The antioxidant activity of a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from the berries of Hedera colchica: 3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-hederagenin

The antioxidant activity of a triterpenoid glycoside [3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-hederagenin; OGH] isolated from the berries of Hedera colchica, an ivy species endemic in Georgia, was investigated. The antioxidant properties of OGH were evaluated using different antioxidant assays: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH.) scavenging, total antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical (O2*-)) scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging and metal chelating activities. The total antioxidant activity was measured according to the ferric thiocyanate method. alpha-Tocopherol and trolox, a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol, were used as reference antioxidant compounds. At a 30 microg/mL concentration, the inhibitory effects of OGH on the peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion was found to be 95.3%, whereas alpha-tocopherol and trolox exhibited 88.8% and 86.2% inhibition of peroxidation in the system, respectively. In addition, OGH had effective DPPH. scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, total reducing power and metal chelation of ferrous ions activities. These various antioxidant activities were compared with alpha-tocopherol and trolox.     

Antioxidant and analgesic activities of turpentine of Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallsiana (Lamb.) Holmboe

The aim of this study is to examine possible antioxidant and analgesic activities of turpentine exudes from Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallsiana (Lamb.) Holmboe (TPN). Total antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were studied. The total antioxidant activity increased with the increasing amount of extracts (100, 300, and 500 microg) added to linoleic acid emulsion. All of the doses of TPN showed higher antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol. The samples showed 49, 70, and 91% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, the 300 microg of alpha-tocopherol showed 40% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. There is correlation between antioxidant activity and the reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of TPN depending on concentration and increasing with increased concentration of TPN. These properties may be the major reasons for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the TPN has a potential source of natural antioxidant. In addition, analgesic effect of TPN was investigated in present study and TPN had strong analgesic effect. The analgesic effect of TPN compared with metamizol as a standard analgesic compound.     

Determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies

The antioxidant properties of plants have been investigated, in the light of recent scientific developments, throughout the world due to their potent pharmacological activities and food viability. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) is used as a kitchen herb and as an ornamental plant in house gardens. In the present study, the possible radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the water (WEB) and ethanol extracts (EEB) of basil was investigated using different antioxidant methodologies: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, scavenging of superoxide anion radical-generated non-enzymatic system, ferric thiocyanate method, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities. Experiments revealed that WEB and EEB have an antioxidant effects which are concentration-dependent. The total antioxidant activity was performed according to the ferric thiocyanate method. At the 50 microg/mL concentration, the inhibition effects of WEB and EEB on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion were found to be 94.8% and 97.5%, respectively. On the other hand, the percentage inhibition of a 50 microg/mL concentration of BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol was found to be 97.1%, 98.5% and 70.4% inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. In addition, WEB and EEB had effective DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. Additionally, these various antioxidant activities were compared with BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol as reference antioxidants. The additional total phenolic content of these basil extracts was determined as the gallic acid equivalent and were found to be equivalent.     

Determination of antioxidant activity of lichen Cetraria islandica (L) Ach

The study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of C. islandica. The antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant activity increased with the increasing amount of extracts (from 50 to 500 microg) added to linoleic acid emulsion. About 50, 100, 250, and 500 microg of aqueous extract of C. islandica showed higher antioxidant activity than 500 microg of alpha-tocopherol. The samples showed 96, 99, 100, and 100% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid, respectively. On the other hand, the 500 microg of alpha-tocopherol showed 77% inhibition on peroxidation on linoleic acid emulsion. Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities of C. islandica depends on concentration and increasing with increased amount of sample. The results obtained in the present study indicate that C. islandica is a potential source of natural antioxidant.     

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.)

In this study, water extract of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) (WEN) was studied for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic properties. The antioxidant properties of WEN were evaluated using different antioxidant tests, including reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities. WEN had powerful antioxidant activity. The 50, 100 and 250 μg amounts of WEN showed 39, 66 and 98% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively, while 60 μg/ml of -tocopherol, exhibited only 30% inhibition. Moreover, WEN had effective reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities at the same concentrations. Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), quercetin, and -tocopherol. In addition, total phenolic compounds in the WEN were determined as pyrocatechol equivalent. WEN also showed antimicrobial activity against nine microorganisms, antiulcer activity against ethanol-induced ulcerogenesis and analgesic effect on acetic acid-induced stretching.     

