局灶性脑缺血时吡拉西坦对缺血半球能量代谢的影响

目的　观察吡拉西坦对局灶性脑缺血时缺血半球能量代谢的影响。方法　采用动脉腔内插线大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型及测定缺血 2 h/再灌注 2 h后缺血半球内乳酸 ( L A)水平、乳酸脱氢酶 ( L DH)和肌酸激酶 ( CK)活性的变化 ,HE染色结合图像分析测定缺血后 2 4h的梗死体积。结果　吡拉西坦 ( 2 0 0 mg/kg)可明显降低缺血半球内 L A水平 ,增加 L DH的活性 ,对 CK活性无明显影响 ,它可明显降低缺血 2 h/再灌注 2 2 h后的皮质、皮质下结构和半球的梗死体积。结论　吡拉西坦具有明确的抗局灶性脑缺血作用 ,它可明显改善缺血组织的能量代谢状态 ,增加 L DH的活性 ,减轻乳酸堆积及组织酸中毒 ,缩小梗死体积。     

吡拉西坦对局灶性脑缺血引起的生物膜损伤的保护作用

一、材料和方法1. 材料:雄性SD大鼠(体重300～330g)及弱瘤脂肪酸(FFA)和ATPase测试盒等。2.方法:(1)采用大鼠动脉腔内插线法局灶性脑缺血模型,在缺血2h后进行再灌注。(2)再灌注2h后留取缺血半球标本,依据FFA和ATPase测试盒提供的方法,制备组织匀浆,并测定FFA水平及Na -K -ATPase、Ca2 -ATPase和Ca2 -Mg2 -ATPase的活性。(3)再灌注2h后留取缺血半球,采用湿重-干重法测定脑组织水分含量。(4)再灌注2h后经股静脉给予3%伊文氏蓝(2ml/kg),平衡3h后依次经心灌注肝素生理盐水(肝素含量为5U/ml)和10%福尔马林溶液,然后取全脑,切片…     

局灶性脑缺血的脑保护

局灶性脑缺血多由脑血管严重的狭窄、痉挛或完全阻塞所致.一般认为局部脑血流量(rCBF)低于20 ml*100 g-1*min-1时即可出现脑缺血损害,脑缺血后由于局部脑组织缺血缺氧,可造成局部脑水肿、兴奋性有毒物质释放、缺血周围去极化、炎症反应等,最终可造成神经元坏死或凋亡,形成梗死.针对脑缺血后发生的反应,及时给予脑保护措施,对缩小梗死面积,改善预后都有极为重要的意义.现将这些方面的研究进展综述如下.     

胰岛素及其生长因子与局灶性脑缺血的脑保护

近十年来,随着免疫学技术的发展,局灶性脑缺血的病理生理改变逐渐被阐明,包括自由基的产生、细胞Ｃａ２＋超载、兴奋性氨基酸毒性和ＮＯ的作用等。随着针对各环节治疗研究的不断出现,其中：胰岛素及其生长因子（Ｉｎｓ／ＩＧＦｓ）对脑神经无毒副作用长期应用的安全［１］,尤其是ＩＧＦｓ为正常神经细胞生长发育所必需,且能帮助受损的脑细胞的修复而备受关注［２］。现就当前有关Ｉｎｓ／ＩＧＦｓ在局灶性脑缺血方面作用的研究现状作一综述。１ Ｉｎｓ／ＩＧＦｓ的一般特性及脑内来源１．１ 一般特性 ＩＧＦｓ最初被称为生长介素Ｃ及…     

兔局灶性脑缺血模型研究

在局灶性脑缺血模型研究中，人们相继制作了灵长类、狗、猫、鼠等多种动物的局灶性脑缺血模型，但这些动物有的价格昂贵，有的太小，使研究工作受到一定限制。兔作为实验动物日渐受到重视，因其具有如下优点：（１）兔性情温驯，易于饲养，便于操作。其体重相对较大，复杂...     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型的建立

急性脑缺血溶栓研究已有20余年的历史,曾因导致出血频繁而停用。随着新型溶栓药物的出现,其安全性逐渐提高,引起人们对溶栓疗法的重新认识。目前适用于溶栓研究的局灶性脑缺血动物模型均有不足之处。我们采用并改良Overgaard K[1]等的颈内动脉注入自体血凝块的方法,制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,此模型具有与人类脑缺血极其相似的特点,最适用于溶栓研究,现报道如下。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤中IGF-I mRNA表达

