肩难产相关径线的胎儿超声和新生儿测量

目的 探讨超声下与肩难产相关的胎儿径线.方法 2004年1月至2005年6月时北京妇产医院1000例孕37～41周经阴道分娩的孕妇产前3d内行超声检查,测量头围（HC）、双肩径（BSD）、胸围（CC）、腹围（AC）、股骨长度（FL）,于分娩后1～2d测量新生儿的头围、胸围、肩宽.根据是否发生肩难产分为肩难产组和非肩难产组.结果 胎儿双肩径、新生儿肩宽与胎儿体重有着良好的相关性,r值分别为0.70和0.73,P均小于0.01,但胎儿双肩径及新生儿肩宽,肩难产组和非肩难产组无明显差异,而肩难产组胸围/头围明显大于非肩难产组,P＜0.01.若用胸围/头围（CC/HC）预测肩难产,选择0.99为截断值具有较好的灵敏度和特异度.结论 胎儿双肩径预测肩难产的准确性、实用性较差;选择截断值为0.99胸围/头围预测肩难产的诊断指数最高,但由于所研究的肩难产组的病例数较少,其对肩难产的预测价值尚需进一步临床验证.     

B型超声测量胎儿股骨皮下组织厚度预测胎儿体重

目的探讨应用Ｂ型超声测量胎儿股骨皮下组织厚度预测胎儿出生体重的临床价值。方法应用Ｂ型超声对１７８例胎儿的双顶径、头围、腹围、股骨长、股骨皮下组织厚度进行测量并与新生儿出生体重的关系进行分析。结果股骨皮下组织厚度与新生儿出生体重相关性最好（ｒ＝０．８６０１）,对巨大儿诊断的敏感性为９１％,特异性为９４％,胎儿股骨皮下组织厚度与孕周呈正相关（ｒ＝０．７０７０）。结论应用Ｂ型超声测量胎儿股骨皮下组织厚度预测胎儿出生体重,方法简单、准确,有较好的临床应用价值。     

超声测量胎儿腹围预测巨大胎儿

目的　探讨产前预测新生儿出生体重的相关因素及超声测量胎儿腹围能否预测巨大胎儿。　方法　前瞻性选择 148例宫高 腹围≥ 135 cm的足月单胎已临产的孕妇 ,超声测量其胎儿双顶径、腹围、股骨长度 ,皮尺测量孕妇宫高、腹围 ,核对孕龄 ,分析这些因素与新生儿出生体重的相关性 ;按新生儿体重将这些孕妇分为巨大儿组和非巨大儿组 ,比较两组的资料 ;分析胎儿腹围与巨大儿的特定关系。　结果　多因素逐步回归分析显示单一胎儿腹围是预测胎儿体重的最好参数 ,优于胎儿腹围与股骨长的联合应用。其与胎儿体重呈直线正相关 ,r=0 .85。胎儿腹围≥ 36 cm可以预测 82 %的巨大儿 ,巨大儿组剖宫产率 70 .2 %。　结论　胎儿腹围与胎儿体重呈高度直线正相关 ,是预测胎儿体重的较好参数。在产前怀疑有巨大儿的可能时 ,超声测量胎儿腹围有助于其诊断。     

巨大胎儿预测方法探讨

目的 探讨巨大胎儿的预测方法。方法 测量408例足月孕妇的宫高,计算以不同的宫高作为截断值筛选巨大胎儿的灵敏度、特异度,选取最优截断值。宫高≥最优截断值者176例,行B超检查,测量胎儿腹围(AC)、小脑横径(CD)、双顶径(BPD),并与新生儿出生体重进行相关分析,经二元线性回归推导出以AC、CD预测胎儿体重(FW)的方程式。应用560例进行临床验证。结果 宫高37cm为筛选巨大胎儿的最优截断值,其灵敏度、特异度分别为88.9％、66.7％。宫高≥37cm者,AC与出生体重的相关性最好,CD次之,偏相关系数分别为0.684 54(P<0.001)、0.221 52(P<0.05);以AC、CD预测(FW=269.6×AC 438.4×CD-7642.8).r=0.67(P<0.001)。经560例临床验证,预测巨大胎儿的灵敏度、特异度分别为83.3％、92.2％。预测体重与实际体重的符合率为82.7％。结论 以宫高初步筛选、再以B超测量胎儿AC、CD预测巨大胎儿,方法简便,且较准确,具有临床使用价值。     

