Innovative treatment for pes cavovarus: a pilot study of 13 children

Background and purpose — Pes cavovarus (PCV) is a complex deformity, frequently related to neurological conditions and associated with foot pain, callosities, and walking instability. The deformity has the tendency to increase during growth. Orthotic treatment is ineffective and surgery may be troublesome. We present the preliminary results of a new mini-invasive surgical technique for correction of this foot deformity.

Patients and methods — We operated on 13 children (24 feet), age 7–13 years. In 7 children the deformity was neurological in origin. The surgical technique included a dorsal hemiepiphysiodesis of the 1st metatarsal, and a plantar fascia release. The clinical deformity, hindfoot flexibility, and foot callosities, together with a radiological assessment (Meary angle, calcaneal pitch, and talo-calcaneal angle), was done pre- and postoperatively. At final check-up, after a median of 28 months (12–40), the Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire for children (OXAFQ-C) was used to assess patient satisfaction. The primary outcome was the hindfoot varus correction.

Results — All the operated feet improved clinically and radiologically. Heel varus improved from a mean 6° preoperatively to 5° valgus postoperatively. In those children where treatment was initiated at a younger age, full correction was achieved. Footwear always improved.

Interpretation — This treatment may offer a less aggressive alternative in the treatment of PCV in young children and may eventually reduce the amount of surgery needed in the future.     

Joint preserving procedures for painful plantar callosities in patients with flexible cavovarus foot

BackgroundThe outcome of a constant joint preserving procedure for painful plantar callosities with cavovarus foot remains unclear.MethodsEleven patients (11 feet) who underwent lateral displacement calcaneal osteotomy (LDCO), dorsiflexion first metatarsal osteotomy (DFMO), and plantar fasciotomy (PF), simultaneously were included. The presence of painful callosities, heel alignment of standing (HA), and the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot ankle/hindfoot (JSSF) score were evaluated. Radiographically, the talonavicular coverage angle (TNCA), lateral talo-first metatarsal angle (LTMA), calcaneal pitch angle (CPA), and heel alignment angle (HAA) were measured.ResultsPostoperatively, painful plantar callosities disappeared in 10 patients and remained in one patient. The postoperative HA and JSSF score significantly improved. The postoperative TNCA, LTMA, CPA, and HAA significantly improved.ConclusionsIn patients with flexible cavovarus foot, LDCO, DFMO, and PF yielded good outcomes at mid-term follow-up with preservation of the foot and ankle joints.     

A long-term study of triple arthrodesis for correction of pes cavovarus in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Twenty-two patients with severe pes cavovarus secondary to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease who underwent triple arthrodesis were retrospectively reviewed with an average follow-up period of 12 years, 4 months. Although only 32% of the patients had good objective results, 88% had good or excellent function and 86% were satisfied with their result. Radiographic follow-up averaged 10 years, 4 months. Talonavicular pseudarthroses were present in 15% of the feet and were symptomatic in all but one foot. Twenty-four percent of the ankles and 62% of the feet demonstrated radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease.     

Spike osteotomy for angular deformities of the long bones in children

We reviewed the results of fifty consecutive spike osteotomies that were performed in thirty-five children for the treatment of angular deformity of a long bone. After forty-three of the procedures, the radiographs were adequate to assess the stability of the fragments. At the time of healing, the average loss of correction from the position that had been accepted at operation was 2 degrees in the anterior-posterior plane and 1.2 degrees in the lateral plane. In four limbs, more than 5 degrees of correction had been lost. No patient lost more than 10 degrees of correction. The rates of complications and of recurrence were similar to those of other reported series. We concluded that the spike osteotomy is safe and effective.     

Minimally invasive distal linear metatarsal osteotomy combined with selective release of lateral soft tissue for severe hallux valgus

Background

Minimally invasive techniques for hallux valgus have been widely used to treat mild to moderate hallux valgus deformities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of distal linear metatarsal osteotomy (DLMO), which is one of the minimally invasive techniques, for severe hallux valgus.

