唇腭裂患者前牙区恒牙的发育异常

唇腭裂是口腔颌面部最常见的先天畸形,常伴发各种恒牙发育异常,尤其是靠近裂隙的前牙区.相较国外,目前国内对此的研究缺乏,本文对调查唇腭裂患者中切牙、侧切牙和尖牙区的形态、数目、萌出异常和牙根发育等各类发育异常的文献作回顾性概述,为临床医师早期酌情涉入治疗和适当降低序列治疗的难度和复杂性提供依据.     

Dental anomalies in the primary dentition and their repetition in the permanent dentition: a diagnostic performance study

This study investigated the recurrence in the permanent dentition of dental anomalies of the primary dentition. A sample of 189 subjects (100 males, 89 females, mean age of 5 years and 7 months) with anomalies of primary teeth (tooth hypodontia, supernumerary teeth, geminated teeth, and fused teeth) was selected and re-analyzed at a mean age of 11 years and 2 months for the recurrence of the dental anomalies in the permanent dentition. As a control group, 271 subjects (123 males, 148 females) without dental anomalies in the primary dentition were selected. The recurrence in the permanent dentition of the dental anomalies in the primary dentition was evaluated by measures of diagnostic performance. The results showed high values for the repetition of hypodontia (positive likelihood ratio = 102.0); low score for the repetition of hyperdontia (positive likelihood ratio = 6.5); low positive likelihood ratio (9.1) for gemination of primary teeth resulting in supernumerary permanent teeth; high positive likelihood ratio (47.0) for fusion of primary teeth followed by missing permanent teeth. Dental anomalies in the primary dentition are associated with an increased likelihood of anomalies of the succedaneous permanent.     

Dental abnormalities in permanent dentition in children with submucous cleft palate

Seventy-three children with submucous cleft palate (38 girls and 35 boys), mean age 8.2 years (range 7.7-9.5), were studied retrospectively from orthopantomograms. Dental abnormalities in permanent dentition were found in 26 patients (36%). Missing teeth, mainly lower 2nd premolars, upper lateral incisors, and upper 2nd premolars, were found in 12 patients (16%). Most of the patients had 1 or 2 missing teeth, 2 had 3 missing teeth. In 5 patients hypodontia was associated with another dental abnormality. Other dental abnormalities included peg-shaped lateral incisors in 7 patients (10%), ectopic eruption of upper 1st molars in 6 patients (8%), transposition of upper canines and 1st premolars in 3 patients (4%), supernumerary teeth in 2 patients (3%), and palatally displaced upper canines in 1 patient (1%). As children with submucous cleft palate have a tendency towards increased frequency of missing teeth and other dental abnormalities, the need for thorough clinical and radiological dental examination is emphasized.     

Dental anomalies in cleft lip and palate: an unusual case

A cleft palate case is reported in which there is an unusual pattern of hypodontia involving aplasia of the primary second molars, but development of the corresponding second premolars. This paper discusses some of the implications of this situation and stresses the need for very thorough clinical and radiographic examination.     

非综合征性单侧完全性唇腭裂恒牙发育异常的研究

目的 经回顾性研究了解非综合征性单侧完全性唇腭裂患者恒牙发育异常的情况.方法 收集244例植骨期非综合征性单侧完全性唇腭裂患者的影像学资料,记录和统计分析恒牙发育异常.结果 在本研究中各种恒牙异常的发生率为:先天缺失163例(269颗)(163/244,66.8%),最常累及的牙位是上颌侧切牙;畸形牙82例(85颗)(82/244,33.6%),绝大多数为上颌侧切牙的小牙畸形;额外牙12例(12颗)(12/244,4.9%),多发生于裂区,表现为畸形小牙.牙位发育异常的性别比较发现,非裂侧上颌仅侧切牙缺失,男性高于女性(P<0.05).裂侧的先天缺牙、额外牙和畸形牙的发生率均高于非裂侧,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),上下颌均有相同发现.结论 非综合征性单侧完全性唇腭裂患者各类牙齿发育异常的患病率均高于健康人群.裂侧的牙齿发育异常较非裂侧更为多见.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence of dentM anomalies in Chinese children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate(UCLP).Methods Dental histories and radiographs of 244 Chinese children with UCLP were collected.The diagnosis of dental anomalies waft based on panoramic radiographs before alveolar bone grafting.All patients were over 8 years old.Results In the UCLP group,66.8% of the patients was presented with hypodontia.The maxillary lateral incisors were the most common teeth affected,followed by maxillary second premolars,mandibular incisors and mandibulax second premolars.A total of 33.6%the patients Was presented with dental malformation,most were mierodontic laterel incisors.A total of 4.9% the patients was presented with hyperdontim The supernumerary teeth were more frequently found in the cleft region.The prevalence of missing maxillary lateral incisor in the noneleft side was statistically different between genders,which was higher in male(P<0.050).This group of Chinese children with UCLP demonstrated significantly higher prevalence of hypodontia,hyperdontia,and malformation on the cleft side than on the noncleft side(P<0.01).Conclusions Hypodontia is the most common type of dental anomalies.The prevalence of dental anomalies is higher in the UCLP patients than in the normal population.Dental anomalies occur more frequently on the cleft side than on the nonclefi side.     

