精神科老年患者压疮风险评估及看护者知晓率调查

目的了解精神科家庭病房长期卧床老年患者压疮发生的危险因素及看护者压疮护理知识掌握情况,为精神科家庭病房预防压疮护理提供参考依据。方法选取精神科家庭病房38例长期卧床老年患者及其看护者为调查对象,采用自制一般情况问卷、自制压疮预防知识问卷及老人压疮危险因素Braden评分量表进行问卷及测评。结果长期卧床老年患者Braden得分与患者年龄、卧床时间、营养状况、翻身间隔时间、整理床单位次数、精神病性症状、慢性病情况相关(P0.05);看护者压疮护理知识知晓率与文化程度相关(P0.05)。结论精神科家庭病房长期卧床老年患者皮肤护理现状不容乐观,需加强看护者相关健康知识教育,以降低长期卧床老年患者压疮发生的风险。     

神经外科昏迷患者压疮发生的危险因素及护理干预对策

目的探讨神经外科昏迷患者压疮发生的危险因素及护理干预对策。方法选取神经外科312例患者为研究对象,按照是否发生压疮分为压疮组52例和无压疮组260例,对可能影响患者出现压疮的因素进行单因素及多元线性回归分析。结果压疮组与无压疮组在年龄、压疮Braden评分、体质量指数(BMI)、卧床时间、合并慢性病、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS评分)、体温、活动情况方面的差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析发现,年龄、GCS评分、卧床时间、活动情况、Braden评分是神经外科昏迷患者压疮发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论神经外科昏迷患者的压疮发生风险较高,且受众多因素影响,应制定相应护理预防策略,以降低压疮发生率。     

重症脑梗死压疮风险现状调查与影响因素分析

目的对重症脑梗死的压疮风险现状及影响因素进行调查分析。方法选取2014年1月~2016年10月我院收治的280例重症脑梗死患者为研究对象,采用Braden量表对患者压疮的危险程度进行评分。按照患者是否出现压疮分为压疮组20例和对照组260例。对可能影响患者发生压疮的因素进行单因素及Logistic多因素回归分析。结果 280例重症脑梗死患者中发生压疮20例,发生率为7.14%。压疮组年龄、月收入、卧床时间、文化程度、照顾者、Braden评分、BMI、合并其他慢性疾病种类与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经Logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄、照顾者、BMI、Braden评分及卧床时间是压疮发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论重症脑梗死是压疮的风险人群,年龄、BMI及卧床时间等是压疮发生的影响因素,应采取必要的护理干预对策。     

骨科患者压疮危险因素调查

目的探讨骨科患者的压疮相关危险因素,为压疮的防治等提供借鉴。方法以Braden量表为评分标准,分别采用Logistic回归分析和BP神经网络,评价201例骨科患者压疮危险情况,以分析其危险因素。结果不同入院诊断、意识水平、手术状态及是否糖尿病、石膏固定患者Braden分级比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而不同年龄、营养状况、牵引情况、手术情况及是否吸烟、偏瘫、截瘫、人血白蛋白、大便失禁、小便失禁、外固定支架、穿防旋鞋患者Braden等级不同,差异有统计学意义（x2分别为21．82,13．32,39．53,8．08,6．97,14．25,31．82,23．26,5．83,15．46,27．76,9．40;P〈0．05）;Logistic回归分析显示对Braden分级进行判别的总正确率为86．1％（x2=133．31,P〈0．01）;BP神经网络的总正确率为90％（X2=155．67,P〈0．01）。结论结合Logistic回归分析与BP神经网络,年龄、偏瘫、外固定支架及骨牵引与Braden分级的对数优势呈线性关系,其余自变量则偏向于是非线性的。     

ICU压疮发病特征及氧合作用和血流灌注指标与压疮发生的相关性研究

【目的】分析 ICU压疮发病特征及氧合作用和血流灌注指标与压疮发生的相关性。【方法】113例ICU患者分为压疮组（26例）与非压疮组（87例）。比较两组患者入院时的一般情况、氧合作用与血流灌注指标,并对有意义的指标进行进一步的 Logistic回归分析。【结果】压疮的多发部位为骶尾部、臀部及肩胛部,大多数压疮患者的分期为Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期;压疮组平均年龄及入院诊断为呼吸系统疾病与外伤患者的比例明显高于非压疮组（P＜0．05）;压疮组与非压疮组动脉血酸碱度（pH）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）及Braden评分比较有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;多因素分析结果显示高龄（β＝1．637,OR＝5．140）、呼吸系统疾病（β＝1．592,OR＝4．914）、外伤（β＝1．748,OR＝5．743）是 ICU患者发生压疮的危险因素,而高 MAP（β＝-1．528,OR＝0．217）、高Braden评分（β＝-1．705,OR＝0．182）是保护因素。【结论】高龄、呼吸系统疾病、外伤是 ICU患者发生压疮的危险因素,而高 MAP、高 Braden评分是保护因素。     

