卡氏肺大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因表达的变化

目的探讨卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(Pneumocysitis carinii pneumonia,PCP)大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(Alveolar macrophage,AM)TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因表达的变化。方法采用AM体外培养技术,应用RT-PCR法分别测定脂多糖(LPS)诱导的AM中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因表达的动态变化。结果肺泡巨噬细胞受LPS刺激后,PCP模型大鼠TNF-αmRNA在1、4 h表达高于正常组(P<0.05),IL-1βmRNA表达在4、8 h时表达高于正常组(P<0.01),IL-6mRNA表达在8 h时PCP高于正常(P<0.05),表达峰值都提前,并且在4 h达到峰值。结论LPS刺激后,PCP大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞在早期可能更易分泌TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6作为免疫分子,起免疫防御和免疫损伤作用。     

糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬功能及释放肿瘤坏死因子α变化的研究

目的:研究肺泡巨噬细胞变化在糖尿病机体肺组织局部防御功能减弱的机制中的作用.方法:链脲佐菌素一次性腹腔注射复制大鼠糖尿病(DM)模型,通过支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)获取肺泡巨噬细胞(AM),HE染色测定对鸡红细胞吞噬率及AM体外培养ELISA法测定上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量.结果:糖尿病4周及8周组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞吞噬率均明显下降,差别有统计学意义(P＜0.01),肺泡巨噬细胞体外培养上清糖尿病4周组与对照组比较有下降趋势,但差别不具有统计学意义,糖尿病8周组下降明显(P＜0.05).结论:糖尿病大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞在非特异性及特异性免疫反应降低,随病程延长改变明显.     

羧胺三唑抑制佐剂性关节炎大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生细胞因子

目的探讨羧胺三唑(CAI)体外对佐剂性关节炎(AA)大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生细胞因子的影响。方法采用弗氏完全佐剂诱导大鼠AA模型,无菌制备大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,加CAI(10、20和40μmol/L)体外培养;ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量;荧光定量PCR法检测细胞内TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达;Trans AM试剂盒检测核蛋白NF-κB p65的DNA结合活性。结果 CAI(20、40μmol/L)能够明显降低AA大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平,减少细胞内TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达,同时也能够抑制核内NF-κB p65的DNA结合活性(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 CAI可能通过抑制NF-κB的活性而减少AA大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等促炎细胞因子的产生,CAI的抗关节炎作用可能与上述机制有关。     

体外培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞周期性牵张模型的建立及其炎性介质的变化

目的 建立体外培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(alveolar macrophage,AM)周期性牵张模型,观察有关炎性介质基因和蛋白表达的变化.方法 通过Flexercell 4000TTM应力加载系统对大鼠AM施加30%牵张应变,用RT-PCR法检测炎性介质mRNA的表达;用ELISA法检测炎性介质的分泌水平.结果AM细胞受30%牵张应变作用后,巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2(MIP-2)基因表达和蛋白分泌水平均显著增加(P>005),而肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6的mRNA表达和蛋白分泌水平与对照组无差异(P>005).结论 本牵张模型能够反映呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VILI)后炎性介质水平的变化,是研究VILI的理想模型.     

免疫功能低下Wistar大鼠白念珠菌肺炎模型的建立

目的建立用于免疫干预研究的免疫功能低下白念珠菌肺炎Wistar大鼠模型.方法醋酸考的松皮下注射制成大鼠免疫功能低下模型,并于第14天气管内灌注白念珠菌,制成免疫功能低下合并白念珠菌肺炎模型.检测免疫功能低下组,免疫功能低下+白念珠菌1、3、7?d组,正常组,正常+白念珠菌1、3、7?d组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的吞噬及杀菌功能;抗原提呈功能;培养上清中TNF-α活性和IL-1β、IL-6水平;血淋巴细胞杀伤功能;血清IFN-γ活性、IL-1β、IL-6水平;免疫功能低下+白念珠菌1、7?d组和正常+白念珠菌1、7?d组肺组织IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达;并于第7天进行左肺白念珠菌培养计数.结果免疫功能低下的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的吞噬和杀菌功能,抗原提呈功能,以及分泌TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的功能均明显低于免疫功能正常的大鼠;免疫功能低下的大鼠血中淋巴细胞的细胞毒作用明显低于免疫功能正常的大鼠;免疫功能低下的大鼠血清IFN-γ活性和IL-1β、IL-6水平明显低于免疫功能正常的大鼠.免疫功能低下合并白念珠菌肺炎大鼠肺组织IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达灌菌后第1天均低于白念珠菌肺炎大鼠,第7天均高于白念珠菌肺炎大鼠.免疫功能低下的大鼠左肺白念珠菌培养计数6.50×108CFU,免疫功能正常的大鼠左肺白念珠菌培养未见白念珠菌生长.结论该模型是免疫功能低下宿主肺部感染研究的适宜模型.     

