舌腭弓与部分咽腭弓外展缝合法腭咽成形术治疗鼾症的体会

鼾症(阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征，OSAS)的治疗在耳鼻咽喉科越来越得到重视，目前常用的手术方法有悬雍垂软腭部分切除的腭咽成形术(UPPP)以及保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术(HUPPP)。近两年来，我科采用扁桃体切除加舌腭弓与部分咽腭弓外展缝合法腭咽成形术治疗中重度鼾症患者51例，均全麻下手术，     

单纯外展缝合法腭咽侧壁成形术治疗鼾症的体会-附20例报告

鼾症(阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征)的治疗在耳鼻咽喉科越来越得到重视，目前常用的手术方法有悬雍重软腭部分切除的腭咽成形术(UPPP)及保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术(HUPPP），分析两种术式的适应证和优缺点，近2年来，我科采用扁桃体切除加单纯外展缝合法腭咽侧壁成形术，治疗中重度鼾症患者20余例，局麻下手术(合并有增殖体肥大须行增殖     

改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的：探讨扩展咽腔横径治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效。方法：对36例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的患者。在行常规悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）后，将咽弓上缘向外上切开，充分外展咽弓，测量手术前后咽腔横径距离，与常规UPPP手术前后的咽腔扩展程度进行比较，并观察临床症状消失情况。砧果：手术后患者6个月有效率为81．12％，1年有效率为68．65％。改良UPPP手术后的咽腔较常规手术后咽腔增大1-2cm.结论：改良UPPP手术是扩展咽腔横径的有效方法，值得临床推广。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术加舌根手术的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨应用悬雍垂腭咽成形术及舌根手术治疗腭-咽平面、舌-平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征。方法 对26例经Muller动作检测确定的因腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者进行了悬雍垂腭咽成形术（uvulopalotopharyngoplasty,UPPP)加舌根手术，其中22例采用激光或电刀的舌根正中做菱形或梭形切除（其中6例舌根加舌根侧缘切开前固定缝合），4例单纯舌根侧缘切开前固定缝合。2例术前做了气管切开术，20例手术时做了气管切开术，全部患者均进行了术前和术后6个月、1年、3年多导睡眠监测。结果 按照杭州会议疗效评定标准，6月内效率100.0%，1年有效率84.6%，3年有效率76.9%,4例患者在1-2年后舌根切除处的凹陷又修复，舌根侧缘切开前固定者在术后短期有进食呛咳问题，锻炼后顺利进食。结论 对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的患者，Muller动作确定阻塞平面是不可缺少的手段；UPPP与舌根手术等综合治疗可能会达到更好疗效。行舌根菱形或梭形切除者，术后应缝合。     

低温等离子射频消融术治疗OSAHS

低温等离子射频消融术应用于治疗打鼾和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome．0SAHS），从治疗方法上看，经历了以下主要过程：①在软、硬腭交界处顺软腭上、下方向打孔，一般正中、左、右各一；②除原先的顺行打孔外，还逆行在悬雍垂、软腭游离缘向上打孔，同时还在扁桃体前、后弓及咽侧索打孔或肥大的扁桃体上打孔：③在“②”的基础上加上悬雍垂两侧软腭的切开、悬雍垂部分切除及打孔，称为等离子射频辅助下的悬雍垂腭咽成形术（coblation assisted uvula palate procedure，CAUP）。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术中咽侧壁的成形

目的:探讨悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)中咽侧壁的成形方法。方法:治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)23例,采用以下方法处理咽侧壁:①保留腭舌弓。②松解腭咽弓与软腭交界处,将软腭游离缘的两端向前移位。③腭咽弓缘固定于扁桃体窝外侧壁,使腭咽弓黏膜面构成口咽腔光滑的外侧壁。观察手术的近、远期效果。结果:患者术后局部反应较轻,腭咽形态保持较好,随访1～5年,疗效满意。结论:咽侧壁的处理与成形是UPPP中的一个重要环节,重视对其处理可提高UPPP的疗效。     

