原发性股骨近端溶骨性骨缺失的修复重建

目的总结和分析股骨近端原发性溶骨性骨缺损的手术修复方法。方法自1997～2003年我科共收治股骨近端原发性溶骨性骨缺损36例。根据肿瘤的性质及大小分别采用病灶刮除 自体(异体)皮松质骨植入8例；病灶刮除 自体(异体)皮松质骨 自体缝匠肌髂骨瓣复合植入 内固定术22例；病灶刮除 骨水泥填充 内固定5例；瘤段切除 人工双动股骨头置换1例。结果术后随访12～54个月，平均24个月，仅1例骨巨细胞瘤复发，关节功能评分33例优，3例良。结论根据肿瘤的性质和股骨近端骨缺损大小采取不同手术方式进行了病灶清除及功能重建，是一套有效的重建股骨近端骨缺损的方案。     

游离腓骨复合移植重建上肢关节功能及骨缺损

目的：吻合血管的腓骨复合移植适用于一期修复上肢长骨骨缺损及重建关节功能。方法：自１９８５年以来，采用折叠腓骨段及复合组织瓣修复尺桡骨同时骨缺损４例；小儿肱骨近端肿瘤瘤段切除后采用吻合血管带腓骨小头的腓骨移植重建肩关节功能９例；桡骨远端肿瘤瘤段切除后取吻合血管带腓骨小头的腓骨移植重建桡腕关节６例。结果：经术后２～１０年随访，重建的肩关节、桡腕关节功能恢复令人满意，尺桡骨骨缺损一期修复，骨愈合良好。结论：复合的游离腓骨移植是扩大应用于关节功能重建的有效方法。     

上肢骨肿瘤切除后的自体骨移植重建

目的探讨应用自体骨移植对上肢骨肿瘤切除后的骨缺损修复重建的效果。方法1998年8月～2004年3月，收治上肢骨肿瘤切除后的骨缺损16例。男8例，女8例。年龄7～45岁。经病理确诊，肱骨近端尤文肉瘤和骨肉瘤各1例；肱骨远端尤文肉瘤2例；桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤8例，高分化软骨肉瘤2例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤和骨肉瘤各1例。2例肱骨近端肿瘤行自体锁骨代肱骨；2例肱骨远端肿瘤行自体腓骨代肱骨；12例桡骨远端肿瘤中，1例行自体髂骨移植，11例行自体腓骨代桡骨进行重建。采用MSTS系统进行术后功能评价。结果2例肱骨近端自体锁骨移植患者分别随访36个月和12个月，术后保持部分肩关节前屈和后伸功能，但外展功能丧失；MSTS评分分别为23分和22分。2例肱骨远端自体腓骨移植患者分别随访4个月和6个月，肘关节功能良好，移植骨连接处已经出现骨愈合；MSTS功能评分分别为24分和19分。12例桡骨远端自体骨移植患者中11例随访6～75个月，功能良好，无明显并发症；1例髂骨植骨的桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤术后3个月移植骨完全愈合，至今随访75个月，肿瘤无复发。MSTS功能评分18~27分，平均22．6分。结论自体骨移植在上肢骨肿瘤切除后骨缺损的重建，尤其是儿童的骨缺损重建中，是一种较好的方法。     

