腹腔镜在胃癌中的应用现状

随着微创外科的理念被引入胃癌外科领域,腹腔镜技术在胃癌诊断及治疗中得到广泛应用。腹腔镜下早期胃癌手术的治疗疗效优于传统开腹手术,并已成为标准手术方式之一,腹腔镜下进展期胃癌手术的近期疗效虽优于传统手术方式,但远期疗效仍缺乏多中心、大样本、前瞻性随机对照研究来验证。     

Advances in Laparoscopic and Robotic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

Robot-assisted gastrectomy has been reported to be a safe alternative to both conventional laparoscopy and the open approach for treating early gastric carcinoma. Currently, there are a limited number of published reports on this technique in the literature. We assessed the current status of robotic and laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of gastric cancer and compared the operative outcomes, learning curves, and oncological outcome of the two approaches. Robotic gastrectomy offers benefits that include increased ease of performing D2 lymph node dissection and reduced blood loss compared with laparoscopic gastrectomy. However, the operative time is longer, and robotic gastrectomy is more costly for the patients. Regarding to the operative and oncological outcomes, there appears to be no significant differences between laparoscopic and robotic gastrectomies after the surgeon overcomes the associated learning curves. Sharing the available knowledge regarding laparoscopic and robotic gastrectomies could shorten these learning curves. For elder patients, minimally invasive surgery that decreases the postoperative recovery time should be considered the preferred treatment. Prospective randomized studies are required to compare the surgical and oncological outcomes among laparoscopic, robotic, and open surgeries for both early and advanced gastric cancer.     

Laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer: has the time come for considered it a standard procedure?

Radical gastrectomy with an adequate lymphadenectomy is the main procedure which makes it possible to cure patients with resectable gastric cancer. A number of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis provide phase III evidence that laparoscopic gastrectomy is technically safe and that it yields better short-term outcomes than conventional open gastrectomy for early-stage gastric cancer. At present, laparoscopic gastrectomy is considered a standard procedure for early-stage gastric cancer, especially in Asian countries. On the other hand, the use of minimally invasive techniques is still controversial for the treatment of more advanced tumours, principally due to existing concerns about its oncological adequacy and capacity to carry out an adequately extended lymphadenectomy. Additional high-quality studies comparing laparoscopic gastrectomy versus open gastrectomy for gastric cancer have been recently published, in particular concerning the latest results obtained by laparoscopic approach to advanced gastric cancer. It seems very useful to update the review of literature in light of these new evidences for this subject and draw some considerations.     

Is laparoscopic surgery acceptable for advanced colon cancer?

Laparoscopic surgery is widespread in the treatment of colorectal cancer. In Japan, a nationwide survey has shown that the rate of advanced colorectal cancer has increased gradually to 65% of total laparoscopic surgeries in 2007. Many randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that in the short term, laparoscopic surgery is feasible, safe, and has many benefits, including reduction of peri-operative mortality. In terms of long-term outcomes, four randomized controlled trials suggest that there are no differences in laparosupic and open surgery for colon cancer. However, important issues, including long-term oncological outcome, cost effectiveness, and the impact on the quality of life of patients, should be addressed in well-designed large-scale trials. In Japan, a retrospective multicenter study has demonstrated that the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery are beneficial, and the long-term outcomes are the same as for open surgery. In 2004, a prospective large-scale randomized controlled trial (JCOG0404) to compare laparoscopic surgery with open surgery was started to evaluate oncological outcomes for advanced colon cancer. This trial is supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. In the present study, laparoscopic surgery is found to be acceptable for stage I disease of colon cancer, whereas it is controversial for stage II/III disease because of inadequate clinical evidence. Whether laparoscopic surgery is acceptable for advanced colon cancer or not should be confirmed by the Japanese large-scale prospective randomized controlled trial (JCOG0404) in the near future. ( Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 567–571)     

