes. The majority of reaction patterns identified through the network appeared adaptive, even after
negative feedback. The network provides a potentially useful tool for research and practice, highlighting previously neglected
relevant reactions, and providing a group-level background against which individual reactions can be evaluated.
相似文献
Britta Renner (Corresponding author)Email: |
16.
Kasem Kulkeaw Chiyo Mizuochi Yuka Horio Noriko Osumi Kohichiro Tsuji Daisuke Sugiyama 《Stem cell reviews》2009,5(2):175-180
The normal development of mouse embryo in vivo could be maintained in vitro up to 72 h in the presence of rat serum which is continuously supplied with the appropriate concentration of O2 and CO2. There are several applications of the whole mouse embryo culture model for study of cellular dynamics in hematopoiesis and
its interaction with vasculogenesis. In this protocol, we have described details of manipulation techniques in combination
with the whole embryo culture and also some advance techniques applied to the mouse embryo such as intra-cardiac inoculation
of acetylated low density lipoprotein for cell-specific labeling and engraftment of donor yolk-sac from different genotype/phenotype
mouse embryo onto the yolk-sac of host mouse for study of the dynamic distribution of hematopoietic cell.
相似文献
Daisuke SugiyamaEmail: |
17.
Although respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is a well-known and often studied phenomenon, methods to estimate (average) respiratory
rate from heart rate variability via RSA have been investigated and published only sparsely. We reinvestigate three published
techniques and contrast them to our own approaches. All methods were also evaluated for respiration signals to yield approximations
of the true breathing rate for comparison. Our analyses are based on physiological recordings available at PhysioNet, an online
database. Results show that the RSA of young supine subjects yields good approximations of mean respiratory rate in the case
of time series longer than 1 min, while the estimations become noticeably less accurate for elderly persons. Our own “advanced
counting method” produced the best results, and in addition principally permits even the definition of instantaneous respiratory
rates. Consequently, it is recommended for further investigations.
相似文献
Karl W. KratkyEmail: |
18.
In addition to multiple health benefits, participation in physical activity can enhance cognitive functioning. Less clear
is how reducing physical activity levels affects cognition, an issue potentially addressed by bed rest studies having included
cognitive tests. Detailed and reviewed here are 17 such studies, featuring 251 subjects, bed rest for 7–70 days, and tests
of cognition ranging from reaction time to executive functions. The reported effects of bed rest on cognitive performance
vary considerably, from a generally expected worsening to an improvement. Practice effects could be implicated in the performance
improvements, and reports of worsening are often of limited interpretability or the results were not replicated. Any cognitive
effects of bed rest thus remain to be established. Detrimental effects could influence the in-progress plans for human spaceflights
to Mars (simulated by bed rest), and have implications for medical conditions promoting inactivity and lifestyles that are
largely sedentary.
相似文献
Darren M. LipnickiEmail: |
19.
Buonocore A McIntosh RD 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,191(1):117-122
The remote distractor effect is a robust finding whereby a saccade to a lateralised visual target is delayed by the simultaneous,
or near simultaneous, onset of a distractor in the opposite hemifield. Saccadic inhibition is a more recently discovered phenomenon
whereby a transient change to the scene during a visual task induces a depression in saccadic frequency beginning within 70 ms,
and maximal around 90–100 ms. We assessed whether saccadic inhibition is responsible for the increase in saccadic latency
induced by remote distractors. Participants performed a simple saccadic task in which the delay between target and distractor
was varied between 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 ms. Examination of the distributions of saccadic latencies showed that each distractor
produced a discrete dip in saccadic frequency, time-locked to distractor onset, conforming closely to the character of saccadic
inhibition. We conclude that saccadic inhibition underlies the remote distractor effect.
相似文献
Robert D. McIntoshEmail: |
20.
Fischer R Miller J 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,189(4):379-391
In size and parity judgment tasks, we investigated whether the activation of numerical quantity exerts an influence on motor
response parameters such as response force. Results showed typically strong effects on reaction time of numerical distance
in the size judgment task (Experiments 1 and 2) and SNARC-compatibility (Experiment 1) in both tasks, indicating that semantic
quantity representations were activated. Response force, however, varied at most weakly with the numerical magnitudes of the
digits. Our results place limits on previously suggested interconnections of the magnitude and response systems. Activations
within the magnitude system seem to have a strong influence on the initiation and selection of which action to produce, but
only a little influence on the dynamics of response production (i.e., response execution).
相似文献
Rico FischerEmail: |