复发性肢体骨巨细胞瘤的临床诊治策略

[目的]探讨复发性肢体骨巨细胞瘤的临床、影像学特点以及不同治疗方法及临床疗效.[方法]自1995年1月～2009年1月治疗29例复发性骨巨细胞瘤,男15例,女14例;复发时平均年龄32.4岁(13～56)岁;股骨远端和胫骨近端各12例,肱骨近端2例,股骨近端、尺骨远端、腓骨近端各1例.首次手术方式与例数:肿瘤刮除植骨26例,瘤段切除骨缺损修复术2例,单纯腓骨近端切除术1例.复发平均时间26.6个月(1～168)个月.再次手术方式与例数:瘤段切除骨缺损修复重建术17例(假体置换14例,自体骨移植2例,灭活再植1例);肿瘤扩大刮除瘤腔灭活骨修复术7例(植骨4例,骨水泥填充内固定3例),肿瘤扩大切除术3例;截肢术2例.[结果]随访时间24～180个月,平均70个月.2例再次复发;总再复发率为6.9％,肿瘤切除骨缺损修复组无复发,病灶内手术组中1例复发(1/7,14.29％),局部扩大切除术组1例复发(1/3,33.33％).随访期内2例死亡(1例死于非肿瘤原因).病灶内手术组肢体功能优良率为100％,瘤段切除骨缺损修复组为73.33％.综合临床疗效评价病灶内手术优良率为85.71％.肿瘤切除骨缺损修复组为66.67％.[结论]骨巨细胞瘤术后定期随访对于早期诊断肿瘤复发至关重要;一旦复发诊断明确,尽管存在再次复发的风险,应首选瘤灶内手术;对放射学Companacci Ⅲ级的复发性骨巨细胞瘤可选择瘤段切除骨缺损重建手术治疗,但存在一定的远期并发症.     

肱骨近端骨肿瘤的显微外科修复

自１９８０年以来，应用显微外科技术修得肱骨近端肿瘤切除后的骨缺损１３例，取得良好效果。彻底切除病灶是显微重建的前提，肿瘤切除后遗留长段肱骨近端缺损，宜选择腓血管蒡腓骨上段半关节移植修复。在成人中需切取１０ｃｍ以内腓骨上段关节移植，而在儿童用带腓骨骺移植时则选择膝下外血管蒡腓内上段骨瓣最佳。     

吻合血管的近段腓骨移植重建肩腕关节

目的 探讨带血管蒂的近段腓骨移植重建肩、腕关节炎的疗效。方法 对近端肱骨和桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤病例彻底切除瘤段骨及周围反应组织,采用带血管蒂的游离近段腓骨移植重建肩关节和腕关节。结果 经术后6个月－2年随访,2例重建肩、腕关节外观和功能恢复良好,肿瘤无复发。结论 带血管蒂近段腓骨移植是治疗肱骨近端和桡骨远端肿瘤切除后骨缺损和重建肩、腕关节的理想方法。     

自体腓骨移植治疗肿瘤致骨缺损

目的 :探讨不带血管自体腓骨移植在四肢骨关节重建中的应用。方法 :切除肱骨近端、桡骨远端的骨肿瘤 ,用无血运自体近端腓骨移植重建肩、腕关节。用腓骨干联合异体骨填充近关节骨肿瘤造成的骨缺损。结果 :42例患者经半年～ 5年的随访 ,仅 3例患者出现肿瘤原位复发。 2 9例重建肩、腕关节外观及功能恢复良好 ,7例重建的膝关节功能良好。结论 :不带血管的腓骨移植在肿瘤致骨缺损的治疗中 ,具有手术简单 ,并发症少 ,术后功能较好等特点。是一个较理想的治疗选择     

复合骨移植在下肢骨肿瘤保肢治疗中的应用

目的探讨复合骨移植在下肢骨肿瘤保肢术中重建骨缺损的手术原理及效果。方法应用携带监测皮岛吻合血管的自体腓骨与深低温冷冻大段同种异体骨复合移植，重建下肢骨肿瘤切除后的长段骨缺损12例。其中，骨肉瘤6例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，骨纤维结构不良2例，骨巨细胞瘤3例。结果12例经术后8～38个月随访，1例死于肺转移，2例带瘤存活，9例无瘤存活。术后功能优良率达75％。10例术后3个月内X线示骨端骨性愈合，2例内固定失败重新外固定后骨性愈合，所有均在9个月内能完全负重行走。结论携带监测皮岛吻合血管的自体腓骨与深低温冷冻大段同种异体骨复合移植，适用于下肢骨肿瘤保肢术中的长段骨缺损的修复，具有自体活骨移植和异体骨移植的双重优点。     

