新疆阿拉山口口岸城区鼠类近况调查研究

目的 掌握阿拉山口口岸城区鼠、蚤密度、种群构成、季节消长规律等,为鼠疫防制提供依据.方法 2006年4月～2007年3月采用夹夜法对口岸鼠情进行监测,并利用微量血凝法检测F1抗体及抗原.结果 通过1年的调查,在城区布放有效板夹6 845个,捕获鼠形动物290只,鼠密度为4.2%,居民生活区高于作业区(P＜0.01),经过鉴定隶属2目4科6属6种,优势种为褐家鼠和小家属,分别占41.3%和34.3%;从口岸城区捕获鼠体表采集蚤288只,隶属3科5属6种;捕获鼠平均染蚤率为13.5%,总蚤指数为1.0,其中褐家鼠的染蚤率和印鼠客蚤指数分别为22.5%和2.4;共检测鼠血清52份,鼠脏器材料86份,结果均为阴性.结论 新疆阿拉山口口岸灭鼠灭蚤工作应把重点放在居民区,同时兼顾作业区;加强对城区褐家鼠和印鼠客蚤的监测和控制;密切关注口岸郊区的鼠、蚤情况,这对疫情的早发现、早控制具有现实意义.     

广州市2006～2007年鼠疫宿主动物监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市鼠疫宿主动物的种群构成及数量分布情况.为鼠疫防治T作积累基础资料.方法 采用夜笼法.对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定;计算鼠带(染)蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫IHA法检测鼠疫FI抗体.结果 捕获鼠形动物1 709只,分属2目2科4属7种.其中啮齿日动物1 615只,食虫目动物94只,总鼠密度(捕获率)为10.39%,鼠密度(捕获率)为9.83%:在194只鼠形动物中发现染蚤鼠40只,检获蚤84只,鼠体表蚤经鉴定为印鼠客蚤、猫栉首蚤;鼠染蚤率为20.62%,总蚤指数为0.43;黄胸鼠蚤指数为0.56;未查出鼠疫FI抗体.结论 褐家鼠仍是广州市主要鼠种,主要蚤种是印鼠客蚤,未发现鼠间鼠疫流行迹象.     

阿拉山口口岸地区蚤类区系调查及动态分析

目的 摸清口岸地区蚤类媒介种群,掌握其随宿主动物的迁移、输入种的动态变化. 方法 通过对口岸地区及周边6大生态环境的调查,对小型哺乳动物体表、洞干、游离蚤类的采集,制成浸泡和封片标本,经分类鉴定、复审核实定种.结果 3年内采集蚤类5科12属22种.其中2001年印鼠客蚤在口岸的首次发现为新疆新记录.距细蚤、叶状切唇蚤突高亚种为口岸新记录.2004年又发现的林野细蚤、低突怪蚤、粗鬃客蚤、簇鬢客蚤,均为口岸新记录;同时概述几种主要蚤类的分布特点和迁移性.结论 1. 在口岸居民区主要家栖鼠类体上,亦能采到寄生在大沙鼠野栖鼠类的专嗜寄生蚤臀突客蚤和秃病蚤指名亚种.2. 印鼠客蚤迁入新疆对本口岸无疑是一个严重威胁.3. 口岸仓储区、换装区是本口岸蚤类输入种及其他媒介生物传入的重要场所.     

印鼠客蚤各虫期发育与温度关系的研究

印鼠客蚤(Xenopsylla cheopis)是家鼠鼠疫自然疫源地主要宿主动物黄胸鼠的主要体表寄生蚤,也是鼠疫菌自然感染率最高的蚤种。以往研究证明,印鼠客蚤是云南家鼠鼠疫疫源地内具有二次菌栓形成能力及高效能的主要媒介。为探索该蚤的规范化养殖,了解其生物学特性,于1996年对印鼠客蚤各虫期经不同温度养殖的发育和存活情况进行了观察。1 材料与方法1.1 蚤种 印鼠客蚤系1989年采自大理市黄胸鼠及褐家鼠鼠体,经实验室养殖的纯系品种。1.2 幼虫饲养基质     

隆林县蚤种群分布特征分析

目的掌握隆林县蚤类的种群分布特征,为制定鼠疫防治对策提供依据。方法采用笼捕法捕获鼠,采集鼠体蚤,计算鼠体染蚤率和蚤指数。粘蚤纸法捕获室内游离蚤,计算地面游离蚤指数。结果共捕获蚤5 783只,隶属3科6属6种,印鼠客蚤占种群的79.25%,为优势蚤种。鼠体平均染蚤率为27.99%,平均蚤指数为0.980,印鼠客蚤指数为0.780,地面游离蚤指数为0.045。月均染蚤率与印鼠客蚤指数季节消长趋势基本一致,呈单峰型,而蚤指数的季节消长呈2个峰期,分别是3月和7月。结论根据隆林县鼠疫寄生蚤种群分布和季节消长规律,印鼠客蚤是该县鼠疫控制中的主要防治对象,2～10月是鼠疫监测的重点期。     

