经肝动脉灌注平阳霉素碘油乳剂对兔正常肝脏组织的影响

目的：探讨平阳霉素碘油乳剂（PLE）经肝动脉灌注对兔正常肝脏组织的影响。方法：14只4～5个月龄日本大耳白兔，体重（2.5±0.2）kg，按注入生理盐水或PLE的量分为假手术组、实验A组（低剂量组）和实验B组（高剂量组）。各组兔均开腹穿刺肝动脉，按分组剂量注入PLE。术后1，2，4，6周取病理切片，HE染色，光镜下观察肝脏组织学改变;免疫组织化学（免疫组化）染色标记血小板衍化生长因子B链（PDGF-B），并行图象分析。结果：A组HE染色肝细胞呈一过性水样变，变性在2周时最重，至6周已明显减轻。B组HE染色2周时肝细胞明显水样变，4周时可见汇管区纤维组织增生，6周时部分肝组织出现明显假小叶结构。免疫组化染色显示，PDGF-B在肝细胞胞膜及纤维间隔中有明显表达。结论：经肝动脉灌注PLE可导致正常肝脏组织产生不同程度的肝纤维化;PDGF-B参与了肝纤维化的病理过程。     

小鼠全肝缺血再灌注时肺泡巨噬细胞TLR2的激活与肺损伤的机制

目的：探讨肺泡巨噬细胞Toll样受体2（TLR2）的激活机制及其在肝脏缺血再灌注（HIR）中肺损伤的意义。方法：用野生型小鼠C3h/Heouj和TLR4缺失小鼠C3h/Hej建立HIR动物模型。于再灌注1，6，12h后经支气管肺泡灌洗液获取肺泡巨噬细胞，采用荧光定量PCR方法检测TLR2/4mRNA的表达。同时检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中内毒素及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）的水平，肺组织湿干重比值，肺组织髓过氧化物酶的浓度，并进行肺组织学评分。结果：C3h/Heouj组HIR缺血再灌后各时点肺泡巨噬细胞TLR2/4mRNA表达升高，TLR2mRNA表达持续升高，TLR4mRNA6h达到最高值。同时C3h/Heouj组HIR后支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF水平明显升高，肺损伤加重，肺组织湿干重比值持续升高，肺组织髓过氧化物酶持续增加(P<0.05)。C3h/Hej组HIR后TLR2mRNA表达仅轻度升高，且支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF水平低于C3h/Heouj组(P<0.05)，肺损伤轻于C3h/Heouj组(P<0.05)。结论：HIR可致肺泡巨噬细胞表面TLR4的激活，可上调TLR2的表达，从而可加重HIR时的肺损伤。     

原位肝移植中受体血管异常时的肝动脉重建

摘要：目的 探讨原位肝移植中动脉异位重建的方法及效果。 方法 回顾性分析我院10年来的440例肝移植中36例因受体血管异常而行异位重建的方法及术后处理措施等。 结果 36例中行供肝动脉与受体肾下腹主动脉吻合20例，与肾上腹主动脉吻合10例，与胃左动脉吻合4例，与脾动脉吻合2例。5例围手术期死亡，但吻合口通畅，31例存活3个月至4年无血管相关并发症，仅1例术后2个月因胆道缺血坏死行再次肝移植。 结论 肝移植时受体肝动脉有病变或异常改变时，应将受体肾下或肾上腹主动脉、脾动脉、胃左动脉与供肝动脉进行异位重建，可取得满意效果。     

胆囊癌GBC-SD细胞经顺铂处理后的survivin表达及意义

目的: 探讨经顺铂（DDP）处理胆囊癌细胞后survivin表达及其与肿瘤细胞耐药之间的关系。 方法:采用MTT比色法测定胆囊癌细胞对4种化疗药物的敏感性。RT-PCR检测survivin mRNA的表达。Western blot检测survivin蛋白表达的变化。结果:GBC-SD细胞对化疗药物的敏感性从高到低依次为DDP>ADM>5-FU>MMC。化学药物处理后的第1天，3组胆囊癌细胞的survivin mRNA表达水平均降低;其中0.5μg/mL DDP＋GBC-SD组下降了10%，3μg /mL DDP＋GBC-SD组下降36%，6μg /mL DDP＋GBC-SD组下降了28%。第3天，0.5μg/mL DDP组和3μg/mL DDP组GBC-SD细胞的survivin mRNA表达与第1天比较，分别上升22%和64%，但6μg/mL DDP组仍持续降低，仅为第1天的66%。0.5μg/mL DDP组和3μg/mL DDP组作用3d后的GBC-SD细胞中survivin蛋白含量分别升高了15%和12%，而6μg/mL DDP组则下降了80%。 结论:低浓度的DDP即能诱导胆囊癌细胞内survivin的表达增加，这可能是胆囊癌细胞对化疗药物产生耐药性的因素之一。     