脑卒中压疮病人体重指数与压疮的相关性研究

[目的]探讨脑卒中压疮病人体重指数与压疮危险因素的相关性。[方法]采用病人入院评估单、Braden量表,对77例脑卒中病人进行压疮风险评估,分析其相关因素。[结果]6例(7.79%)病人患有压疮,64例(83.12%)病人存在压疮风险;病人体重指数与压疮风险具有相关性(P0.05);回归分析显示,体重指数、意识状况、尿失禁、卧床时间、年龄是压疮危险的影响因素。[结论]脑卒中病人存在较高的压疮危险,年龄、意识状况、尿失禁、卧床时间、体重指数与压疮危险程度因素关系密切。     

护理干预在老年卧床患者褥疮中的应用

目的 探讨护理干预对预防老年卧床患者褥疮发病中的疗效.方法 应用Braden压疮评分法预测老年卧床患者褥疮发病的潜在危险度,根据分值进行分层护理,观察护理干预组与传统分级护理组对于褥疮发病情况影响.结果 护理干预组褥疮的发生率低于常规护理组.结论 采用Braden压疮评分法的护理干预能有效减低老年卧床患者褥疮发病率.     

脑卒中压疮病人体重指数与压疮的相关性研究

[目的]探讨脑卒中压疮病人体重指数与压疮危险因素的相关性.[方法]采用病人入院评估单、Braden量表,对77例脑卒中病人进行压疮风险评估,分析其相关因素.[结果]6例（7.79%）病人患有压疮,64例（83.12%）病人存在压疮风险;病人体重指数与压疮风险具有相关性（P〈0.05）;回归分析显示,体重指数、意识状况、尿失禁、卧床时间、年龄是压疮危险的影响因素.[结论]脑卒中病人存在较高的压疮危险,年龄、意识状况、尿失禁、卧床时间、体重指数与压疮危险程度因素关系密切.     

Braden评分预测神经科患者压疮的准确性及影响准确性因素的分析

目的 探讨Braden评估表对神经科患者压疮发生危险预测的有效性，并分析在Braden评估表评估危险程度相同的情况下，其他相关因素对压疮发生的影响，以提高预防压疮的有效性。方法 对135例神经科压疮患者应用Braden评估表进行评分，并收集包括年龄、意识状态、血清白蛋白、活动方式、体位等13个相关因素以及压疮分期状况。分析该评估表对预测压疮的准确性，及影响准确性的因素。结果135例患者中，Braden评分为极高危或高危者94例占69．63％，中危者31例占22。96％，低危者10例占7．41％，无危者无。相关性分析提示：血清白蛋白值与Braden评分成正相关（r=0.25，P〈0.05），意识状态与Braden评分为显著负相关（r=-0．61，P〈0．01），压疮严重程度与Braden评分成负相关（r=-0.210，P〈0.05）。其他因素与Braden评分无显著相关性（P〉0．05）。结论 Braden评估表能有效地预测神经科患者发生压疮的危险性；对Braden评分具有相同危险者，血清白蛋白水平越低、意识障碍越重，其发生压疮的危险性越高。     

Braden评分预测神经科患者压疮的准确性及影响准确性因素的分析

目的探讨Braden评估表对神经科患者压疮发生危险预测的有效性,并分析在Braden评估表评估危险程度相同的情况下,其他相关因素对压疮发生的影响,以提高预防压疮的有效性。方法对135例神经科压疮患者应用Braden评估表进行评分,并收集包括年龄、意识状态、血清白蛋白、活动方式、体位等13个相关因素以及压疮分期状况。分析该评估表对预测压疮的准确性,及影响准确性的因素。结果135例患者中,Braden评分为极高危或高危者94例占69.63%,中危者31例占22.96%,低危者10例占7.41%,无危者无。相关性分析提示:血清白蛋白值与Braden评分成正相关(r=0.25,P<0.05),意识状态与Braden评分为显著负相关(r=-0.61,P<0.01),压疮严重程度与Braden评分成负相关(r=-0.210,P<0.05)。其他因素与Braden评分无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论Braden评估表能有效地预测神经科患者发生压疮的危险性;对Braden评分具有相同危险者,血清白蛋白水平越低、意识障碍越重,其发生压疮的危险性越高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.