Robotic gastrectomy: the current state of the art

Since the first laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer was reported in 1994, minimally invasive surgery is enjoying its wide acceptance. Numerous procedures of this approach have developed, and many patients have benefited from its effectiveness, which has been recently demonstrated for early gastric cancer. However, since laparoscopic surgery is not exempt from some limitations, the robotic surgery system was introduced as a solution by the late 1990's. Many experienced surgeons have embraced this new emerging method that provides undoubted technical and minimally invasive advantages. To date, several studies have concentrated to this new system, and have compared it with open and laparoscopic approach. Most of them have reported satisfactory results concerning the post-operative short-term outcomes, but almost all believe that the role of robotic gastrectomy is still out of focus, especially because long-term outcomes that can prove robotic oncologic equivalency are lacking, and operative costs and time are higher in comparison to the open and laparoscopic ones. This article is a review about the current status of robotic surgery for the treatment of gastric cancer, especially, focusing on the technical aspects, comparisons to other approaches and future prospects.     

Laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer: Current status and future direction

Gastric cancer is still a major cause of death worldwide. While laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) has gained evidence as a standard treatment for early gastric cancer in the distal stomach, there are still concerns regarding its application for gastric cancer in the upper stomach and advanced gastric cancer. Nevertheless, LG has shown to have faster recovery, shorter hospital stay, less pain, and less blood loss in many retrospective and prospective studies. The application of LG has now extended from conventional radical gastrectomy to novel approaches such as function-preserving gastrectomy and sentinel-node navigated surgery. Studies on the use of laparoscopy in treatment for stage IV gastric cancer are rare, but show that there may be some roles of LG in selected cases. With the development of new laparoscopic tools that augment human ability, the future of LG should move on from proving non-inferiority to demonstrating superiority compared to the traditional open gastrectomy.     

Current status of robot-assisted gastric surgery

In an effort to minimize the limitations of laparoscopy,a robotic surgery system was introduced,but its role for gastric cancer is still unclear.The objective of this article is to assess the current status of robotic surgery for gastric cancer and to predict future prospects.Although the current study was limited by its small number of patients and retrospective nature,robot-assisted gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy for the treatment of gastric cancer is a feasible and safe procedure for experienced laparoscopic surgeons.Most studies have reported satisfactory results for postoperative short-term coutcomes,such as:postoperative oral feeding,gas out,hospital stay and complications,compared with laparoscopic surgery;the difference is a longer operation time.However,robotic surgery showed a shallow learning curve compared with the familarity of conventional open surgery;after the accumulation of several cases,robotic surgery could be expected to result in a similar operation time.Robotic-assisted gastrectomy can expand the indications of minimally invasive surgery to include advanced gastric cancer by improving the ability to perform lymphadenectomy.Moreover," total" robotic gastrectomy can be facilitated using a robotsewing technique and gastric submucosal tumors near the gastroesophageal junction or pylorus can be resected safely by this novel technique.In conclusion,robotassisted gastrectomy may offer a good alternative to conventional open or laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer,provided that long-term oncologic outcomes can be confirmed.     

腹腔镜与开放胃癌根治术治疗进展期胃癌的对比研究

目的比较腹腔镜与开放手术治疗进展期胃癌的术后短期疗效。方法回顾分析2007年10月至2009年10月间,收住我科的67例腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术及同期70例开放胃癌根治术的进展期胃癌患者的临床资料。结果腹腔镜及开放手术平均手术时间分别为209．00±40．71min和133．25±37．45min（P〈O．05）,平均出血量分别为161．83±196．37ml和258．92±56．83ml（P〈O．05）,平均排气时间分别为42．12±21．36h和64．92±31．58h（P〈O．05）,开始进食流质时间分别为2．11±1．28d和3．56±1．91d（P〈O．05）,术后平均住院时间分别为5．36±1．88d和8．28±3．48d（P〈O．05）。结论腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术是安全可行的,并且在术中失血、术后早期进食,缩短住院日方面较开腹手术更有优势。     

Laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer

Recently, the treatment of gastric cancer is becoming diversified. In Japan, gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy has been recognized as a standard operation and has been performed widely for years. However, instead of D2 conventional gastric resection, various treatments using endoscopic or laparoscopic methods have been developed. Their usefulness and safety have been established, and the rate of detection of early gastric cancer has risen with the progress of medical technology and systems. The treatment suitable for the given stage must be chosen. In our department, we introduced laparoscopic operations and considered their usefulness and indication. Now, laparoscopic gastrectomy is recommended for cases in cStage I A and cStage I B of the guideline proposed by the Japanese Gastric Cancer Society. Future randomized controlled trials consisting of open surgery and laparoscopic gastrectomy are warranted.     