505例巨大胎儿分析

目的 探讨巨大胎儿的产前诊断及分娩方式,降低母儿并发症。方法 回顾分析５０５例巨大胎儿诊断、分娩方式及并发症,并与单胎正常体重儿分娩情况进行比较。结果 巨大胎儿中双顶径（ＢＰＤ）＋胎骨长度（ＦＬ）〉１６．５ｃｍ者占８８．４６％,剖宫产组较阴道分娩组新生儿窒息率及产伤机会均明显降低,巨大胎儿与正常体重儿相比难产率明显升高。结论 ＢＰＤ＋ＦＬ〉１６．５ｃｍ可做为产前诊断巨大胎儿的一项可靠指标,对巨大胎     

巨大胎儿的B超诊断

超声检查对胎儿做产前诊断 ,不仅仅是诊断胎儿先天畸形 ,还可以监测胎儿发育及估计胎儿大小。产前既可以诊断胎儿宫内发育迟缓 ,同时也可预测巨大胎儿。超声估计胎儿大小方法简便、安全、易掌握 ,而且非常有效 ,是理想的方法之一。现就超声对胎儿大小估计的有关方面简要介绍如下。1　超声估计胎儿体重1 1　方法　超声估计胎儿体重的方法 ,与估计孕龄相同 ,都是对胎儿进行生物学测量 ,根据所测得的各项参数 ,除用以估计孕龄外 ,按相应的计算公式来计算 ,得出所估计的胎儿体重。最常用的参数有 :双顶径 (ＢＰＤ)、头围 (ＨＣ)、腹围(ＡＣ)及股…     

非糖尿病性巨大胎儿368例临床分析

目的 分析非糖尿病性巨大胎儿的相关危险因素,为临床预测巨大胎儿及选择恰当的分娩方式提供依据.方法 回顾性分析南京军区南京总医院2006年1月至2007年12月期间出生的368例非糖尿病性巨大胎儿的临床资料,分析孕母的年龄、身高、基础体重、孕周、孕产次、分娩时体重、孕期增重、宫高、腹围及胎儿的股骨长、双顶径、分娩方式等,并与新生儿出生体重进行相关及回归分析.结果 非糖尿病性巨大胎儿的发生率为13.23%(368/2781).基础体重、分娩时体重、孕期增重、宫高、腹围、双顶径、股骨长、宫高+腹围、双顶径+股骨长是产前诊断非糖尿病性巨大胎儿的相关因素,而宫高及双顶径+股骨长相关性最为显著.非糖尿病性巨大胎儿与正常体重儿分娩方式差异无统计学意义.结论 结合宫高及双顶径+股骨长能够提高非糖尿病性巨大胎儿的产前预测率.巨大胎儿并不是剖宫产的绝对指征.     

单项超声测量指标预测胎儿体重的临床应用

目的：探讨应用胎儿腹围单项超声测量指标预测胎儿出生体重的临床价值。方法：（１）应用Ｂ型超声对３００例胎儿的腹围、小脑横径、双顶径、股骨长进行测量，并与新生儿出生体重的关系进行分析。经单元线性回归得出腹围预测胎儿体重的单元方程式。（２）应用此方程对３３０例胎儿进行前瞻性验证。结果：腹围与新生儿体重的相关性最好，（ｒ＝０．８６６７９）。依据腹围可以初步预测胎儿出生的体重范围。其符合率达８０．０％。结论：应用超声测量胎儿腹围预测出生体重，方法简单，且较准确，有较好的临床实用价值。     

胎儿小脑横径预测出生体重的相关性分析

应用Ｂ超对２２２例正常孕妇在分娩前一周内测量胎儿小脑横径（ＣＤ）、双顶径（ＢＰＤ）、腹围（ＡＣ）、股骨长度（ＦＬ），并计算与胎儿体重的关系。结果：ＣＤ与体重的对数值相关性最好，其次分别为ＡＣ、ＢＰＤ，ＦＬ。逐步回归分析中，ＣＤ的Ｆ值最大，其次分别为ＡＣ，ＢＰＤ，Ｐ值＜０．０５，经一元，二元，三元方程回代与临床验证，ＣＤ进入方程预测胎儿体重的正确率高于ＡＣ，ＢＰＤ，平均误差率低于ＡＣ，ＢＰＤ。提示：小脑横径可作为预测胎儿出生体重的可靠指标。     

肩难产和臂丛神经损伤的早期识别和防治

肩难产是新生儿臂丛神经损伤主要原因,难以预测,后果严重,预防和正确处理十分重要。产前全面评估、充分准备;产时早期识别,一旦发生,建立快速反应团队,通过松解嵌顿的前肩、缩小胎儿双肩径、增大骨盆径线,尽早娩出,以减少母儿不良结局。     

