腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的方法、安全性和有效性。方法:回顾分析2006年10月至2007年10月我院为10例患者行腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的临床资料。结果:10例均成功完成腹腔镜手术,手术时间180～270min,平均(200±30)min,术中出血300～1500ml,平均(400±60)ml。结论:完全腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术安全可行。     

完全腹腔镜下脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的临床应用

目的 探讨完全腹腔镜下脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的适应证和临床应用价值.方法 分析对40例肝硬化门静脉高压症脾亢患者采用完全腹腔镜下脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的临床资料.结果 本组中36例顺利完成完全腹腔镜下脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术,4例中转开腹,平均手术时间(224±54)min,平均术中出血量(296±209)ml,无严重并发症.结论 对门静脉高压脾亢患者选择性地采用完全腹腔镜下脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术是一种可供选择的安全、有效的微创方法.     

手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术在门静脉高压症中的临床应用:附14例报告

目的探讨手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术在门静脉高压症中的临床应用价值。方法2005年1月至2006年2月共进行14例手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术。结果14例在手助腹腔镜下进行，无中转开腹病例。手术时间2～3．5h，平均2．6h。术中失血量120±350ml，平均（220±63）ml。无膈下感染、近期再出血和肝功衰竭发生。结论手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术安全、操作方便，止血确切，可有效降低手术对机体的打击和肝功能损害，具有一定的临床应用价值。     

手助腹腔镜脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症

目的 探讨改良手助腹腔镜下脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的临床应用价值.方法 2009年3月至2011年12月共对47例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者行改良手助腹腔镜下脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术,先在手助腹腔镜下完成脾切除术,再改为完全腹腔镜下行贲门周围血管离断术.结果 全组患者均完成改良手助腹腔镜下脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术,无中转开腹,平均手术时间( 154±32) min,术中平均出血量(115±73)ml,术后平均住院时间(9.2±1.6)d.围手术期并发症包括胸腔积液3例,腹水4例,胰漏1例,伤口裂开1例.无围手术死亡.结论 改良手助腹腔镜下脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术安全性好,操作方便,术中出血少.     

结扎速在腹腔镜下脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术中应用

目的探索结扎速血管闭合系统（LigaSure）在腹腔镜下脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术中的应用价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压症患者15例,使用结扎速在腹腔镜下行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术,观察手术中和术后的情况进行分析。结果全组无中转开腹手术病例,平均手术时间172（125—245）min,平均术中出血量为300（100—600）ml,术后24h平均引流量为281（90～410）ml,平均术后住院天数为10．8（5～15）d,1例并发肺部感染,无其他并发症。结论使用结扎速在腹腔镜下行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术,具有安全、简便、经济等优点。     

手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症

目的:探讨手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症的手术方法及技巧。方法:2009年7月至2011年12月为26例肝硬化门脉高压患者行手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术。结果:26例均顺利完成手助腹腔镜手术,手术时间167～237 min,平均187 min;术中出血量467～1 820 ml,平均510 ml;术后住院7～16 d,平均9.7 d;术后无死亡病例及严重并发症发生。结论:手助腹腔镜脾切除术联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症安全、微创、可行,明显降低了复杂腹腔镜手术的难度及风险,手术成功的关键是防止术中大出血。     

手助腹腔镜下脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术的应用研究

目的探讨手助下腹腔镜脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术在肝硬化、门脉高压治疗中的应用价值. 方法应用Ligasure及超声刀手助腹腔镜下脾切除10例,贲门周围血管离断术13例. 结果 23例均完成腹腔镜手术,脾切除手术时间(63±15.5)min,术中出血量(32.4±21.2)ml;贲门周围血管离断术手术时间(115.3±25.5)min,术中出血量(52.4±24.2)ml.术后(12.2±3.8)h离床活动. 结论应用Ligasure及超声刀手助腹腔镜下脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术安全性高、出血量小、术后恢复快,可以用于门脉高压、脾功能亢进的手术治疗.     

腹腔镜下巨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术15例

目的探讨腹腔镜巨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法 2010年1月～2012年1月行15例腹腔镜下巨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术,取右侧斜卧位,超声刀自下向上离断脾结肠、脾胃、脾肾及脾膈韧带,游离脾动脉并结扎,线型切割缝合器（Endo-GIA）离断脾蒂,切除脾脏;切割缝合器切断胃左动静脉,继续游离胃周血管直至食道下端6～8 cm,完成断流。结果 12例腹腔镜下完成巨脾切除,3例因难以控制出血中转开腹。手术时间236～318 min,平均267.2 min;术中出血量200～1000ml,平均400 ml;术后住院时间5～12 d,平均7.8 d。1例出现胰漏,带管引流1个月后漏口愈合,无围手术期死亡。15例术后随访6个月,脾功能亢进纠正,钡餐示5例轻度食管胃底静脉曲张,余10例正常,未再出现呕血、黑便等症状。结论严格把握手术适应证,腹腔镜巨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术安全可行。     

免切割闭合器完全腹腔镜巨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术

目的探讨免切割闭合器完全腹腔镜巨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的手术技巧和临床应用价值。方法2005年3月～2006年10月,对23例肝硬化门静脉高压致食道下端静脉曲张患者行完全腹腔镜下巨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗,其中18例免切割闭合器应用二级脾蒂离断法切除脾脏,即处理脾蒂时逐支分离脾叶动静脉,边分离边用血管夹夹闭或用丝线结扎后离断血管,并用超声刀离断小网膜后,逐一将贲门周围曲张静脉直接用超声刀或可吸收夹夹闭后离断,将脾脏放入标本袋,拉出扩大的trocar孔外,剪碎后取出。结果18例手术获得成功,手术时间180～320min,平均255min。术中出血量200～1600ml,平均450ml。术后发生胸腔积液2例,左膈下脓肿1例,B超引导穿刺治愈,轻度腹水2例。无死亡病例。术后住院时间6～17d,平均7.5d。18例术后随访5-24个月,平均16.4月,术后20个月再出血1例,经胃镜下注射硬化剂治愈,余17例均无再出血。结论应用二级脾蒂离断法处理脾蒂可以避免腹腔镜巨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术应用切割闭合器,不仅节省费用,而且在腹腔镜巨脾切除中有独特的优势。     

腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术在门静脉高压症中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的手术方法、临床效果及应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年7月期间,笔者所在医院科室施行的腹腔镜下脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬变门静脉高压症23例患者的临床资料。结果 23例患者中,有2例中转开腹,21例顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术。手术时间230～380 min,平均290 min;术中失血量300～1 500 mL,平均620 mL;术后禁食1～3 d,平均2 d;术后住院时间8～14 d,平均10 d。结论腹腔镜脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术安全可行,对机体创伤小,术后并发症少,疗效确切。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.