Transcuneiform and opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy with closing wedge cuboid osteotomy in relapsed clubfoot

Ten patients (13 feet) aged 4 to 11 years with idiopathic clubfeet underwent bony correction for resistant supination and adduction deformities. A closing wedge cuboid osteotomy and medial cuneiform opening wedge and transcuneiform osteotomy were performed in all cases. The average improvement in anteroposterior talo-first metatarsal angle of 22 degrees, calcaneo-fifth metatarsal angle of 13 degrees, and lateral calcaneo-first metatarsal of 9 degrees confirmed the clinically satisfactory correction in all feet. However, one foot required repeat surgery 2 years after the index procedure.     

Open lateral wedge osteotomy of the calcaneum for severe postural pes valgus in children.

Conservative treatment for postural pes valgus in children is, on occasions, unsuccessful in the more severe cases. Where adequate conservative treatment had failed, it was decided to correct the deformity by performing an open lateral wedge osteotomy of the calcaneum, as advocated by Dwyer. When the Achilles tendon was short, an open elongation of the tendon was added to the procedure. In this series, 10 patients from 5 to 14 years of age with marked postural pes valgus were treated. Satisfactory results are reported after an average follow-up period of 9 years. A possible explanation for the success of the operation is discussed.     

Staples and locking plates provide comparable outcomes for fixation of first metatarsal dorsiflexion osteotomies in pes cavovarus

BackgroundOne commonly encountered deformity within the cavovarus foot is plantarflexion of the first metatarsal which may be a primary or secondary deformity. Correcting the plantarflexion may be achieved through a dorsiflexion osteotomy although the optimal fixation device for this osteotomy has not been determined. This clinical study compared the outcomes using staples and locking plates.MethodsA retrospective evaluation was performed of 52 feet that had undergone dorsiflexion osteotomy of the first metatarsal as part of a cavovarus foot correction with a minimum follow-up of two years. Data was collected on deformity correction, complications and cost-analysis.ResultsAs a cohort, Meary’s angle improved from 13.4° to 7.72° (p < 0.001), Hibbs’ angle improved from 117.1° to 124.2° (p < 0.001) and navicular height dropped from 52.7 mm to 47.7 mm (p < 0.001) while calcaneal inclination changed from 20.9° to 21.2° but this did not reach significance (p = 0.66). These indices and the number of complications were not significantly different between the staple and locking plate group. The overall cost of using staples was less than using locking plates.ConclusionsBoth staples and locking plates are effective devices for fixation of the first metatarsal after a dorsiflexion osteotomy in cavovarus foot surgery. They were both able to provide comparable fixation, although staples were less expensive to use in our study.     

肱骨髁上楔形截骨加"8"字钢丝固定治疗肘内翻畸形

目的评价肱骨髁上楔形截骨加桡侧“8”字钢丝张力带固定在肘内翻畸形矫正中的应用价值及临床疗效。方法2002年4月～2005年10月,对17例肘内翻患者经肘关节外侧小切口暴露肱骨远端,于肱骨髁上行顶端朝向内侧的楔形截骨加桡侧“8”字钢丝张力带固定,术后屈肘中立位上肢石膏托固定,4周后拆石膏进行功能锻炼。结果所有患者术后随访1．5～3．0年,平均2．1年,截骨部位均于术后6～10周获骨性愈合,10～12周关节活动度恢复至术前水平。术侧提携角由术前平均内翻22．4°恢复至术后平均外翻10．2°,随访末期2例矫正度数有少许丢失,分别为2°及4°。按巴英伟制定的标准进行功能评价,优15例,良2例,优良率为100%。结论肱骨髁上楔形截骨加桡侧“8”字钢丝张力带固定治疗肘内翻具有切口小、操作简单、固定确实、软组织刺激少及术中便于调整截骨角度等优点,患者可早期进行功能锻炼,较快恢复关节活动度。     

Scarf截骨联合软组织平衡松解治疗重度拇外翻

目的：探讨Scarf截骨联合软组织平衡治疗重度拇外翻的手术疗效。方法：回顾性分析2019年6月至2021年6月采用Scarf截骨联合软组织平衡手术治疗的38例（50足）重度拇外翻患者的临床资料,男6例（8足）,女32例（42足）;年龄29～64(54.7±6.8)岁;左侧26足,右侧24足;病程5～23(12.4±3.9)年。比较手术前后拇外翻角（hallux valgus angle,HVA）、第1、2跖骨间角（intermetatarsal angle,IMA）、跖骨远端关节面角（distal metatarsal articular angle,DMAA）,观察术后并发症发生情况。术前和末次随访时采用美国足与踝关节协会（American orthopedic foot ankle society,AOFAS）评分评价前足功能恢复情况,采用视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scale,VAS）评价患者疼痛缓解程度。结果：38例患者（50足）均获随访,时间15～23(18.3±3.2)个月。HVA、IMA、DMAA术前分别为（44.61±3.92）°、（18.74±2....     