软腭、舌体低温等离子消融配合H-UPPP治疗重度OSAHS 30例分析

目的 探讨应用改良的悬雍垂腭咽成形术（H-UPPP）配合软腭、舌体低温等离子消融治疗腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的可行性、优越性和注意事项。方法 对30例经多导睡眠监测，Muller动作检测确定的因腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者进行了改良的悬雍垂腭咽成形术（H-UPPP）配合软腭、舌体低温等离子消融，术中完整保留悬雍垂,切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织,扩大软腭成形范围，并于软腭及舌体低温等离子打孔消融，全部患者均分别进行了术前和术后6个月、1年、3年多导睡眠监测。结果 按照杭州会议疗效评定标准，6月内有效率100.00%，1年有效率83.33%，3年有效率76.67%，无1例术中或术后行气管切开术，无1例出现软腭粘连、鼻咽狭窄、大出血、开放性鼻音、死亡。结论 对腭-咽平面、舌-咽平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的患者，软腭、舌体低温等离子消融配合H-UPPP治疗是安全、有效的，具有简单、微创，无需气管切开，愈合快等优点，同时应注意术前应用CPAP治疗，全麻清醒后24h才拔出气管插管。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术加舌根手术的临床疗效分析

目的　探讨应用悬雍垂腭咽成形术及舌根手术治疗腭 咽平面、舌 平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征。方法　对 2 6例经Muller动作检测确定的因腭 咽平面、舌 咽平面阻塞所致的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者进行了悬雍垂腭咽成形术(uvulopalotopharyngoplasty ,UPPP)加舌根手术 ,其中 2 2例采用激光或电刀在舌根正中做菱形或梭形切除 (其中 6例舌根加舌根侧缘切开前固定缝合 ) ,4例单纯舌根侧缘切开前固定缝合。 2例术前做了气管切开术 ,2 0例手术时做了气管切开术 ,全部患者均进行了术前和术后 6个月、1年、3年多导睡眠监测。结果　按照杭州会议疗效评定标准 ,6月内有效率 10 0 0 % ,1年有效率 84 6% ,3年有效率76 9% ,4例患者在 1～ 2年后舌根切除处的凹陷又修复 ,舌根侧缘切开前固定者在术后短期有进食呛咳问题 ,锻炼后顺利进食。结论　对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的患者 ,Muller动作确定阻塞平面是不可缺少的手段 ;UPPP与舌根手术等综合治疗可能会达到更好疗效。行舌根菱形或梭形切除者 ,术后应缝合     

软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合咽黏膜减张缝合治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合咽黏膜减张缝合治疗中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的有效性。方法 38 例中度及42例重度OSAHS患者行软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融,将咽腭弓折返减张半荷包式缝合于扁桃体窝内,术前及术后6个月行睡眠监测、爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)调查及咽腔测量。结果 80例患者均在术后6个月嗜睡状况改善,咽腔前后径、左右径扩大;睡眠结构得到明显改善。结论 咽黏膜减张缝合有效避免了咽腭弓术后撕裂、咽部黏膜重新松弛塌陷;软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合是治疗OSAHS的有效方法之一。     

“∧”形切口改良腭咽成形术之商榷

“∧”形切口改良腭咽成形术之商榷张少立阅贵刊１９９４年第８卷第６期马纪清等撰写的《改良腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征》一文，就文中所述的＂∧＂形创腔之改良方法，综合我科近７年手术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）的经验教训；在此提出一点...     

悬雍垂—软腭折叠成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of the modified (Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, UPPP) where uvula is reserved completely and the soft palate is folded in the operation. METHODS: 36 patients with the obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) (30 men, 6 women) underwent operation. The uvula and the muscles of the soft palate were reserved completely, and the soft palate was folded during the operation. RESULTS: 31 patients (86.1%) reported improvement of snoring and daytime somnolence. 30 patients (83.33%) showed a decrease of at least 50% in the apnea and hypopnea indices (AHI). No velopalatal insufficiency occurred. CONCLUSION: The modified UPPP not only enlarges pharyngeal cavity, but also avoids the postoperative complications. The modified UPPP could be better than the traditional operation.     