骨基质明胶复合自体红骨髓及同种异体骨修复骨缺损

目的:评价骨基质明胶复合自体红骨髓及同种异体骨联合移植修复骨缺损的疗效。方法:76例良性骨肿瘤和瘤样病损患者,彻底刮除病灶或作肿瘤骨段切除,并对瘤壁作灭活处理,以同种异体骨作支架,周围填充骨基质明胶和自体红骨髓复合物,术后观察机体反应及骨缺损修复情况。结果:术后机体无明显免疫排斥反应,无1例发生感染,所有病例随访时间为5～16个月,X线显示新骨形成时间为术后1.5～4月,完全骨化的时间为术后5～9月,骨缺损骨性愈合74例,并获得较好的关节功能,肿瘤复发2例。结论:骨基质明胶、自体红骨髓、同种异体骨复合物能有效修复骨缺损,有广泛的临床应用前景。     

胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损修复重建的研究进展

目的对胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损的修复重建方式进行综述。方法查阅国内外胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损重建方式的相关文献,从保留踝关节术及非保留踝关节术两方面进行总结分析。结果对于胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损的修复重建,除了常规的同种异体骨移植、带血管自体腓骨移植、同种异体骨复合带血管腓骨移植、瘤段灭活回植、牵张成骨及骨搬运技术外,临床已逐渐开始应用膜诱导成骨技术、人工肿瘤干假体、3D打印金属骨小梁假体、踝关节融合术、人工肿瘤踝关节置换术。另外,因胫骨下段恶性肿瘤患者生存期较长,骨缺损修复重建后的功能恢复也受到越来越多关注。结论胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损修复重建方式已获得长足进步,但对于最佳方式仍存在争议。随着近年来3D打印技术及各类术前模拟技术的出现,个性化、精准化修复重建胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损成为可能,需要进一步探讨研究。     

Treatment of benign lesions of humerus with resection and non-vascularised, autologous fibular graft

The aim of this study was to analyse the long-term results of surgical en bloc resection and replacement with non-vascularised, autologous fibular graft for the treatment of large benign humeral lesions without fixation. We retrospectively reviewed data of seven females and 13 males with unilateral benign lesions where steroid injection, curettage and bone grafting or pathological fracture failed to restore integrity. Subperiosteal, en bloc resection of the cystic lesion with a margin of the normal bone was performed. The average age of the patients at the time of operation was 11.8 years (range 4–28 years). All patients were skeletally mature at last follow-up. Aneurysmal bone cysts were histologically identified in seven cases, solitary cysts in 11 and fibrous dysplasia in two cases. No recurrence of the pathology, pain, graft fracture or limitation in range of motion was noted. In three patients in whom the cyst was adjacent to the proximal growth plate of the humerus, there was shortening of the bone at the last follow-up examination measuring 2 cm, 4.5 cm and 6 cm, respectively. Two cases had a valgus deformity of 10° and 15°, respectively, which was evident radiographically at the time of last follow-up. The results of en bloc resection with non-vascularised, autologous fibular graft for the treatment of large benign humeral lesions without fixation are encouraging. The risk of associated complications is low. In our opinion this should be the method of choice in the treatment of large, multi-chamber benign bone lesions of the humerus which fail more “conservative” treatment.     

吻合血管带腓骨头腓骨移植重建肩腔关节

目的：扩展活腓骨移植在骨肿瘤保肢手术中的应用,特别涉及关节端骨肿瘤保肢治疗的应用。方法：采用吻合血管带腓骨头的腓骨移植重建10例肱骨头周,5例桡骨远端骨肿瘤瘤段切除术后的肩、腕关节。结果：术后6个月所有腓骨移植段与受区骨端愈合良好,骨形态替代理想,重建后的肩、腕关节无论从外观或功能方面均获得较好的重建效果。结论：吻合血管带腓骨头的腓骨移植对肩关节肱骨端、腕关节桡骨端骨肿瘤保肢手术的关节重建中起到较好的替代作用。     