小切口斜行截断及楔形截骨术矫治(足母)外翻畸形

目的探讨第一跖骨头囊内楔形截骨术矫正跨外翻畸形的可行性。方法2000年9月-2005年12月，我们对蹲外翻足畸形行局部小切口，切除第一跖骨头内侧骨赘，在跖趾关节囊内完成跖骨头楔形截骨、跖骨头横向外侧移位和内侧关节囊收紧，矫正跨外翻畸形。结果每足手术时间25～30min，术中出血量5～10ml。249例随访6—24个月，平均15个月，跨外翻畸形完全矫正，优215足（86．3％），良29足（11．7％），差5足（2．0％），优良率98．0％，无并发症。结论小切口斜行截断及楔形截骨术矫治跨外翻畸形可行，创伤小，术后的外形和功能得到全面改善。     

Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of cone beam weightbearing semi-automatic three-dimensional measurements in symptomatic pes cavovarus

IntroductionPes cavovarus is a three-dimensional (3D) foot deformity. New 3D semi-automatic measurements utilising weightbearing computerised topography (WBCT) images have recently been proposed to assess hindfoot alignment, but reliability in pes cavovarus has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the foot ankle offset (FAO), calcaneal offset (CO) and hindfoot alignment angle (HAA) in pes cavovarus.MethodsAnonymised WBCT datasets from 51 feet (17 Charcot-Marie-Tooth related cavovarus, 17 idiopathic cavovarus and 17 controls) were retrospectively reviewed. Three observers (two senior foot and ankle fellows and one orthopaedic resident) independently measured FAO, CO and HAA using dedicated software, with measurements repeated two weeks apart. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess whether aetiology or severity of varus deformity and level of seniority affected reliability.ResultsMean values for intra and interobserver reliability for FAO (r = 0.98; ICC: 0.99), CO (r = 0.97; ICC: 0.98) and HAA measurements (r = 0.97; ICC: 0.98) were excellent. Subgroup analyses showed that FAO, CO and HAA's intra (r/ρ range, 0.77–0.95) and interobserver (ICC range, 0.88–0.98) reliability remained excellent in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth related cavovarus, idiopathic pes cavovarus and normal feet, regardless of the severity of deformity. No difference was found in FAO, CO and HAA mean values from three observers (p > 0.05 in all cases).DiscussionThis study demonstrates that 3D semi-automatic measurements of WBCT images have excellent intra and interobserver reliability in the assessment of hindfoot alignment in pes cavovarus. Aetiology and severity of deformity, and level of seniority do not affect reliability of these measurements.Level of evidenceLevel III, retrospective comparative study.     

内侧撑开和外侧闭合胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝内翻骨关节炎

目的 比较两种胫骨高位截骨术的手术方法和临床结果.方法 膝内翻骨关节炎患者68例,其中37例采用外侧闭合胫骨高位截骨术(closed wedge high tibial osteotomy,CWO),31例采用内侧撑开胫骨高位截骨术(open wedge high tibial osteotomy,OWO).术后摄X线片测量胫骨平台后倾角、髌骨高度、胫骨股骨角、内侧胫股关节间隙宽度,并行HSS和Lysholm功能评分.结果 患者均随访24个月以上.术前、术后两组HSS和Lysholm评分差异均无统计学意义.(1)CWO组术前胫骨平台后倾角8.57°±1.63°、术后5.03°±1.24°,OWO组术前8.71°±1.66°、术后10.10°±1.30°,差异均有统计学意义.(2)CWO组术前Insall-Salvati指数0.880±0.053、术后0.820±0.049,差异有统计学意义;OWO组术前0.892±0.043、术后0.897±0.042,差异无统计学意义.CWO组术前Blackburne-Peel指数0.804±0.040、术后0.801±0.339,差异无统计学意义;OWO组术前0.815±0.039、术后0.766±0.037,差异有统计学意义.(3)术后CWO组外翻8.06°±2.75°,OWO组外翻8.65°±1.46°.结论 膝内翻骨关节炎的内侧撑开和外侧闭合胫骨高位截骨术有相似的手术效果,内侧撑开截骨术截骨角度更加准确.外侧闭合胫骨高位截骨术后可出现胫骨后倾减小和髌韧带短缩,内侧撑开截骨术后易出现胫骨后倾增加和髌骨至关节线距离减小.     