目的　观察局灶性脑缺血损伤中 IGF- I m RNA的表达特点 ,探讨其调控机制。方法　采用自体血凝块注入颈内动脉的方法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血 2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h、2 4 h、4 8h模型 ,应用原位杂交及 RT- PCR方法 ,检测缺血中心区及半暗带区 IGF- I m RNA的表达。结果　局灶性脑缺血损伤时 ,缺血中心区及半暗带区 IGF- I m R-NA表达增加 ,尤以缺血半暗带区增加明显。结论　 IGF- I对局灶性脑缺血损伤具有保护作用。     

3-CP对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的脑保护作用

目的探讨3-CP对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的脑保护作用。方法采用血管内尼龙线栓塞法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,脑缺血和再灌注通过激光多普勒监测局部脑血流来证实。所有动物均缺血1h再灌注24h,动物分为4组:实验一组(3-CP100m g/kg;n=6),实验二组(3-CP10m g/kg;n=6),实验三组(3-CP1m g/kg;n=6)和对照组(0.9%生理盐水,n=5)。3-CP和生理盐水均在再灌注开始1m in内注射入血管。脑梗塞体积用TTC染色法显示,用图象分析软件计算梗塞体积。结果实验一、二、三组和对照组脑梗塞体积分别为(44.4±16.5)m m3、(39.5±20.3)m m3、(107.0±18.3)m m3和(146.0±63.6)m m3,实验一、二组和对照组相比,相差显著(P<0.01)。结论100m g/kg3-CP和10m g/kg3-CP剂量的3-CP对大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型中再灌注损伤有神经保护作用。     

蛋白激酶抑制剂H-7降低局灶性脑缺血半暗带和核心区半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活化

目的 研究蛋白激酶抑制剂H-7对局灶性脑缺血半暗带和核心区半胱氨酸蛋白酶Calpain和Caspase-3活性的影响.方法 采用动脉腔内插线法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,在缺血前15min经脑室给予H-7(125μg/大鼠),测定缺血1h再灌注23h(R23h)时,半暗带和核心区Calpain和Caspase-3的活性、Calpastatin和微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)的含量及梗死体积.结果 H-7明显降低R23h时半暗带和核心区μ-和m-Calpain及Caspase-3的活性,升高核心区Calpastatin的含量及半暗带和核心区MAP-2的含量,缩小梗死体积.结论 H-7通过抑制半暗带和核心区Calpain和Caspase-3的活性,降低局灶性脑缺血损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of protein kinase inhibitor H-7 on the activation of calpain and caspase-3 in penumbra and core after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods Rats received 1h focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal filament. H-7 ( 125 μg/rat) was administered intracerebroventricularly 15 min before ischemia. The activities of calpain and caspase-3, the levels of calpastatin and microtubule-associated protein-2 ( MAP-2 ) , and the infarct volume were assessed by casein zymography,fluorometry, Western blot analysis,and staining the brain sections with 2,3 ,5-tripheny-ltetrazolium chlorides,respectively. Results Compared with ischemic control, H-7 markedly reduced the activities of μ-and m-calpain, and caspase-3 , increased the levels of MAP-2 in penumbra and core, and enhanced the levels of calpastatin in core. Moreover, animals treated with H-7 showed a significant reduction in infarct volume. Conclusions These data demonstrate the protection of H-7 against focal cerebral ischemia through inhibiting the activation of calpain and caspase-3.     

尼莫地平对局灶性脑缺血鼠脑血影蛋白的影响

目的 观察大脑中动脉（MCA）缺血后血影蛋白的动态变化,寻找反映脑缺血程度的形态学依据。并评价尼莫地平的脑保护作用。方法 制作大鼠MCA局灶性脑缺血模型。免疫组化法检测血影蛋白含量。缺血后10min,30min,3h,6h和48h观察血影蛋白动态变化。结果 缺血后10min缺血区域血影蛋白表达降低。24h达高峰,尼莫地平可减少缺血区神经元血影蛋白的降解,具有脑保护作用。结论 检测血影蛋白可反映神经元缺血损伤后的早期形态学改变,钙离子拮抗剂一尼莫地平有重要的脑保护作用。     

Changes in oxidative stress,iNOS activity and neutrophil infiltration in severe transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Oxidative stress, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and neutrophils all contribute to post-ischemic brain damage. This study has determined the time courses of these three phenomena after ischemia in parallel with histological and functional outcomes. Ischemia was produced in rats by occluding the left middle cerebral artery and both common carotid arteries for 20 min. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) rapidly decreased to 20% of its preischemic value during occlusion and stabilized at 60% following reperfusion. The striatal infarction was maximal 15 h after reperfusion (50+/-3 mm(3)), whereas the cortical infarction reached its maximum at 48 h (183+/-10 mm(3)). This drastic decrease in rCBF followed by incomplete reperfusion and massive infarction is, thus, extremely severe. The cortical infarction was strongly correlated with the neurologic deficit and loss of body weight. Oxidative stress, evaluated by the decrease in glutathione concentrations, appeared in the striatum at 6 h after reperfusion and in the cortex at 15 h. Calcium-independent NOS activity, considered as inducible NOS activity, was significantly enhanced at 24 h in the striatum and at 48 h in the cortex. Myeloperoxidase activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration, was significantly increased at 48 h in both the striatum and cortex. These time courses show that the delayed iNOS activity and neutrophil infiltration that occur after the maturation of infarction in severe ischemia may not contribute to ischemic brain damage. By contrast, early oxidative stress may well be implicated in cerebral injury.     