2001～2010年广州市鼠疫宿主动物及其媒介种类的监测及评价

目的分析广州市鼠疫宿主动物及其媒介的种群构成及数量分布情况,为制定鼠疫防控策略提供依据。方法采用夜笼法。在广州市12区、县级市设置监测点,对捕获鼠类及捡获蚤类进行鉴定,计算鼠密度;计算鼠带(染)蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫IHA法检测鼠疫F1抗体。结果 10年间共捕获鼠形动物8 891只,分属2目2科4属9种。其中啮齿目动物8 285只,食虫目动物606只,总鼠密度(捕获率)为11.25%;在1 185只鼠形动物中发现染蚤鼠243只,捡获蚤811只。发现蚤类4种,主要蚤种为印鼠客蚤;平均鼠染蚤率为20.51%,总蚤指数为0.68;未查出鼠疫F1抗体。结论未发现鼠间鼠疫流行迹象。褐家鼠仍是广州市主要鼠种。主要蚤种是印鼠客蚤。     

2001-2009年三峡水库万州段鼠疫潜在危险因素分析

目的 分析三峡水库万州段鼠疫潜在危险因素,为全区鼠疫防治及预警工作提供科学依据.方法 2001-2009年,在三峡水库万州段的9个镇(乡),采用夹夜法和笼夜法捕鼠,对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定,计算鼠带蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫间接血凝试验(IHA)法检测鼠、猫、犬血清鼠疫F1抗体,开展人间及鼠间鼠疫疫情监测.结果捕获鼠形动物隶属1纲2目2科9种.室内环境平均鼠密度为1.16%(961/82 558),野外农区环境平均鼠密度为1.12%(1345/119 671),以褐家鼠为优势种群,占50.37%.2004、2008、2009年室内环境黄胸鼠在鼠形动物种群的构成比分别为3.80%、4.50%、10.12%,呈逐年增多趋势.调查发现有3种鼠染蚤,分别为印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤、猫栉首蚤,鼠平均染蚤率为1.18%(82/6959),总蚤指数平均为0.036.检测6959份鼠血清标本和160份猫、犬血清,鼠疫F1抗体检测结果均为阴性.结论三峡水库万州段暂未发生鼠疫,但该地广泛存在家鼠鼠疫菌重要储存宿主黄胸鼠及鼠疫传播媒介印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤,黄胸鼠种群数量呈逐年增多趋势.三峡水库万州段存在发生鼠疫的潜在危险.     

2001-2009年三峡水库万州段鼠疫潜在危险因素分析

目的 分析三峡水库万州段鼠疫潜在危险因素,为全区鼠疫防治及预警工作提供科学依据.方法 2001-2009年,在三峡水库万州段的9个镇(乡),采用夹夜法和笼夜法捕鼠,对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定,计算鼠带蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫间接血凝试验(IHA)法检测鼠、猫、犬血清鼠疫F1抗体,开展人间及鼠间鼠疫疫情监测.结果捕获鼠形动物隶属1纲2目2科9种.室内环境平均鼠密度为1.16%(961/82 558),野外农区环境平均鼠密度为1.12%(1345/119 671),以褐家鼠为优势种群,占50.37%.2004、2008、2009年室内环境黄胸鼠在鼠形动物种群的构成比分别为3.80%、4.50%、10.12%,呈逐年增多趋势.调查发现有3种鼠染蚤,分别为印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤、猫栉首蚤,鼠平均染蚤率为1.18%(82/6959),总蚤指数平均为0.036.检测6959份鼠血清标本和160份猫、犬血清,鼠疫F1抗体检测结果均为阴性.结论三峡水库万州段暂未发生鼠疫,但该地广泛存在家鼠鼠疫菌重要储存宿主黄胸鼠及鼠疫传播媒介印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤,黄胸鼠种群数量呈逐年增多趋势.三峡水库万州段存在发生鼠疫的潜在危险.     

2005-2017年个旧市动物鼠疫监测分析

目的分析2005—2017年云南省个旧市动物鼠疫宿主动物密度、媒介构成、种群变化和疫情态势。方法收集2005—2017年个旧市鼠疫监测资料,计算相关指标,应用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2005—2017年共发现啮齿动物8种,年平均鼠密度在1.11%～3.42%波动,总平均鼠密度1.93%,其中优势鼠种是黄胸鼠(39.31%),次要鼠种是褐家鼠(33.66%);蚤类6种,总蚤指数及印鼠客蚤指数分别在0.19～0.57和0.04～0.35间波动,优势蚤种是印鼠客蚤(40.00%),其次是人蚤(30.70%);检测宿主动物6 207只、体外寄生虫2 140组和动物血清2 497份,结果均为阴性。结论目前个旧市处于鼠疫流行静息期,但结合自然环境、鼠疫流行史、优势鼠鼠密度和优势蚤蚤指数等因素综合分析,存在着鼠疫发生和流行的可能性;应继续认真开展和完成鼠疫监测等工作。     

阿拉山口口岸地区小型哺乳动物区系调查及输入种动态分析

目的 掌握口岸地区本底小型哺乳动物种群及家、野栖鼠类的动态变化,识别外来物种,预测、预报传疫信息.方法 在本口岸及周边区域6大生态环境中进行调查,对比既往资料进行分析.结果 捕获兔形类1种、啮齿类16种、食虫类2种、食肉类1种、翼手类1种,即5目9科15属19种1022只.并对口岸输入种进行了分析.结论 家栖鼠类褐家鼠为优势种,野栖鼠类大沙鼠为优势种,这两大家、野栖鼠类的代表性种群,其主要传播媒介已发生交换和转移,加之印鼠客蚤的参与是鼠间到人间鼠疫发生的危险因素.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.