三处联合截骨术治疗大龄儿童先天性髋位

目的 探讨大龄儿童先天性髋脱位的治疗方法。 方法 对12例患儿采用同侧髂骨、耻骨、股骨上端同时截骨旋转固定。结果 平均随访2．6年,术后关节功能优良率86％,X线片优良率100％。结论 该术式具有操作简便、疗效好、并发症少等优点。     

Plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy for correction of fixed forefoot varus associated with flatfoot deformity

BACKGROUND: Flatfoot presents as a wide spectrum of foot deformities that include varying degrees of hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, and forefoot varus. Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy, lateral column lengthening, and subtalar fusion can correct heel valgus, but may not adequately correct the fixed forefoot varus component. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform (Cotton) osteotomy in the correction of forefoot varus. METHODS: Sixteen feet (15 patients) had plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomies to correct forefoot varus associated with flatfoot deformities from several etiologies, including congenital flatfoot (six feet, average age 37 years), tarsal coalition (five feet, average age 15 years), overcorrected clubfoot deformity (two feet, ages 17 years and 18 years), skewfoot (one foot, age 15 years), chronic posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (one foot, 41 years), and rheumatoid arthritis (one foot, age 56 years). RESULTS: Standing radiographs showed an average improvement in the anterior-posterior talo-first metatarsal angle of 7 degrees (9 degrees preoperative, 2 degrees postoperative). The talonavicular coverage angle improved an average of 15 degrees (20 degrees preoperative, 5 degrees postoperative). The lateral talo-first metatarsal angle improved an average of 14 degrees (-13 degrees preoperative, 1 degree postoperative). Correcting for radiographic magnification, the distance from the mid-medial cuneiform to the floor on the lateral radiograph averaged 40 mm preoperatively and 47 mm postoperatively (average improvement 7 mm). All patients at followup described mild to no pain with ambulation. There were no nonunions or malunions. CONCLUSIONS: Opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy is an important adjunctive procedure to correct the forefoot varus component of a flatfoot deformity. Advantages of this technique in comparison to first tarsometatarsal arthrodesis include predictable union, preservation of first ray mobility, and the ability to easily vary the amount of correction. Because of the variety of hindfoot procedures done in these patients, the degree of hindfoot correction contributed by the cuneiform osteotomy alone could not be determined. We have had excellent results without major complications using this technique.     

尺骨截骨矫形关节囊松解紧缩治疗儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折

目的 :探讨儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折的手术治疗经验及治疗效果。方法 :自2013年1月至2017年12月治疗32例陈旧性孟氏骨折,男18例,女14例;年龄2~9(5.3±1.2)岁;均无桡神经损伤症状。患者术前症状为肘关节疼痛、畸形,屈伸及前臂旋转受限,X线示尺骨畸形愈合或呈"弓形征",桡骨头脱位或半脱位。术中作尺骨脊后方切口,在尺骨成角畸形最明显处行额状面长斜形截骨,然后采用Boyd切口显露肱桡关节及上尺桡关节,清理关节内的瘢痕组织,复位桡骨头,并在维持肘关节稳定的前提下,对尺骨截骨处进行处理,予钢板螺钉内固定。结果:32例患儿均随访,时间12~24个月,平均14.8个月,其中1例患儿出现术口感染。根据Mackay评定标准:32例患儿术后均无肘、腕关节疼痛症状,29例患儿肘关节屈伸活动度(130±5)°/0°,前臂旋前旋后活动度90°/(85±5)°;2例患儿肘关节屈伸活动度(119°/8°,121°/7°),前臂旋前旋后活动度(90°/75°,85°/60°);1例患者肘关节屈伸活动度90°/10°,前臂旋前旋后活动度80°/60°。优29例,良2例,中1例。结论:尺骨截骨矫形、肘关节后关节囊松解、前关节囊紧缩是治疗儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折的有效方法。