Upper limb salvage with microvascular bone transfer for major long-bone segmental tumor resections

A series of 14 young, active patients who underwent vascularized bone graft reconstructions of large (9-15 cm) segmental skeletal defects of the upper extremity resulting from resection of a variety of bony tumors is presented. Eight defects involved the proximal humerus and required shoulder joint reconstruction, two were mid humeral and four involved the distal radius. Surgical techniques for both distal radius reconstruction with vascularized iliac crest and vascularized fibular head and glenohumeral reconstruction using the vascularized fibula are described. Several cases are discussed in detail, including achievement of bony union, postoperative range of motion and pain, and each patient's ability to resume activities. The literature is reviewed, and other reconstructive options for large bony defects of the upper extremity after tumor resection are discussed: nonvascularized bone grafts, allograft transfer, and custom prosthetic devices. The authors think that vascularized bone grafting offers the most favorable method of upper extremity salvage with preservation of joint function, especially at the shoulder.     

Resection arthrodesis of the shoulder with autogenous fibular bone grafts

We report the results of wide local excision of stage II8 proximal humeral tumors followed by reconstruction with parallel nonvascularized fibular bone grafts in three patients. Mean follow-up was 5 years (range 3 years to 8 years, 6 months). The pathologic diagnosis was osteogenic sarcoma in two patients and Ewing's sarcoma in one. The rotator cuff and deltoid were excised to achieve a wide margin around these tumors. All patients remain free from disease. They were able to return to previous work and sport activities. Two had a fracture of the graft; one fell from a mountain bike and the other fell at work. The former fracture united; the latter fracture required fixation and bone grafting to achieve union. By Enneking's 30-point functional evaluation, all three patients were in the excellent category with scores of 25, 26, and 28. We conclude that for the treatment of malignant tumors of the shoulder region with muscle involvement, excision followed by arthrodesis with parallel autogenous fibular bone grafts provides a method of retaining satisfactory upper limb function and acceptable cosmesis.     

带血管腓骨复合异体骨修复长骨肿瘤切除后骨缺损

目的 探讨带血管腓骨复合异体骨重建长骨恶性肿瘤切除后骨缺损的临床结果.方法 2006年4月至2009年10月对19例四肢长骨恶性骨肿瘤患者行保肢手术,男11例,女8例;年龄11～37岁,平均(18.5±7.6)岁.肱骨5例、股骨7例、胫骨7例.肿瘤切除后骨缺损长度(13.2±4.3)cm,采用带血管自体腓骨复合大段异体...     

Reconstruction of the bones and joints of the upper extremity by vascularized free fibular graft: report of 46 cases.

The vascularized free fibular graft was applied in reconstructing bone and joint structures of the upper extremity in 46 cases between August, 1977 and December, 1989. Among these, 30 were grafts of the fibular shaft and 16 were grafts of the fibular head. There were 19 bony defects after trauma or osteomyelitis, 18 bony or articular defects after resection of tumors, five congenital deformities or defects, and four replacements for fibrous dysplasia. The longest grafted fibula was 22 cm and the shortest, 5 cm. Thirty-one cases were followed for more than two years, and these were evaluated for functional ability in daily living, roentgenologic appearance, and 99mTc scan during follow-up. The results revealed quite sufficient functional restoration, solid bone healing, and adequate blood supply, in most cases. The vascularized free fibular head graft appears to be an ideal procedure for the reconstruction of defects of the lower end of the radius or the upper humerus, including the humeral head. The stability of the reconstructed wrist or shoulder joint was maintained by suturing the lateral collateral ligament, the palmar collateral ligament around the wrist, or by passing the long head of the biceps brachii through the grafted fibula at the shoulder. Methods for fixation of the fibular shaft to the recipient bone and the selection of vessels for anastomoses, both in the graft and at the recipient site, are discussed. The importance of postoperative functional exercise is emphasized.     

An aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst of the proximal humerus and related complications in a pediatric patient

Clinical behavior of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) in younger patients can be more aggressive than that in older children and adults. Angular deformity and shortening can occur due to growth plate destruction or tumor resection. A 11-year-old boy who had been operated twice in another center for an ABC located in the left proximal humerus presented to the author’s institution with complaints of pain, deformity and shortening of the left arm. Plain radiographs revealed left proximal humerus nonunion with a large defect. Reconstruction with nonvascularized fibular autograft was applied and left upper extremity was immobilized in a velpou bandage. At the third-month follow-up, graft incorporation was observed in the distal part; however, proximal part did not show adequate healing on radiographs. Additional immobilization in a sling for 3 months was advised to the patient and his family. However, they were lost to follow-up and readmitted to the author’s institution at the 12th month postoperatively. Radiographs showed failure of the fibular graft fixation and nonunion of the humerus. Autogenic bone grafts, either vascularized or nonvascularized are the best treatment method for the large defects after tumor curettage or resection. Nonvascularized grafts are technically much easier to use than vascularized grafts and provide excellent structural bone support at the recipient side. However, they may take several months to be fully incorporated. In addition, good therapeutic outcomes require patience and collaboration with the patient and parents. Most importantly, the patient should be monitored closely.     

复合骨移植修复骨肿瘤切除后大段骨关节缺损

目的 报道复合骨移植修复骨肿瘤切除后大段骨关节缺损的临床疗效。方法 2001年1月-2002年12月应用带监测皮岛的自体腓骨与大段同种异体深低温冷冻骨关节复合移植修复骨肿瘤切除后大段骨关节缺损10例。结果 10例均得到随访，随访时间5～24个月。移植的自体腓骨长度最长28cm，最短15cm。8例在术后3个月即有影像学骨性愈合，10例均于术后半年完全负重和邻近关节自由活动，术后超过1年的5例均已拆除内固定，术后1年均完全愈合。结论 带监测皮岛的自体腓骨与大段同种异体深低温冷冻骨关节复合移植是修复骨肿瘤切除后大段骨关节缺损的有效且可靠的方法，可用于骨肿瘤保肢术中。     

肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的探讨肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢手术方法及相关的临床效果。方法35例肩胛带骨肿瘤患者,男24例,女11例,平均年龄34岁(12～74岁)。肿瘤部位:肱骨上段21例,肩胛骨12例,锁骨2例;肿瘤类型:骨肉瘤10例,软骨肉瘤7例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤3例,尤文肉瘤3例,纤维肉瘤1例,骨髓瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤7例,转移瘤3例。按照Malawer等提出的手术分类方法进行分类。保肢手术方法:肿瘤假体置换8例,瘤段骨灭活回植4例,异体骨关节移植3例,自体腓骨移植2例,髓针骨水泥假体置换1例,Tikhoff-Linberg手术3例,瘤段肢体切除、上肢短缩再植2例,全肩胛骨或关节盂切除、肱骨头悬吊4例,部分肩胛骨切除6例,锁骨瘤段切除2例,其中16例作了化疗。结果本组患者平均随访71个月(6～186个月),局部复发4例,远处转移6例,死亡9例,无瘤存活22例。按MSTS上肢功能评分标准,35例患者上肢功能评分平均为77%(40%～100%),上肢功能与手术切除范围密切相关。并发症:切口感染裂开4例,移植骨骨折2例,暂时性桡神经麻痹2例,肩关节半脱位3例。结论肩胛带区骨肿瘤的治疗应根据患者情况、肿瘤类型及侵袭范围等因素决定切除范围并选择应用肿瘤假体置换、自体或异体骨关节移植、瘤段骨骨灭活回植及Tikhoff-Linberg手术等重建方法,可以达到控制肿瘤、稳定无痛的肩关节重建和保留良好的肘部与手部功能的目的。