改良UPPP治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征临床疗效探讨

目的：改进经典的UPPP手术方法,探讨治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）,减少术后并发症的方法。方法：对49例OSAHS患者行改良UPPP;术后6、12、24个月随访,每次随访均行PSG测定。参照杭州会议（2002年）标准评定疗效。结果：患者打鼾、憋气、头痛及嗜睡等症状均于6个月内明显减轻或消失,经PSG监测,总有效率为100％。术后12、24个月经PSG监测,其疗效分别为95．92％和91．84％。结论：此术式可有效地扩大腭咽腔的通气面积,保持软腭的紧张度及咽黏膜的正常功能;术后并发症少,治疗效果良好。     

悬雍垂-软腭折叠成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的　改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成型术 (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ,UPPP)的手术方法 ,提高治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (obstructivesleepapnea hypopneasyndrome ,OSAHS)的治疗效果 ,减少术后并发症。方法　用新改进的术式治疗OSAHS患者 3 6例 ,轻度 8例 ,中度 2 1例 ,重度 7例。在常规UPPP手术基础上完整保留悬雍垂及腭肌 ,切除软腭口咽面下段 1/ 3～ 1/ 2的黏膜及黏膜下部分脂肪组织 ,再将软腭自游离缘向上折叠并与上切缘缝合 ,形成新软腭。保留软腭的活动与功能。结果　 3 1例 ( 86 1% )诉睡眠时鼾声、白天嗜睡和晨起头痛等症状明显改善。术后 6个月复查 ,3 0例( 83 3 3 % )低通气指数下降超过 5 0 % ,19例 <5次 /h ,9例≤ 2 0次 /h ,6例≤ 40次 /h。没有出现术后出血、开放性鼻音、长期饮食返流、鼻咽腔瘢痕性狭窄等并发症。结论　此改进术式在有效扩大咽腔 ,尤其是软腭后间隙的基础上 ,避免了腭咽关闭不全、饮食返流、鼻咽腔瘢痕性狭窄等并发症 ,疗效良好     

腭咽成形术中软腭切除范围

本文研究OSAS患者与正常人腭咽指数的显著差异，并据此设计腭咽成形术中软腭切除范围公式，治疗19例收效良好。     

低温等离子辅助软腭外展加折叠术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的　探讨腭咽成形术的改良手术方法,在解除腭咽部解剖性狭窄的同时,通过软腭外展增强软腭紧张度,避免睡眠中软腭功能性塌陷,提高手术疗效。方法 手术治疗以腭咽部狭窄、软腭松弛为主的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者55例（重度43例,中度12例）,利用软腭两侧斜三角形以及悬雍垂软腭交界处横矩形黏膜瓣切口,在低温等离子刀辅助下,解剖切除双侧腭帆间隙及软腭前方间隙内肥厚黏膜及沉积的脂肪组织,同时行黏膜切缘连同深部肌肉拉拢缝合,缝合后使软腭向两侧外展,悬雍垂-软腭前倾。分别于术前及术后6个月进行Epworth嗜睡量表评分及多道睡眠图监测,对所获得的资料进行统计学分析。结果　55例患者中,治愈8例,显效41例,有效3例,无效3例,手术成功率89.1%。术后Epworth嗜睡量表评分、呼吸暂停低通气指数、最低动脉血氧饱和度与术前比较均有显著性差异（P <0.001）。未出现术后开放性鼻音、长期饮食反流、鼻咽腔瘢痕性狭窄等并发症。结论　低温等离子辅助下软腭外展加悬雍垂-软腭折叠术,使软腭向两侧牵拉外展,悬雍垂及软腭前倾,软腭紧张度增加,可有效解除软腭塌陷,手术疗效满意,无严重并发症发生。     

Revised uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with uvula preservation and its clinical study

OBJECTIVES: A revised uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is reported for reducing the surgical complications without compromising the response. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A new method of performing UPPP was designed, in which the uvula is preserved, but a larger portion of the soft palate is removed. This new procedure is called the 'revised UPPP with uvula preservation' (Han's UPPP or H-UPPP), the characteristics of which are as follows: complete preservation of the uvula; larger portion of the soft palate resected (with the levator palati and tensor palati remaining intact); the adipose tissue in the space of the velum palati is removed; the preserved uvula will become a 'normal' one by the contraction of scar tissue on both sides of the musculus palato-uvularis and the lower margin of the tensor palati. 68 cases of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome had been treated with H-UPPP between September 1998 and May 2001. RESULTS: Polysomnography was performed for all 68 cases 6 months postoperatively with a surgical response of 69.12%, defined as a >50% reduction of the apnea-hypopnea index and <20 apneic pauses/h; no palatopharyngeal incompetency or palatopharyngeal stenosis. Anatomic measurements showed that the preserved uvula in H-UPPP begins to retract 2 weeks postoperatively, and the preserved uvula becomes 'normal' in 3-6 months. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that H-UPPP is an effective surgery and produces fewer complications compared with the classic UPPP.     