腹腔镜辅助D2根治性全胃切除术与传统开腹手术治疗胃癌的近期疗效及血清学变化比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助D2根治性全胃切除术与传统开腹手术治疗胃癌的近期疗效及血清学变化.方法 选取118例胃癌患者,依照患者意愿和手术需求分为腹腔镜组(n=59)和开腹组(n=59).腹腔镜组行腹腔镜辅助D2根治性全胃切除术,开腹组行传统开腹全胃切除术,比较两组患者的术中、术后指标及血清学变化.结果 腹腔镜组患者的手术时间长于开腹组,术中出血量少于开腹组,切口长度短于开腹组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);两组患者的淋巴结清扫数目比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).腹腔镜组患者术后肛门排气时间、开始进食流质时间、开始进食半流质时间和住院时间均短于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).术后72 h,两组患者的肝肾功能指标ALT、AST、ALB、BUN及炎症相关指标WBC、NE、CRP比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),但腹腔镜组患者的Cr水平高于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).结论 腹腔镜辅助D2根治性全胃切除术治疗胃癌不仅安全有效,而且创伤小,术后患者恢复快,值得临床推广应用.     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术与开放性胃癌根治术的对比研究

目的　通过比较腹腔镜下胃癌根治术与开放性胃癌根治术的差异,探讨腹腔镜下胃癌根治性的可行性。方法 选取２００８年５月至２００９年１０月行腹腔镜下胃癌根治性切除术８１例,其中根治性远端胃癌根治术４８例,根治性近端胃癌根治术１９例,根治性全胃切除术１４例,与开放性胃癌根治术（相同分期）８０例的病例资料作回顾性分析。结果　８１例均在腹腔镜辅助下完成手术,Ｄ１淋巴结清扫６例,Ｄ２淋巴结清扫７５例。腹腔镜手术和开放性手术的平均手术时间分别为２５８ｍｉｎ和１９３ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜０.０５）,术中平均出血量分别为２９２ｍｌ和３８９ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０.０５）,清扫淋巴结平均数分别为１６.５枚和１７.８枚（Ｐ＞０.０５）;术后平均胃肠功能恢复时间分别为２.９天和３.９天（Ｐ＜０.０５）;腹腔镜手术组术中无脏器损伤,术后无出血、吻合口漏及肺部感染等并发症,无手术死亡病例。结论　腹腔镜下胃癌根治术安全、可行,与开放性胃癌根治术具有相同的淋巴结清扫范围。     

胃癌腹腔镜辅助手术与开放手术临床疗效回顾性配对研究

目的:评价腹腔镜辅助手术应用于胃癌治疗是否具有与传统开腹手术相同的安全性及可靠性。方法:回顾性研究我院自2010年1月至2015年12月716例确诊为胃癌且行根治性手术治疗的患者。采用1∶1配对设计,最终获得行腹腔镜辅助手术和开腹手术各116例纳入本研究。对比两种手术方式在近期疗效及远期疗效方面的差异。结果:术中出血量腹腔镜组为（115.8±58.2） ml,开腹组为（185.9±165.4） ml;首次下床活动时间腹腔镜组为（2.4±0.7）天,开腹组为（3.3±1.1）天;术后肛门排气时间腹腔镜组为（3.8±1.5）天,开腹组为（4.4±1.7 ）天;术后流质饮食时间腹腔镜组为（3.9±1.5）天,开腹组为（4.7±2.3）天,以上差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。腹腔镜组术中平均清扫淋巴结（24.7±12.1）枚,开腹组为（24.3±10.2）枚;术中淋巴结清扫及术后并发症方面,两组差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。远期临床疗效显示,进展期胃癌患者术后3年的累积生存率腔镜组与开腹组为79.0% vs 75.8%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.236)。结论:对于胃癌患者采用腹腔镜辅助手术方式近期疗效优于开放手术,且该手术方法具有一定的安全可靠性,两者远期临床疗效相似。     