In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Nardostachys jatamansi DC

In this study, the antioxidative potential of a hydroalcoholic extract of Nardostachys jatamansi (NJE) rhizomes was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including antioxidant capacity by the phosphomolybdenum method, total antioxidant activity in linoleic acid emulsion systems, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power activity. These various antioxidant activities were compared with standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene, tocopherol, catechin, and L-ascorbic acid. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of NJE was also determined by a colorimetric method. The extract exhibited high reduction capability and powerful free radical scavenging, especially against DPPH and superoxide anions as well as a moderate effect on NO. Moreover, the peroxidation inhibiting activity of NJE was demonstrated in the linoleic acid emulsion system. The results obtained in the present study clearly established the antioxidative potency of NJE, which may account for some of the medical claims attributed to this plant.     

虫草及其发酵制品抗氧化能力研究

目的：考察天然冬虫夏草、蛹虫草及其发酵制品水和乙醇提取物体外抗氧化活性。方法：测定样品的6个抗氧化指标：抑制亚油酸氧化的能力；清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基、过氧化氢和超氧阴离子的活性以及螯合金属离子(Fe²⁺)的效果。结果：各样品具有不同程度的抗氧化能力,没有一种提取物在所有测试中均显示出很强的活性,但可以认为天然蛹虫草水提物的抗氧化能力为8个样品中最高,它在抑制亚油酸氧化,螯合金属离子以及清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基的实验中都显示了很高的活性。研究同时表明天然及发酵虫草水和醇提物中多酚类的含量差异很大。结论：虫草及其发酵制品可作为一种潜在的天然抗氧化剂,发酵培养能够影响虫草制品的抗氧化活性,而天然与发酵虫草的抗氧化能力与其含有的多酚类的量没有显著相联。     

Evaluation of the antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of Secamone afzelii Rhoem

The antioxidant activity of a methanol extract of Secamone afzelii stems was tested using the DPPH assay and the active compound was identified as alpha-tocopherol. HPLC determination showed that 0.12% w/w alpha-tocopherol was present in the plant. The total extract also showed effective free radical scavenging activity in the assay for non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in liposomes with an IC50 value of 90 microg/mL, with alpha-tocopherol isolated from the plant having an IC50 of 15 microg/mL in the same system, thus demonstrating the presence of other antioxidants.     

Protective effect of Rehmannia glutinosa on the cisplatin-induced damage of HEI-OC1 auditory cells through scavenging free radicals

The steamed root of Rehmannia glutinosa has been used in traditional Oriental Medicine for treatment of inner ear diseases, such as tinnitus and hearing loss. In the present study, we showed that the ethanol extract of steamed roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (SRG) protected HEI-OC1 auditory cells from cisplatin cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, to investigate the protection mechanism of SRG on cisplatin cytotoxicity towards HEI-OC1, we measured the effects of SRG on lipid peroxidation of cisplatin treated cells as well as scavenging activities against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH radical. SRG (5-100 microg/ml) had protective effect against the cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cell damage and reduced lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, SRG showed strong scavenging activity against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH radical. These results indicate that SRG protects cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cell damage through inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging activities of free radials.     

Potential biomedical properties of Pinus massoniana bark extract

This study examined the potential biomedical properties of a bark extract from Pinus massoniana Lamb (PMBE). Its antioxidant activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities were examined. The antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid emulsion increased with increasing amounts of PMBE, with 100, 300 and 500 microg PMBE inhibiting 64.7%, 68.6% and 76.6% of peroxidation, respectively. Similarly, the radical scavenging activity by PMBE increased in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that there may be a correlation between the antioxidant and scavenging activities. In addition, the effect of PMBE on human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7402 cells and normal liver L-02 cells was investigated in vitro. PMBE appeared to inhibit selectively the growth of BEL-7402 and slightly promoted the growth of L-02. Taken together, the results indicate that PMBE is a natural antioxidant that could potentially be used as a food supplement or as a candidate precursor substance for new anticancer therapeutics.     

三叶人字草总黄酮的抗氧化作用评价

目的:评价三叶人字草总黄酮的抗氧化作用.方法:用75％乙醇提取结合聚酰胺纯化制备三叶人字草总黄酮,并采用紫外分光光度法对其总黄酮含量进行测定;以丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA),水溶性维生素E(Trolox)和柠檬酸作阳性对照,测定三叶人字草总黄酮清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH·)、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS+·)、超氧阴离子和羟自由基的能力,以及对Fe3+和Cu2+的还原能力和对Fe2+和Cu2+络合能力,综合评价其抗氧化作用.结果:三叶人字草中总黄酮的含量为(3.26±0.36)％(n=3),具有清除自由基,且具有较好的还原能力和金属络合能力.其对DPPH·,ABTS+.、超氧阴离子和羟自由基、Fe3+还原、Cu2+还原、Fe2+络合以及Cu2+络合的IC50分别为7.84,2.384,26.48,1.878,24.67,7.67,77.67,70.15 mg·L-1,且均呈一定的量效依赖关系.结论:三叶人字草总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化作用.     

Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Melanthera scandens

A methanol extract of dried leaves of Melanthera scandens was examined for antioxidant activities using a variety of assays, including 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power, ferrous chelating, and ferric thiocyanate methods with ascorbic acid and EDTA as positive controls. The extract showed noticeable activities in most of these in vitro tests. The amount of phenolic compounds in the extract expressed in gallic acid equivalent was found to be 52.8 mg/g. The extract demonstrated inhibition of linoleic acid lipid peroxidation, active reducing power, and DPPH radical scavenging activities which were less than that of the positive controls. The extract also showed weaker iron chelating effect when compared with the EDTA positive control. The present results showed that M. scandens leaf extract possessed antioxidant properties and this plant is a potential useful source of natural antioxidants.     

Antioxidant efficacy of Nasturtium officinale extracts using various in vitro assay systems

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress), of the family Brassicaceae, has been long used as a home remedy or a medicinal plant by the people of southeastern Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of N. officinale extract using various in vitro assay systems, including the ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) assays, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating activity, as well as the inhibitory effect on ferrous ion/ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation, in rat liver homogenate. The results revealed that N. officinale extract possesses potent reducing power in a ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, concentration-dependent scavenging ability on 2,2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, as well as chelating ability on ferrous ions. Furthermore, N. officinale extract prevented thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation in ferrous ion/ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, this N. officinale extract had the phenolic and flavonoid contents of 96.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dried extract and 63.2 mg catechin equivalents/g dried extract, respectively. The cumulative results clearly indicate that N. officinale extract possesses potent antioxidant properties probably mediated through direct trapping of free radicals, reducing power, and also through metal chelating. Based on its antioxidative potential, N. officinale extract might find applications in the prevention of free radical-related diseases.     

Pueraria thunbergiana inhibits cisplatin‐induced damage of HEI‐OC1 auditory cells through scavenging free radicals

The radix of Pueraria thunbergiana (P. thunbergiana) is traditionally prescribed to attenuate the clinical manifestation of inner ear dysfunction and various clinical situations including fevers, gastrointestinal disorders, skin problems, migraine headaches, lowering cholesterol, and treating chronic alcoholism in oriental medicine. In the present study, we examined the protective effect of ethanol extract of the radix of P. thunbergiana (RPT) on cisplatin‐induced damage of HEI‐OC1 auditory hair cells. When the cells were cultured in the medium containing 5–100 μg/mL of RPT, RPT showed protective effect against the cisplatin‐induced HEI‐OC1 cell damage. We also measured the effects of RPT on lipid peroxidation of cisplatin‐treated cells as well as scavenging activities against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH radical. RPT reduced cisplatin‐induced lipid peroxidation in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, RPT showed strong scavenging activity against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH radical. These results indicate that RPT protects cisplatin‐induced HEI‐OC1 cell damage through inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging activities of free radials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antioxidant activity of Siamese neem tree (VP1209)

Leaves, fruits, flowers and stem bark extracts from the Siamese neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss var. siamensis Valeton, Meliaceae) were assessed for antioxidant activity in vitro using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, total antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in Chago K1 cancer cell culture by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method. The results showed that leaf aqueous extract, flower and stem bark ethanol extracts exhibited higher free radical scavenging effect on the DPPH assay with 50% scavenging activity at 26.5, 27.9 and 30.6 microg/ml, respectively. The total antioxidant activity of these extracts was found to be 0.959, 0.988 and 1.064 mM of standard trolox, respectively. At 100 microg/ml, the flower ethanol and leaf aqueous extracts significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (46.0 and 50.6%, respectively) by the TBARS method. The results suggest that extracts from leaf, flower and stem bark of the Siamese neem tree have strong antioxidant potential. This report supports the ethnomedical use of young leaves and flowers of this plant as a vegetable bitter tonic to promote good health.     