Outcome comparison of two methods of pharyngeal cavity reconstruction in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

Conclusions: The efficacy of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) can be achieved without application of an apposition suture of the palatopharyngeal arch and the palatoglossal arch. Objective: To compare the outcomes of two different methods of pharyngeal cavity reconstruction in UPPP. Methods: Forty-eight patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) underwent UPPP (uvula-preserving). A classical pharyngeal cavity reconstruction was performed in 24 patients in group one, with plastic suture of the inferior nasopharynx and exposure of the tonsillar fossa in 24 patients in group two. The parameters evaluated were the subjective symptom score, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and polysomnography result. The mean operating times and complications of the post-operative pharyngeal cavity were investigated. Results: No significant difference was observed in surgical success (p?=?0.54), subjective syndromes (snoring, sleep apnoea, morning headache, daytime sleepiness) (p?=?0.16, 0.36, 0.79 and 0.52), ESS (p?=?0.41), apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) (p?=?0.32), and minimum SaO₂ (p?=?0.13) between the two groups. In group one, the mean operating time was 54.72?±?6.52?min, 11 suture dehiscence (45.8%), and five scar hypertrophy of the pharyngeal wall (20.8%) were observed post-operatively; while in group two was 38.78?±?5.75?min, no suture dehiscence resulting from suture cutting of tissue, three scar hypertrophy were observed (12.5%).     

改良保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠 呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效分析

目的探讨改良保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗因软腭肥厚导致阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者的手术方法及疗效。方法2013年4月~2014年4月对65例软腭肥厚腭咽平面狭窄的中重度OSAHS患者行软腭正中切开联合改良保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术,术前及术后行上气道CT等相关检查,分析65例患者手术后的疗效及各参数的变化情况。结果65例患者手术后1年呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)由(42.58±5.66)次/h降低至(15.26±3.39)次/h,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);最低血氧饱和度由0.743±0.063提高至0.8613±0.053,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);Epworth嗜睡量表4个指标均较术前有明显改善(P<0.01)。65例患者中治愈31例(47.7％),显效30例(46.2％),有效3例(4.6％),无效1例(1.5％)。3例患者术后3个月有轻微吞咽障碍及咽痛,2例患者术后7 d出现扁桃体窝出血,局部压迫后止血。结论改良保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征术式相对简单,主观疗效较好,且并发症较少,临床可选择性采用。     

A comparison of tonsillar size and oropharyngeal dimensions in children with obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the tonsils and adenoids is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children. There is relatively little known about the occurrence of subclinical variations in the dimensions of the oropharynx which may predispose to the development of obstructive sleep apnea in children without obvious craniofacial abnormalities. Fifty-one children (3-10 years) were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of 18 patients with small tonsils and no history of snoring who underwent tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis. They were compared to a second group of 33 patients with large tonsils who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. Age, height, weight, body surface area and tonsil weight were correlated to the dimensions of the oropharynx obtained by direct measurement intraoperatively including the length of the soft palate, anterior-posterior depth of the nasopharynx and the distances between the medial tonsillar surfaces, anterior tonsillar pillars and lateral pharyngeal walls at mid-tonsil level. Increased patient height, weight and surface area correlated positively to increased distance between the lateral pharyngeal walls and to the length of the soft palate in the patients with small tonsils. No such correlation existed in the patients with obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy. In addition, the distance between the lateral pharyngeal walls was significantly decreased in the group with large, obstructing tonsils as compared to those with small tonsils and no history of obstruction (P less than 0.01). However, the patients with small tonsils and no obstruction had significantly longer soft plates (P less than 0.01) and less depth tot eh nasopharynx (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)