左侧结肠癌性梗阻一期切除吻合治疗:附58例报告

摘要：为探讨左侧结肠癌并急性肠梗阻理想的处理原则和方法,回顾分析58例左侧结肠癌并发急性肠梗阻行一期切除吻合术患者的临床资料。本组均成功手术，无手术死亡，术后除7例有切口不同程度液化感染外，无吻合口漏、腹腔感染等并发症，均痊愈出院。提示：对能耐受手术切除的左侧结肠癌并发梗阻，在必要的围手术期处理前提下，一期切除吻合是可行的。避免了横结肠造口、二期手术、癌肿扩散及并发症的发生。     

骨盆骨折合并盆腔血肿的髂内动脉介入栓塞治疗

笔者采用明胶海绵或不锈钢圈栓塞双侧髂内动脉治疗骨盆骨折合并盆腔血肿7例，其中6例患者术前处于休克前期或休克期，血压低，出血明显，栓塞成功后，出血停止，血压回升，栓塞后2d血压恢复正常基础水平。提示：双侧髂内动脉栓塞对治疗骨盆骨折合并盆腔血肿效果明显，是一种有效的治疗手段。     

经外膜缓释雷公藤内酯醇抑制自体移植静脉内膜增生

目的:探讨经外膜缓释雷公藤内酯醇（triptolide）对自体移植静脉内膜增生的抑制作用。方法:健康雄性新西兰大白兔24只，建立颈外静脉-颈总动脉移植模型。随机将动物等分为3组。空白组移植血管不给任何处理， F-127多聚凝胶对照组在移植血管外膜喷洒20 %F-127多聚凝胶0.5 mL，实验组在移植血管外膜喷洒携带雷公藤内酯醇300μg的F-127多聚凝胶0.5 mL。术后2周取标本。用组织形态学方法检测血管内膜增生程度，免疫组化检测标本中bcl-2和Fas的表达，TUNEL法检测标本中血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)凋亡的水平。结果:静脉移植2周后，与空白组和F-127对照组比较，实验组血管内膜增生明显受抑制（P<0.05），bcl-2的表达［（18.2±8.4） %］显著减少，而Fas的表达［（21.4±8.9） %］显著增加，凋亡细胞［（28.4±7.6） %］也显著增加（P<0.05）。结论:经外膜缓释雷公藤内酯醇可有效抑制移植静脉内膜增生，这一作用可能系通过促进VSMC凋亡而实现的。     

股动脉假性动脉瘤外科治疗18例分析

回顾性分析股动脉假性动脉瘤18例的临床资料。1例因介入穿刺引起的股动脉假性动脉瘤行局部压迫治疗,15例行假性动脉瘤切除术,2例行股动脉结扎术。结果示1例股动脉结扎术患者术后出现肢体坏死，行膝上截肢后康复出院，另17例痊愈出院。提示对股动脉假性动脉瘤行动脉瘤切除、股动脉端端吻合可作为首选的手术方式。     

手法张力美容切口治疗乳腺纤维瘤的体会

目的:探索一种治疗彻底、创伤少、瘢癍痕小、费用低的乳腺纤维瘤治疗方法。方法:回顾近3年来465例采用手法张力美容切口治疗乳腺纤维瘤患者的临床资料。结果:465例手术均最大限度争取行乳晕或腋窝皱褶或乳腺下方皱褶切口。切口均甲级愈合，无明显瘢痕，双乳对称，外形功能无影响，站立时切口不明显。结论:手法张力美容切口治疗乳腺纤维瘤是一种适合大部分乳腺纤维瘤患者的手术方法，具有治疗彻底、创伤少、瘢痕小、费用低。     