B超测量胎儿肝脏面积预测巨大儿的临床价值

目的 :研究应用B型超声测量胎儿肝脏面积预测巨大儿的临床价值。方法 :应用B型超声测量 36 0例足月妊娠胎儿的双顶径、头围、腹围、股骨长度、股骨皮下组织厚度、肝脏长度和肝脏面积 ,并分析各预测指标与新生儿出生体重的关系及用于预测巨大儿的敏感性和特异性。结果 :各项预测指标中胎儿肝脏面积与新生儿体重的相关性最好 (r =0 .80 6 ) ,对巨大儿诊断的敏感性为 88 89% ,特异性为 95 4 2 %。结论 :应用B型超声测量胎儿肝脏面积预测巨大儿的准确性较高 ,具有临床应用价值     

Fetal biacromial diameter as a new ultrasound measure for prediction of macrosomia in term pregnancy: a prospective observational study

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate a simple method for sonographic measurement of the fetal biacromial diameter for prediction of fetal macrosomia in term pregnancy.

Materials and methods: The current study was a single center prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary University Hospital from January 2015 to May 2017. We included all consecutive term (37–42 weeks) pregnant women presented to the labor ward for delivery. Ultrasound parameters were measured as biparietal diameter, head circumference, transverse thoracic diameter, mid arm diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, estimated fetal weight, and amniotic fluid index. The proposed ultrasound formula “Youssef’s formula” to measure the fetal biacromial diameter is: [Transverse thoracic diameter +2?×?midarm diameter]. The accuracy of proposed formula was compared to the actual biacromial diameter of the newborn after delivery. The primary outcome of the study was accuracy of sonographic measurement of fetal biacromial diameter in prediction of fetal macrosomia in terms of sensitivity and specificity

Results: The study included 600 participants; 49 (8.2%) of them delivered a macrosomic neonates and 551 (91.8%) delivered average weight neonates. There was no statistical significant difference between the proposed fetal biacromial diameter measured by ultrasound and the actual neonatal biacromial diameter measured after birth (p?=?.192). The area under the curve (AUC) for prediction of macrosomia at birth based on the fetal biacromial diameter and the abdominal circumference was 0.987 and 0.989, respectively, on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Using the biacromial diameter cutoff of 15.4?cm has a PPV for prediction of macrosomia (88.4%) and 96.4% sensitivity with overall accuracy of 97%. Similarly, with the abdominal circumference (AC) cutoff of 35.5?cm, the PPV for prediction of macrosomia (87.7%) and 96.4% sensitivity with overall accuracy of 96.83%. No statistical significant difference between both of them was observed for prediction of fetal macrosomia (p?=?.841)

Conclusions: The sonographic measurement of fetal biacromial diameter seems to be a new simple and accurate method for prediction of fetal macrosomia and shoulder dystocia at birth.     

超声测量胎儿腹围预测新生儿出生体重的研究

目的探讨超声测量胎儿腹围在预测新生儿出生体重和诊断巨大儿中的价值。方法在孕妇分娩前1周超声测量胎儿腹围,追踪胎儿的出生体重,分析胎儿腹围与出生体重的关系。结果(1)共检测1475例单胎孕妇胎儿,胎儿腹围与出生体重呈直线正相关关系,r为0.85(P<0.01)。(2)胎儿腹围<34cm者中无一例巨大儿;胎儿腹围<35cm有1007例,99.7%的新生儿平均出生体重<4000g;胎儿腹围在35～35.9cm有206例,新生儿平均出生体重为(3691±277)g,其中14.6%(30例)的新生儿出生体重≥4000g;胎儿腹围在36～36.9cm有149例,其中51.0%(76例)的新生儿出生体重≥4000g,新生儿平均出生体重为(3957±256)g;胎儿腹围在37～37.9cm有64例,其中84.4%(54例)的新生儿出生体重≥4000g,平均出生体重(4205±250)g;胎儿腹围≥38cm有44例,新生儿平均出生体重≥4000g者为100%(44例),平均出生体重为(4489±267)g。(3)1475例中有811例孕妇行剖宫产术(55.0%),新生儿出生体重为4000～4500g者,剖宫产率为71.4%(125/175),出生体重≥4500g者,剖宫产率为93.8%(30/32),均显著高于新生儿出生体重<4000g的剖宫产率(P<0.01)。结论超声测量胎儿腹围可以预测新生儿出生体重。胎儿腹围与胎儿体重呈高度直线正相关。胎儿腹围<35cm提示发生巨大儿的可能性极低;≥37cm提示巨大儿的可能性大。     

Clinical and ultrasonographic weight estimation in large for gestational age fetus