严重烧伤大鼠在体肺泡巨噬细胞CD14的表达调控对内毒素和细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨严重烧伤和内毒素(LPS)对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)CD14膜蛋白(CD14)和mRNA基因表达变化的影响,以及抗CD14抗体拮抗前后AM产生肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)的影响及调控作用.方法 (1)体内部分:取成年SD大鼠96只,随机分为烧伤组、烧伤对照组、LPS组和LPS对照组,烧伤组和LPS组各42只,两组各分为1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、12 h共7个时相点,每时相点6只大鼠.烧伤对照组和LPS对照组各6只大鼠,只检测一个时相点.烧伤组和LPS组分别在大鼠20%Ⅲ度烧伤和LPS注射后各时相点抽取外周血后立即处死行全肺在体支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)分离提取相应各组AM.外周血检测外周血LPS浓度,各时相点灌洗提取的AM分别用RT-PCR方法观察相同时相点CD14 mRNA表达、免疫组织化学方法观察蛋白含量变化;(2)体外部分:取成年SD大鼠168只,随机分为烧伤血清组、血清抗体组、LPS组、LPS抗体组,每组42只,每组再分为1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、12 h共7个时相点,每时相点6只大鼠.另设烧伤对照组和LPS对照组,各6只成年SD大鼠.各组大鼠行全肺在体支气管肺泡灌洗分离AM,并按时相点分别进行体外培养,前四组分别加入烧伤血清、烧伤血清+抗体、LPS、LPS+抗体,在以上相同时相点终止培养,RT-PCR、免疫组化及ELISA方法分别检测四组肺泡巨噬细胞在各时相点CD14mRNA表达、蛋白表达及分泌TNF-α和IL-6的变化.结果 (1)体内部分:烧伤组及LPS组注射后大鼠各时相点外周血LPS浓度均明显高于相应对照组(P<0.01).在体大鼠AM各时相点CD14 mRNA表达与烧伤对照组比较均明显增高(P<0.01);(2)体外部分:烧伤血清组与烧伤对照组比较,LPS组和LPS对照组比较发现,烧伤血清组、LPS组大鼠AM各时相点CD14 mRNA表达、蛋白表达均明显增高,AM培养上清中TNF-α和IL-6浓度亦相应显著增高(P<0.01).以烧伤血清与AM培养1 h后,烧伤血清组培养上清中TNF-α和IL-6浓度即显著增加.与烧伤血清组比较,血清抗体组肺泡巨噬细胞在各时相点CD14 mRNA表达、蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01),TNF-α和IL-6浓度亦显著降低(P<0.01).与LPS组比较,LPS抗体组肺泡巨噬细胞在各时相点CD14 mRNA表达、蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01),TNF-α和IL-6浓度亦显著降低(P<0.01).结论 严重烧伤后外周血LPS浓度增加,在体肺泡巨噬细胞CD14 mRNA表达显著增加,离体肺泡巨噬细胞CD14 mRNA表达和蛋白表达均显著增加,使LPS对免疫系统的激活作用显著增大,AM分泌TNF-α和IL-6明显增加,而抗CD14抗体可以明显拮抗AM合成和分泌炎性介质.提示严重烧伤后通过调节CD14的作用而减少炎性介质的合成和分泌是可行的.     