胆道再手术原因分析：附828例报告

目的:分析导致再次胆道手术的原因，以期减少胆道再手术率。方法:总结1990—1999年间收治的再次胆道手术患者828例的临床资料，对胆道疾病再次手术的原因进行归类分析。结果:再手术的主要原因是结石复发或残留，占65.10%;结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄占33.82%;单纯Oddi括约肌狭窄占9.54%;胆管损伤性狭窄和胆肠吻合口狭窄占10.39%;胆道系统肿瘤占6.52%。结论:胆道再手术的主要原因仍以结石复发或残留为主，其次为Oddi括约肌狭窄;损伤性胆管狭窄等与手术有关的因素不容忽视。减少胆道再次手术的关键在于初次手术的彻底性和手术方法的合理性。     

单孔腹腔镜直肠癌直肠前切除术体会

目的总结我科单孔腹腔镜直肠手术的经验,对该技术的手术操作技巧及特点进行讨论。方法2010年1月至2011年3月,对患有直肠肿瘤的患者施行单孔腹腔镜直肠前切除术9例。手术采用脐部约3cm切口,在腹壁深部腱膜组织上穿刺放置3枚穿刺套管,直径分别为5mm、10mm和12mm,分别放置腹腔镜和两支操作钳,完全利用脐部单一通道完成全部手术游离及吻合操作。切除病灶经脐部切口或肛门取出。结果8例顺利完成单孔腹腔镜直肠前切除术,1例在离断低位肠管时增加了一处12mm穿刺切口以便放置切割闭合器。平均手术操作时间202min,术后无出血、吻合口漏和肠梗阻等并发症发生,手术切口无感染、裂口、疝等出现。结论通过细致的操作,单孔腹腔镜直肠前切除术是可行的,并且具有良好的微创与美容效果。     

单孔腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术5例经验

目的 总结单孔腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术的经验,对该技术的手术操作特点进行讨论.方法 自2010年1月至2011年10月,对5例患有低位直肠肿瘤的患者施行单孔腹腔镜直肠前切除术.手术采用脐部约3 cm切口,在腹壁深部腱膜组织上穿刺放置3枚穿刺套管,直径分别为5 mm、10 mm和12 mm,分别放置腹腔镜和两支操作钳,完全利用脐部单一通道完成手术游离操作,病灶经肛门翻转拖出切除.收集整理以上病例资料,总结手术特点.结果 5例顺利完成单孔腹腔镜直肠前切除术,手术操作时间120～250 min,术后无出血、肠梗阻和吻合口漏等并发症,手术切口无感染、裂开、疝等并发症出现.结论 通过细致的操作,单孔腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术是可行的,并且具有良好的微创与美容效果.     

Totally laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy: a simple and safe technique for intracorporeal anastomosis

Background

Current techniques of laparoscopic colectomy require an abdominal incision for extraction of the specimen. Although this incision is smaller than that for open laparotomy incision, it may reduce the advantages of laparoscopic surgery. In totally laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy, intracorporeal anastomosis is technically difficult. A safe and simple technique for circularly stapled intracorporeal anastomosis is described.

Methods

After mobilization of the colon and division of the mesentery, a semicircumferential colotomy is made at the anterior colonic wall just proximal to the transection site. The anvil of a circular stapling device, secured with a Prolene suture, is introduced via the colotomy. The suture is advanced anteriorly so that the center rod of the circular stapling device penetrates the colonic wall. The colon is staple-transected at this point to secure the anvil on the proximal colon. A grasping forceps is brought through the rectum, and the specimen is extracted through the colotomy made at the distal staple line. After the colotomy is reclosed with a linear stapler, anastomosis is established using a hemidouble stapling technique.

Results

Totally laparoscopic sigmoid colectomies were performed for 16 patients with colon cancers. All the patients were treated laparoscopically without any complications. The average operation time was 180 min. Although one patient experienced wound infection, no major complications occurred. There was no mortality in this series.

Conclusions

The procedure of totally intracorporeal anastomosis combined with transanal extraction of the specimen can be performed easily, enabling surgeons to achieve minimal invasiveness comparable with that of hybrid natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES).     