OBJECTIVE: To examine prospectively the effect on pregnancy outcome of a management protocol, that adds ultrasonographic weight estimation in fetuses suspected clinically as large. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective follow up study of all singleton deliveries during a 1 year period. All patients underwent routine clinical estimation of fetal weight. When clinical estimation of fetal weight was > or = 3700 g, patients were referred for ultrasonographic estimation of fetal weight. When the latter was > or = 4000 g the patient was informed about the risks of birth trauma. Cesarean section was recommended only when > or = 4500 g. Ultrasonography was repeated every 4 days when possible. Predictive values of clinical and ultrasonographic estimations of fetal weight for diagnosing macrosomia, defined for the purpose of this study as 4000 g or more, and their effect on the rate of cesarean sections. RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-five (14.4%) out of 3844 singletons were estimated as 3700 g or more. Only 315 fetuses had ultrasonographic estimation of weight within 3 days of delivery. The sensitivity of clinical and ultrasonographic prediction of macrosomia was 68 and 58%, respectively. Cesarean section rate in newborns weighing 4000 g or more was 22% when macrosomia was clinically suspected compared to 11% when it was not (P<0.05). In fetuses estimated ultrasonographically as 4000 g or larger the cesarean section rate was doubled (50.7% versus 24.9%, P<0.05) compared to those estimated as smaller than 4000 g, although actual weight of 4500 g or more was recorded in 10.6 and 8.5% of these groups, respectively. There were no cases of shoulder dystocia in macrosomic babies when macrosomia was not detected by ultrasound compared to two cases of shoulder dystocia (2.7%) when macrosomia was detected by ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Antenatal suspicion of macrosomia increased the cesarean section rate while the associated improvement in pregnancy outcome remains questionable. The contribution of ultrasound, added to routine clinical estimation of fetal weight, was clinically insignificant apart from a further increase in cesarean section rate.     

Ultrasound fetal biometry and birth weight prognosis with the use of Aoki method and classical regression analysis

We have attempted to estimate prognostic value of neonatal birth weight prediction with the use of fetal sonographic data: biparietal diameter, femur length, transverse and longitudinal abdominal diameter. Clinical and ultrasound data from 265 pregnant women with singleton gestation who delivered within 7 days from the last ultrasound scan were analyzed. For the fetal weight estimation we have calculated fetal abdominal area in the equation proposed by Aoki in 1990. Predicted and observed neonatal birth weight centiles and coefficients of determination were calculated with the use of regression analysis. Prediction method of neonatal weight with Aoki method explained 70% of variability in our population. In contrast, regression analysis on ultrasound data explained 99% of observer variability in neonatal birth weight. We conclude that own method of birth weight prediction could be of value, however it should be tested in a new prospectively examined population.     

Predicting late-onset growth abnormalities using growth velocity between trimesters.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether growth velocity parameters derived from routine prenatal ultrasound measurements at first, second and third trimester can identify normal growth at term as well as late-onset growth abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Longitudinal study of fetal growth in normal singleton pregnancies with three normal ultrasound examinations and delivered at term. Fetuses were classified into 3 groups (<10th percentile, 10-90th percentile, >90th percentile) based on birth weight. Multiple regression on birth weight classification was used to build up a prediction equation of fetal growth potential (FGP) based on fetal biometry and fetal growth velocity parameters between ultrasound examinations. Best cut-off value for FGP predicting growth restriction and macrosomia were defined. RESULTS: 356 pregnancies were included. Fetal biometry growth velocities between examinations were calculated for all measurements. Using best cut-off values, the estimated sensitivity, specificity and odds ratio were: 60% [44;74], 91% [89;92] and 14.55 [6.30;33.98] and 53% [36;69], 89% [88;91] and 10 [4.27;23.49] for the prediction of growth restriction and macrosomia, respectively. DISCUSSION: Fetal growth potential can be derived and calculated from standard ultrasound measurements. It can improve identification of these fetuses at risk for late-onset growth abnormalities and their related morbidity.     

Third trimester ultrasound for fetal macrosomia: optimal timing and institutional specific accuracy

Purpose: To determine the performance of third trimester ultrasound in women with suspected fetal macrosomia.

Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of fetal ultrasounds from January 2004 to December 2014 with estimated fetal weight (EFW) between 4000 and 5000?g. We determined accuracy of birth weight prediction for ultrasound performed at less than and greater than 38 weeks, accounting for diabetic status and time between ultrasound and delivery.

Results: There were 405 ultrasounds evaluated. One hundred and twelve (27.7%) were performed at less than 38 weeks, 293 (72.3%) at greater than 38 weeks, and 91 (22.5%) were performed in diabetics. Sonographic identification of EFW over 4000?g at less than 38 weeks was associated with higher correlation between EFW and birth weight than ultrasound performed after 38 weeks (71.5 versus 259.4?g, p?Conclusions: Identification of EFW with ultrasound performed less than 38 weeks has greater reliability of predicting fetal macrosomia at birth than measurements performed later in gestation. EFW to birth weight correlation was more accurate than previous reports.