二氧化硅致肺泡巨噬细胞自噬对其自身分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α和转化生长因子-β的影响

目的:研究自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)对二氧化硅(SiO_2)诱导的肺泡巨噬细胞自噬的激活,是否对自身分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)产生影响。方法:收集SD雄性大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞灌洗液,将其随机分为对照组,SiO_2刺激组(SiO_2组),自噬抑制剂组(3-MA组)。采用体外暴露肺泡巨噬细胞染尘法,染尘成功后12 h给予10 mmol/L 3-MA干预。分别于干预后6、18、24 h和36 h用胰酶消化并收集体外培养的肺泡巨噬细胞。采用H-E染色观察肺泡巨噬细胞形态学改变;免疫细胞化学检测肺泡巨噬细胞中TNF-α和TGF-β的定位表达;免疫印迹检测肺泡巨噬细胞中TNF-α和TGF-β的蛋白定量。结果:SiO_2组与对照组相比肺泡巨噬细胞体积增大,胞质丰富,部分细胞胞质内可见矽尘吞噬颗粒。3-MA组较SiO_2组肺泡巨噬细胞形态改变减轻。与对照组相比,SiO_2组各时间相肺泡巨噬细胞中TNF-α和TGF-β的蛋白表达显著升高,于SiO_2刺激后6 h开始升高,18 h达高峰,24 h与36 h回落,但仍高于对照组水平。3-MA组可以显著下调SiO_2组对应时间点肺泡巨噬细胞中TNF-α和TGF-β的表达。结论:自噬抑制剂3-MA抑制肺泡巨噬细胞自噬后可以下调肺泡巨噬细胞中TNF-α和TGF-β的表达及释放,进而促进炎症损伤的修复。     

GLI1介导的巨噬细胞极化调控缺氧性肺动脉高压的作用及机制

目的：探讨神经胶质瘤相关癌基因家族锌指1 (GLI1)对缺氧诱导大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞（NR8383）发生M1表型转化的作用机制及对肺动脉高压（PH）进展的影响。方法：将15只成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、缺氧PH模型组和缺氧PH加GANT61给药处理组,每组5只。小动物超声、右心导管实验检测大鼠PH相关指标,确定GLI1特异性抑制剂GANT61对PH进程的影响。HE染色检测肺动脉壁厚度。免疫组化检测α-SMA及M1型极化标志物TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白表达。免疫荧光检测M1型极化标志物CD86及TNF-α表达。Western blot检测GLI1及NF-κB蛋白表达。qRT-PCR检测M1型极化标志物iNOS、CD86、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-12 mRNA表达。CHIP-PCR验证GLI1调控NF-κB启动子活性。ELISA检测IL-12含量。CCK-8检测大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖。结果：GLI1抑制剂GANT61可缓解缺氧大鼠PH(P<0.05)。与缺氧组相比,抑制GLI1可降低大鼠肺组织TNF-α和IL-1β表达（P<0.05）。细胞实验中,缺氧通过上调G...     

链球菌蛋白对RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞免疫学活性的调节作用

目的:探讨链球菌蛋白对RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞免疫活性调节及其相关作用机制.方法:不同浓度的链球菌蛋白与RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞共同作用后,采用MTT 法检测细胞的增殖活化;吞噬中性红试验观察巨噬细胞的吞噬功能;生物化学法检测巨噬细胞上清液中TNF-α和IL-6 的含量;RT-PCR法检测细胞中TNF-α、IL-6和Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)的mRNA表达情况;流式细胞术检测细胞表面TLR2和TLR4的表达强度.结果:链球菌蛋白对巨噬细胞的生长增殖和吞噬功能有较强的刺激作用(P<0.05),促进TNF-α和IL-6的表达和分泌(P<0.05),并可上调巨噬细胞表面模式识别受体TLR2和TLR4的表达(P<0.05).结论:链球菌蛋白通过刺激RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞的增殖,增强细胞吞噬活性以及诱导细胞因子的产生等发挥其免疫调节作用.     

Pg-LPS对兔单核/巨噬细胞炎症因子表达的影响

目的比较Pg-LPS对新西兰兔不同部位单核/巨噬细胞炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α)表达的影响。方法分离新西兰兔不同部位(血液、肺、腹腔、肝脏)的单核/巨噬细胞(Mo、AM、PM、KC),将每一个部位的细胞分别用E.coli-LPS、Pg-LPS刺激。运用RT-PCR法检测各组Mo、AM、PM、KC中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA的表达情况。结果各实验组的4个部位(Mo、AM、PM、KC)相比,IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA的表达均存在部位差异(P﹤0.05)。E.coli-LPS组和Pg-LPS组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA的表达较对照组总体上均明显升高(P﹤0.05),并且E.coli-LPS组的升高作用强于Pg-LPS组(P﹤0.05)。结论不同部位的单核/巨噬细胞对Pg-LPS的刺激存在敏感性差异。Pg-LPS可以增强单核/巨噬细胞炎症因子基因的表达水平。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.