Totally intracorporeal laparoscopic colorectal anastomosis using circular stapler

Background A number of surgical techniques for colorectal anastomosis have been described for laparoscopic left-sided colectomies. Due to the complexity of these procedures, open preparation of the proximal bowel for circular stapler anastomosis through a Pfannenstiel incision has become the gold standard. We report a new laparoscopic technique for totally intracorporeal colorectal circular anastomosis (TLCCA) using a circular stapler. Methods Preliminary experience using TLCCA in three patients scheduled for laparoscopic left colectomies (two) and sigmoidectomy (one). Results Side-to-end colorectal anastomosis through TLCCA was feasible in all patients scheduled for preliminary experience. Median time from anvil insertion into abdominal cavity to anastomosis was 14 (11–17) minutes. No postoperative complications were recorded. Conclusion Side-to-end anastomosis can be easily and safely performed using conventional circular stapler through TLCCA. TLCCA is performed using four laparoscopic ports without additional skin incision (except trocars incision) and allows the retrieval of surgical pieces through a specimen bag.     

腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术 35例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜外科技术在右半结肠切除手术中的应用。方法对1999年8月至2003年8月施行腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术的35例患者的临床资料和随访情况进行回顾性分析。结果33例在腹腔镜下完成右半结肠分离,辅助小切口,于腹腔外行肠系膜上动静脉周围淋巴清扫、右半结肠切除和吻合。无手术死亡,中转开腹2例,中转率5.7%(2/35)。平均手术时间181min,平均出血量94ml,辅助切口平均长5cm,平均术后住院日9d,术后早期肠梗阻1例。33例患者术后随访1～48个月,1例DukesC2期中分化腺癌患者,术后4个月发现双肺及左锁骨上淋巴结转移。全组患者的Trocar穿刺孔及腹壁切口无肿瘤种植转移。结论腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术是安全可行的,适合于各期的回盲部和升结肠肿瘤。只要手术医师遵守肿瘤处理原则、熟练掌握腹腔镜技术,就能顺利地完成此类手术。     

全腔镜下吻合技术在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨全腔镜下吻合技术在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的安全性及可行性.方法 回顾分析2012年7月-2013年7月吉林大学第二医院胃肠外科实施腹腔镜胃癌根治术全腔镜下吻合（36例,全腔镜吻合组）与小切口辅助吻合（47例, 小切口辅助组）患者的临床资料,并对两组临床资料进行对比分析.结果 83例患者均成功实施手术,无一例中转开腹.小切口辅助组切口长度为（7.1±0.9） cm,全腔镜吻合组为（2.6±0.4） cm.小切口辅助组吻合时间为（70.9±9.0） min,全腔镜吻合组为（29.1±4.9） min.术后小切口辅助组中度疼痛者6例,余41例为重度疼痛;全腔镜吻合组中度疼痛者29例,余7例为重度疼痛.小切口辅助组术后发生吻合口瘘1例,全腔镜吻合组未出现吻合口瘘及吻合口出血等并发症.结论 全腔镜下吻合技术在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中安全、可行,与小切口辅助吻合相比具有手术时间短和疼痛感减轻等优势.     

A Novel Laparoscopic Surgery Model with a Device to Expand the Abdominal Working Space in Rats: The Influence of Pneumoperitoneum and Skin Incision Length on Postoperative Inflammatory Cytokines

Purpose: Experimental models of laparoscopic surgery generally use large animals owing to a sufficient abdominal working space. We developed a novel laparoscopic surgery model in rats. We performed intestinal anastomosis to demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of this model. Materials and Methods: We designed a device for rats that expanded the abdominal working space and allowed us to manipulate the intraperitoneal organs by hand under direct vision with pneumoperitoneum. We performed small bowel resection and intestinal anastomosis in rats using this model. To elucidate the effects of pneumoperitoneum and skin incision length, rats were randomly divided into four groups with differing surgical techniques: small incision group, large incision group, small incision + pneumoperitoneum group, and large incision + pneumoperitoneum group. Intraoperative abdominal pressure and postoperative cytokines were measured. Results: One experimenter completed small bowel resection and hand-sewn anastomosis under direct vision without any difficulties or assistance. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum was maintained at 8–10 mmHg during surgery in both pneumoperitoneum groups. Necropsies revealed no evidence of anastomotic leakage at 24 h after surgery. The interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein concentrations were significantly greater in large incision group than in small incision group, but were not significantly different between small incision + pneumoperitoneum group and small incision group. These cytokines concentrations were the greatest in large incision + pneumoperitoneum group. Conclusions: Our laparoscopic surgery model in rats is a simple and reliable experimental model. The length of skin incision might be a more influential determinant of surgical invasiveness than pneumoperitoneum.     

Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with intracorporeal handsewn Billroth-I anastomosis (ICHSA)

Background

The number of cases of laparoscopic surgery has been increasing. Lymph node dissection has been standardized, and the enlarged view provided by laparoscopes allows for the procedure to be performed successfully entirely within the abdominal cavity, but many cases of reconstruction using the Billroth-I method are performed under direct vision through a small incision. In this study, by placing an anchor thread on a suture line on the lesser curvature of the stomach, we simplified the procedure for handsewn anastomosis and safely performed gastroduodenal anastomosis at low cost to obtain good results.

Methods

From January 2009 to December 2010, we performed handsewn gastroduodenal anastomosis in 18 cases. After performing lymph node dissection, the duodenum and the stomach were separated using an automatic stapling device. Anchor sutures were placed on the suture line of the lesser curvature of the stomach. First, the seromuscular layer of the stomach and the seromuscular layer of the duodenum were sutured by performing interrupted suturing using an extracorporeal knot-tying method. With the stomach and the duodenum in a fixed state, the anastomosis area was opened. The thread of the anchor suture was pulled toward the abdominal wall, and then all layers of the stomach and the duodenum at the posterior wall were continuously sutured. Similarly, for the anterior wall, all layers were continuously sutured from the lesser curvature toward the greater curvature.

Results

We performed this anastomotic procedure in 18 patients with early gastric carcinoma. The mean time required for the anastomosis was 64.6 ± 17.1 min, and the estimated blood loss was 53.1 ± 91 g. All operations were curative, and the mean number of retrieved lymph node was 27.1 ± 10.8. A nasogastric tube was removed on the first or second day. An upper gastrointestinal series performed on postoperative days 5–6 showed no anastomotic leakage and normal transit. Oral intake was started on days 6–7. Postoperative complications included one case of a ruptured suture, but this was resolved through a conservative approach. There was no mortality. Postoperative endoscopy revealed that the anastomosis area was extremely soft, and no abnormalities were observed. Moreover, the only costs related to the anastomosis were for the thread and needles, and although more time was required compared with mechanical anastomosis, the cost was extremely low.

Conclusions

We performed gastroduodenal anastomosis under a total laparoscopic approach by handsewn. This method is economical, because it does not require the use of machinery for anastomosis, and the duodenal stump is short. We believe that this method, which can be performed in a similar manner even for obese patients, can be used as a standard method of anastomosis.     

经脐入路腹壁无疤痕腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的:探讨经脐入路腹壁无疤痕腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性。方法:30例患者均在脐上或下缘做弧形切口,分别穿刺1个10mm、2个5mm Trocar,置入5mm 30°腹腔镜和操作器械,常规行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,最后从10mm Trocar中取出胆囊。结果:30例均用单孔法完成手术。手术时间20~60min,平均30min。术后3~5d出院,无并发症发生,患者痛苦小,康复快。结论:经脐入路单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行,可达到腹部无疤痕的效果,但操作难度较大,对于手术开展的初级阶段应慎重选择病例。     

腹腔镜下无腹部切口直肠癌切除经肛门外翻拖出吻合临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下无腹部切口直肠癌切除经肛门外翻拖出吻合术在低位直肠癌中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2014年7月收治的低位直肠癌患者80例,分为两组,无腹部切口组40例,实施无腹部切口腹腔镜下直肠外翻术,对照组40例,行腹腔镜辅助腹部切口治疗。比较两组手术相关情况、手术前后焦虑抑郁心理、术后3个月生活质量;2年生存情况分析使用Life Tables分析。结果无腹部切口组术中出血、手术时间均小于对照组(P0.05);术后(具体时间)两组焦虑与抑郁评分均显著优于术前(P0.05),术后无腹部切口组焦虑与抑郁评分低于对照组(P0.05),生活质量总分显著高于对照组(P0.05),发生吻合口漏、肠梗阻、出血及伤口感染的总并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05),1~2年生存率均高于对照组。结论腹腔镜下无腹部切口直肠癌切除经肛门外翻拖出吻合术能显著缩短手术时间,减少术中出血,保证患者术后腹部美观,同时缓解患者焦虑抑郁心理,减少手术并发症,提高术后生活质量,提高术后生存率。