缺血预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血的保护作用

目的 探讨缺血预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血的保护作用及其机制。方法 将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血组和缺血预处理组,每组10只。使用改良线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型。采用Longa-Bederson（LB）评分法评估缺血预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经功能的影响,采用TTC染色方法分析大鼠海马区梗死面积,采用TUNEL染色法分析大鼠海马区细胞凋亡,使用气相色谱方法分析缺血预处理后大鼠海马区域丙酮酸含量。结果 缺血预处理组大鼠LB评分[（1.67±0.21）分}明显优于缺血组[（3.17±0.31）分;P<0.05]。缺血预处理组大鼠海马区梗死面积[（154±8.1）mm2]明显少于缺血组[（221.20±5.86）mm2;P<0.05]。缺血预处理组大鼠海马区域丙酮酸含量[（3.70±0.20）μmol/g]明显高于缺血组[（2.58±0.17）μmol/g;P<0.05]。结论 缺血预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血具有显著神经保护作用,其机制可能与明显减少大鼠脑组织梗死、增加海马丙酮酸含量、减少细胞凋亡有关。     

硫酸镁在大鼠局灶脑缺血中的保护作用

目的 研究非竞争性谷氨酸受体拮抗剂－－硫酸镁在大鼠局灶脑缺血中的作用。方法 采用线栓法建立大鼠右侧大脑中动脉区永久脑缺血模型,分别于缺血前半小时,、缺血后第１、３、６、１２小时静滴１０％硫酸镁溶液,滴速１．５ｍｌ／ｈ,通过神经功能评分、梗死体积及含水量的改变、病理学检查,探讨硫酸镁对脑缺血的保护作用及治疗时间窗。结果 缺血６小时内应用硫酸镁能改善运动功能,减轻脑水肿,缩经体积。结论 硫酸镁具有明显     

头孢曲松钠对大鼠脑缺血损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的 探讨在大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型中应用头孢曲松钠对脑缺血损伤的保护作用及其相关机制.方法 制备Wistar大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,并按随机数字表法分为单纯缺血组(MCAO组)、头孢曲松钠治疗组(MCAO+CTX组)和盐水对照组,其中MCAO+CTX组为缺血90min时给予头孢曲松钠200 mg/kg.缺血后24 h、48 h、7 d时对各组大鼠进行神经行为学评分和脑水肿程度测定,同时比较各组大鼠皮层和海马谷氨酸转运体功能的差异.结果 随着缺血时间延长,各组大鼠神经行为学评分逐渐提高;脑水肿在缺血后24 h、48 h时逐渐加重,至7 d时已逐渐消退.与MCAO组比较,各时间点MCAO+CTX组大鼠神经行为学评分明显提高,脑水肿程度明显减轻,伤侧皮层及海马谷氨酸转运体功能明显增强,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 头孢曲松钠对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与增强谷氨酸转运体功能从而减轻谷氨酸神经毒性作用有关.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the neuroprotective effect of ceftriaxone on cerebral ischemia injury in rats with focal cerebral ischemia and its possible mechanism. Methods Focal cerebral ischemic models were established in Wistar rats and randomly divided into ischemic group (performed middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO]), ceftriaxone (CTX) therapy group (given CTX at a dosage of 200 mg/kg 90 min after MCAO) and control group (given physiological saline only). Twenty-four and 48 h, and 7 d after MCAO, neurological behaviors and cerebral edema level were evaluated in these 3 groups;glutamate transporter function in the cortex and hippocampus of rats was compared between each 2 groups. Results With time extended, neurological behaviors scores were obviously elevated in every group;and cerebral edema became worse at 24 and 48 h and decreased 7 d after MCAO. As compared with that in the ischemic group, glutamate transporter function, level of edema and neurological behaviors scores in cortex and hippocampus of rats in the CTX therapy group were statistically increased at different ischemic time points (P<0.05). Conclusion Ceftriaxone has a neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemia in rats, which may relate to increased glutamate transporter function and reduced glutamate neurotoxicity.     