Controversies in surgical treatment of gastric cancer

Conservative surgery is performed for patients with early gastric cancer, according to the guideline proposed from Japanese Gastric Cancer Society. There are many kinds of operations, such as ordinary open surgery, laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy, laparoscopic intragastric surgery, pyrolus preserving gastrectomy, hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Indications of the operations are various, but it is necessary to have standard indication for each procedure. Standard operation for advanced gastric cancer in Japan is D2 gastrectomy. Surgeons in Eastern world believed that D1 + alpha or D1 + adjuvant radio-chemotherapy are the standard treatments, because of high incidence of mortality and morbidity after D2 dissection. In Japan, D4 dissection has been performed for patients with nodal involvement, and the validity of D4 dissection is now studied by two randomized trials. Combined resection for T4 tumor is believed to be mandatory. However, the validity of pancreato-splenectomy to yield a complete clearance of No. 10 or No. 11 lymph node station is in controversial, because of high incidence of the postoperative development of pancreatic fistula, anastomotic insufficiency and abscess. There was no prospective study to confirm the effect of omentectomy. Patients with advanced gastric cancer showing a serosal invasion-diameter less than 2.5 cm have less risk of peritoneal recurrence. It may be valuable to perform randomized controlled study consisting of omentum-preserving gastrectomy and gastrectomy with omentectomy. Prognosis of patients with peritoneal dissemination was improved by intraperitoneal chomo hyporthormia and peritonectomy, and prospective studies should be done to compare the effects of systemic chemotherapy and regional chemotherapy combined with peritonectomy. Furthermore, effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cytoreduction with R0 resection should be confirmed by prospective studies.     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术研究进展

腹腔镜胃癌根治术与开腹手术比较,具有术后疼痛轻、胃肠功能恢复快、术后进食早、住院时间短等微创优势,手术并发症两者类似.在早期胃癌,可获得与开腹手术相当的根治性效果.虽然随着镜下操作经验的丰富以及设备的改进.进展期胃癌以及复杂的D2清扫操作更多被纳入腹腔镜胃癌手术的范畴,但目前仍需要多中心大样本随机对照研究证实其远期根治性疗效.     

The role of laparoscopy for gastric surgery in the West

The only potentially curative treatment available for gastric adenocarcinoma is surgical resection. However, many controversies exist regarding treatment strategy, including whether the laparoscopic approach is appropriate. Many reports of laparoscopic techniques for cancer resection have shown oncologic equivalency to the open technique, with the known benefits of the minimally invasive approach, such as decreased pain, length of hospital stay, blood loss, and complications. The Eastern experience with laparoscopic gastrectomy has been extensive, associated with the increased incidence of early gastric cancers. However, in the West, laparoscopic approaches for gastric cancer have been more slowly accepted, largely due to the lower incidence of gastric cancer in this part of the world. Therefore, we aimed to review the technical feasibility and oncologic efficacy of the laparoscopic versus open approach to resection for gastric adenocarcinoma in the West. Review of the literature demonstrates that laparoscopic gastrectomy is a safe technique with short-term oncologic results that are equivalent in terms of margin status and lymph node retrieval and are associated with additional benefits of the minimally invasive approach, although long-term follow up is necessary. Laparoscopic gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma, similar to findings in the East, resulted in a decreased length of hospital stay, decreased narcotic use, fewer complications, and equivalent short-term oncologic outcomes. It appears that the minimally invasive approach for gastric resection of adenocarcinoma is safe and satisfies oncologic requirements, and is justified for use in selected patients.     