In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Extract of Annona squamosa (L.) Fruit Pulp

The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the fruit of Annona squamosa by means of in vitro studies involving two different solvent extracts: methanol and aqueous. The antioxidant properties of the extract were determined by scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion (O₂^?), hydroxyl radical (OH^?), reducing power and total antioxidant. The results showed that, compared to aqueous extract, a methanolic fruit extract of A squamosa has a higher percentage of inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity (97.99%), LPO (94.15%), NO scavenging activity (70.96%), O₂^? scavenging activity and OH^? scavenging activity (78.68% and 85.25%, respectively), total antioxidant activity (206 μg α-tocopherol/g) and reducing power (56.0 μg of ascorbic acid/g). The results obtained in the in vitro models clearly suggest that methanol extract has higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract due to a higher presence of phenolic and flavonodal constituents in the methanol extract.     

Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of Floscopa scandens Lour

OBJECTIVE: To explore the total phenolic and flavonoid content, enzymatic, non-enzymatic antioxidant properties, anti-inflammation and anticancer activities of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Floscopa scandens(F. scandens).METHODS: Non-enzymatic antioxidant activity was examined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, nitric oxide scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, superoxide scavenging assay and metal chelating assay. Enzymatic antioxidant ability was screened for the antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase, peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase. The anti-inflammatory property was proved with the inhibition of protein denaturation and protease inhibitory assays. In vitro anticancer activity was assessed by cell viability assay.RESULTS: Methanol extract contained high amount of phenols(198.41 mg catechol equivalent/gram extract) and flavonoids(101.70 mg quercetin equivalent/gram extract) showed higher activity than hexane and ethyl acetate extracts in all experiments. Fresh plant showed considerable enzymatic antioxidant activity.CONCLUSION: The results revealed that the methanol extracts of F. scandens could be used as a potential source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer bioactive compounds.     

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of Arachniodes exilis (Hance) Ching

Aim of the study

The study was aimed to investigate the ethanol extract of Arachniodes exilis for the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.

Materials and methods

Antioxidant activity was evaluated by different assays, including reducing power, lipid peroxidation, 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. The hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract was studied on mice liver damage induced by CCL₄ by monitoring biochemical parameters.

Results

The extract showed potent activities on reducing power, lipid peroxide, DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. And oral administration of Arachniodes exilis at different doses resulted in significant improvement on the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, malondialchehyche and superoxidedismutase.

Conclusion

The results indicate that this plant possesses potential antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties and has therapeutic potential for the treatment of liver diseases.     

Antioxidant activity of Sanionia uncinata, a polar moss species from King George Island, Antarctica

Antioxidant agents counter reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can be used in cosmetic and medicinal applications. The goal of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of an Antarctic moss species from King George Island (Antarctica), tentatively designated as KSJ-M5. On the basis of morphological characteristics, KSJ-M5 was identified as Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske (Amblystegiaceae). The identification was confirmed by comparing the partial sequence of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region with that in GenBank. The antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of KSJ-M5 was evaluated by analyzing its reducing power, superoxide scavenging activity, ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] cation scavenging activity, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity. The reducing power of 1 mg of KSJ-M5 extract was equivalent to 31.9 +/- 0.9 microg (Mean +/- SD, n = 3) of the commercial standard, BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). IC(50) values of the KSJ-M5 extract for DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, superoxide scavenging activity, and ABTS cation scavenging activity were found as 356 +/- 26.8 microg/mL, 466.2 +/- 43.4 microg/mL, and 181.3 +/- 12.2 microg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic content in 1 mg of KSJM5 extract was equivalent to 12.7 +/- 2.7 microg of pyrocatechol. These results clearly showed that KSJ-M5 could be an important source of natural antioxidant agents for improved medicinal and cosmetic applications.     

Arjunic acid, a strong free radical scavenger from Terminalia arjuna

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacities of arjunic acid, an aglycone obtained from the fruit of medicine Terminalia Fruit. Liver microsomes, mitochondria, and red blood cells (RBCs) were prepared from Wistar rats. The antioxidant capacity was determined by the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide induced RBCs hemolysis, and RBCs autoxidative hemolysis. The free radical scavenging activity was tested by DPPH method and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluoresc in diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) assay. Ascorbic acid was chosen as the positive controls. Results showed that arjunic acid was a strong antioxidant and a free radical scavenger, more potent than ascorbic acid, in microsomes lipid peroxidation, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide induced RBCs hemolysis, and (DCFH(2)-DA) assay (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the RBCs autoxidative hemolysis assay (p > 0.05).