首乌延寿丹对大鼠局灶性脑缺血的保护作用

目的研究首乌延寿丹对大鼠局灶性脑缺血的保护机制。方法采用改良的线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型(MCAO)。将健康成年大鼠随机分为5组:假手术组、缺血模型组、缺血前首乌延寿丹低、中、高处理组。测定丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT),并进行病理组织学检查。结果首乌延寿丹能明显提高缺血脑组织中SOD、CAT活性,降低MDA含量,减轻脑水肿,首乌延寿丹能改善脑缺血造成的大鼠脑组织损伤。结论首乌延寿丹对大鼠局灶性脑缺血有明显的保护作用,其机制可能是通过有效的拮抗自由基损伤,提高脑组织抗氧化能力来实现的。     

Pretreatment with intravenous FGF-13 reduces infarct volume and ameliorates neurological deficits following focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Fibroblast growth factor-13 (FGF-13), novel member of FGF family has recently been molecularly cloned as a result of high throughput sequencing of a ovarian cancer cell, hippocampal, and kidney cDNA libraries. The human gene encodes for a protein with a molecular weight of 22 kDa that is most homologous to FGF-8 (70% similarity). In the current study, we tested the effects of intravenously administered FGF-13 in a model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague–Dawley rats. FGF-13 or the vehicle was administered systematically via the tail vein 30 min prior, and 30 min and 24 h after the occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Animals were weighed and evaluated behaviorally prior to and at 24 and 48 h after MCAo. The volume of cerebral infarct and swelling were determined using an image analysis system (BioQuant) and cresyl violet stained sequential sections from the forebrain region. Histopathology was evaluated to compare the therapeutic effects. We found a 63% reduction in infarct volume in FGF-13- vs. vehicle-treated animals (infarct volume was 21.9±3.8% in vehicle- and 8.1±1.6% in FGF-13-treated rats, p=0.0016) and a moderate inhibition of brain swelling by FGF-13. The reduction in infarct volume and brain swelling were associated with improvement of clinical deficits in FGF-13 treated animals (p<0.001). Histopathological examination determined that nervous tissue was better preserved in FGF-13 treated rats than those of controls. These data show that pretreatment with intravenous FGF-13 reduces infarct size and ameliorates neurological deficits following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats.     

栓线法大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型的研究

采用颈部旁侧手术入路，结扎右侧颈总动脉、颈外动脉及其分支后颈内动脉栓线法制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞再灌流损伤模型。闭塞成功率９４．１％，动物偏瘫症状评分在缺血２ｈ再灌流３ｄ后趋于稳定，病理改变以尾壳核损害最重。再灌流７ｄ脑梗塞体积为９７．８±９．４ｍｍ３，动物死亡率５９．４％。缺血２ｈ后再灌流先出现过渡灌注，而后呈持续性低灌注。本文模型勿需开颅，缺血效果可靠，对局灶性脑缺血的研究具有实用价值。     

磷酸化Rb蛋白在正常成年大鼠与脑缺血大鼠神经元内的表达变化

目的观察正常成年大鼠与局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经元内磷酸化Rb蛋白(p-Rb)的表达及变化特点。方法应用免疫荧光组织化学染色方法观察成年大鼠不同脑区神经元内p-Rb表达特点,比较大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)后不同时间点(12h、1d、3d、7d)缺血半暗带内神经元p-Rb的变化特点。结果成年大鼠神经元内p-Rb主要在细胞核内表达;与对照组相比,MCAO再灌注后各时间点p-Rb免疫反应性均增强;再灌注1d,缺血半暗带内部分神经元p-Rb表达由细胞核转移到细胞浆。结论成熟神经元内p-Rb在细胞核内表达可能对于维持神经元的有丝分裂后状态有一定作用,当其发生核浆转移提示神经元细胞周期调控机制紊乱,可能再进入细胞周期。     

Effects of tetrahydrobiopterin on cerebral infarction after transient focal ischemia in rats

Abstract

Objectives: The present study investigated the effects of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) on cerebral infarction after transient focal ischemia in rats.

Methods: Focal ischemia (1·5 hours) was created in male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-280 g) by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Some rats were treated with 20 mg/kg tetrahydrobiopterin by intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes before reperfusion. At 2, 6, and 12 hours of reperfusion, the brains were harvested for the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and nitric oxide (NO) level assays. At 12 hours of reperfusion, the brains were harvested for infarct size measurement.

Results: NOS activity and NO level were all augmented after reperfusion. BH4 treatment significantly further increased NOS activity and NO level. Cerebral infarct size was significantly bigger in BH4 treatment group compared to that in no treatment group.

Conclusions: The data indicate that BH4 enhances cerebral infarction after transient focal ischemia in rats, through NOS and NO pathway.