Function-preserving gastrectomy based on the sentinel node concept in early gastric cancer

Recent meta-analyses and a prospective multicenter trial of sentinel node (SN) mapping in early gastric cancer have demonstrated acceptable SN detection rates and accuracy of determination of lymph node status. SN mapping may play a key role in obtaining individual metastatic information. It also allows modification of surgical procedures, including function-preserving gastrectomy in patients with early gastric cancer. A dual-tracer method that uses radioactive colloids and blue dye is currently considered the most reliable method for the stable detection of SNs in patients with early gastric cancer. New technologies, such as indocyanine green infrared or fluorescence imaging, are also useful for accurate SN mapping in gastric cancer. Theoretically, laparoscopic function-preserving gastrectomy, including partial resection, proximal gastrectomy, segmental gastrectomy, and pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, is feasible in early gastric cancer when the SN(s) is/are nonmetastatic. Our study group conducted a multicenter prospective trial in Japan to evaluate function-preserving gastrectomy with SN mapping for long-term survival and patient quality of life. Non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery (NEWS) is a new technique for treating gastric cancer with partial resection involving full-thickness resection with endoscopy and laparoscopic surgery without transluminal access. The combination of NEWS and SN biopsy is expected to be a promising, minimally invasive, function-preserving surgery that is ideal for cases of cN0 early gastric cancer.     

Current status of adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer

Although radical gastrectomy is a standard treatment for advanced gastric cancer, recurrence remains high. After several large-scale controlled studies have shown the beneficial effects of adjuvant chemotherapy, that treatment emerged as a standard option for advanced gastric cancer after gastrectomy. However, various guidelines from different countries have suggested different adjuvant chemotherapies. Understanding the differences between guidelines is very important for investigating further therapeutic strategies. Fortunately, because there are many ongoing studies about new regimens for adjuvant treatment, it is expected that patients with gastric cancer after surgery will have better outcome.     

Function-preserving gastrectomy based on the sentinel node concept in early gastric cancer

Recent meta-analyses and a prospective multicenter trial of sentinel node (SN) mapping in early gastric cancer have demonstrated acceptable SN detection rates and accuracy of determination of lymph node status. SN mapping may play a key role in obtaining individual metastatic information. It also allows modification of surgical procedures, including function-preserving gastrectomy in patients with early gastric cancer. A dual-tracer method that uses radioactive colloids and blue dye is currently considered the most reliable method for the stable detection of SNs in patients with early gastric cancer. New technologies, such as indocyanine green infrared or fluorescence imaging, are also useful for accurate SN mapping in gastric cancer. Theoretically, laparoscopic function-preserving gastrectomy, including partial resection, proximal gastrectomy, segmental gastrectomy, and pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, is feasible in early gastric cancer when the SN(s) is/are nonmetastatic. Our study group conducted a multicenter prospective trial in Japan to evaluate function-preserving gastrectomy with SN mapping for long-term survival and patient quality of life. Non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery (NEWS) is a new technique for treating gastric cancer with partial resection involving full-thickness resection with endoscopy and laparoscopic surgery without transluminal access. The combination of NEWS and SN biopsy is expected to be a promising, minimally invasive, function-preserving surgery that is ideal for cases of cN0 early gastric cancer.

     

胃癌腹腔镜手术的循证医学评价

腹腔镜胃癌手术已近20年的历史,其运用范围已日益广泛。但是,目前腹腔镜胃癌手术仍未被大多数临床医师所掌握。相关循证医学证据显示,腹腔镜胃癌手术能够达到与开腹手术相当的肿瘤根治效果,且使其具有较好的微创效果。在远期疗效方面,早期胃癌的腹腔镜手术已经获得良好的远期疗效,而在进展期胃癌方面,仍缺乏多中心的前瞻性随机对照研究结果来评价腹腔镜手术的优劣。外科医师只有严格选择合适病例,手术中严格遵循恶性肿瘤手术的根治原则,才能使腹腔镜胃癌根治术不仅具有微创优势,而且可以取得与开腹手术相当的远期疗效。      

全腹腔镜近端胃切除术的适应证及消化道重建方式的选择

近年来，世界范围内胃上部癌发病率逐年升高，严重威胁人类健康。目前，根治性胃切除术仍然是胃上部癌的主要治疗方法，其主要术式为全胃切除术或近端胃切除术。近端胃切除术因其保留部分胃的功能，对患者营养状况影响较小而越来越受到关注。随着腹腔镜技术的进步，胃癌的腹腔镜治疗效果不断改善。近年来，全腹腔镜技术被应用于胃上部癌的治疗，但该手术方式在根治范围及消化道重建等问题上尚存争议。本文将重点介绍全腹腔镜近端胃切除术的适应证及如何合理地选择消化道重建的方式。