Dental development of the permanent lateral incisor in patients with incomplete and complete unilateral cleft lip.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate a possible delay in root development of the permanent lateral incisor on the cleft side compared with its contralateral tooth in patients with incomplete and complete unilateral cleft lip. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of S?o Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, S?o Paulo, Brazil. PATIENTS: A sample of 95 panoramic radiographs of patients with incomplete and complete unilateral cleft was obtained from the files of HRAC/USP. The patients were both boys and girls of various races, aged 5 to 11 years, and did not have any syndrome or associated congenital malformation. The sample was divided into three groups according to the severity of the cleft lip. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Radiographs were analyzed to compare root development stage of the lateral incisor on the cleft side with the noncleft side according to the classification of Nolla.Results: The mean delay in root development of the permanent lateral incisor on the cleft side ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 scores for all three groups investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Root development of the permanent lateral incisor on the cleft side was delayed compared with the noncleft side.     

Dental anomalies of the permanent lateral incisors and prevalence of hypodontia outside the cleft area in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To determine in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) subjects the characteristics (location, shape) of the cleft-side lateral incisor. The presence of a supernumerary tooth at the cleft side and the prevalence of hypodontia outside the cleft area were evaluated. A comparison was made of the shape of the cleft side lateral incisor to its contralateral incisor. SETTING: Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), Sao Paulo, Brazil. PATIENTS: Orthopantomograms of 203 subjects with UCLP and without syndromes were chronologically selected from the HRCA data bank, within an age range of 5 to 10 years. Outcome Measure: Orthopantomograms were analyzed by the same observer according to established criteria. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between sexes for any of the criteria studied. The cleft-side lateral incisor was present in 50.2%, and it was more commonly located at the distal side (76.5%). The congenital absence of the cleft-side lateral incisor was observed in 49.8% of the sample, and its antimere was congenitally missing in 10.9%, this difference being statistically significant. The most commonly missing tooth outside the cleft area was the maxillary second premolar. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of hypodontia of the permanent lateral incisor in the cleft side showed that the cleft could play an important role in this absence. There were different patterns for the presence of the cleft-side lateral incisor.     

Root development of permanent lateral incisor in cleft lip and palate children: a radiographic study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the root development of lateral incisor on the cleft side with the root development of its contralateral tooth in cleft lip and palate children. SETTING: Cleft lip and palate wing, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 96 orthopantamograms of patients with unilateral orbilateral cleft lip and/or cleft palate was selected, regardless of sex and race. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Orthopantamograms were analyzed for root development of lateral incisor on the cleft and non cleft side. Associated anomalies like hypodontia, supernumerary teeth, malformed lateral incisors and root development of canine, if present, were recorded. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Root development of permanent lateral incisor was delayed on the cleft side compared to the non cleft side. There was a statistically significant relationship between levels of root development of lateral incisors on the cleft side within the different study groups(P < 0.05). Incidence of hypodontia increased in proportion to cleft severity. Frequency of missing second premolars, supernumerary teeth and malformed lateral incisors increased in cleft lip and palate patients. Root development of canine showed a slight delay on the cleft side when compared to the canine on the noncleft side.     

恒牙晚期单侧完全性唇腭裂患者正畸治疗临床疗效研究

目的　通过测量恒牙晚期单侧完全性唇腭裂（UCLP）患者术后牙牙合、软硬组织的相关数据,观察正畸治疗对患者面型、牙弓及咬合关系的临床疗效。方法　选择10例UCLP恒牙晚期（15～17岁）术后患者,采用上颌慢速扩弓联合固定矫治,对治疗前、扩弓保持半年后X线头颅侧位片及扩弓治疗前、扩弓结束后、保持半年后牙牙合模型相关数据进行测量。采用配对t检验和配伍组设计资料的方差分析的统计方法,2组之间的两两比较用最小显著差(LSD)检验。结果　UCLP患者在正畸治疗后,X线头颅侧位片在软硬组织部分测量数据上有显著性变化(P<0.01),牙弓宽度在尖牙和前磨牙区有明显增加（P<0.01）,前磨牙区宽度的增加能稳定保持（P<0.05）。结论　 恒牙晚期UCLP术后患者经正畸治疗,骨骼、面部软硬组织及咬合关系均有较理想的治疗效果。     

Dental maturity in children with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: Dental age in children with a bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) was assessed and compared with children without cleft. DESIGN: Dental age was estimated for 74 children with a complete BCLP (54 boys and 20 girls) from 364 orthopantomograms. Nonlinear regression curves were made between 5 and 14 years of age for boys and girls separately. A comparison was made with a sample of Dutch children (91 girls and 90 boys) without oral clefts for three different age groups, namely 5, 9.5, and 14 years of age. SETTING: Data collection was carried out at the Cleft Palate Center, University Medical Center Nijmegen (The Netherlands). A sample from the Nijmegen Growth Study was used as a normative sample. RESULTS: At 5 years of age, boys with a BCLP were significantly delayed in dental age compared to boys without cleft. After that age, no significant differences in dental age were found. For girls with a BCLP, no difference in dental age with the girls without cleft could be found. CONCLUSION: Dental age in BCLP showed a tendency to be delayed at 5 years of age. At the ages of 9.5 and 14 years of age, no differences were found. Further investigation on the development of individual teeth is suggested to gain more insight into the origin of this delay.     

替牙期唇腭裂患者的正畸治疗

替牙期是唇腭裂患者正畸治疗的关键时期,牙槽嵴裂植骨与生长改形等都将在此期进行.由于唇腭裂畸形的复杂多样、严重的颅面部生长缺陷,再加上替牙期的特殊性,使得此时期的正畸治疗充满了挑战与争议.因此,笔者就替牙期唇腭裂患者的正畸治疗程序与方法作一综述,以期为临床提供指导.     

Prevalence of numeric anomalies in the permanent dentition of patients with Down syndrome

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of numeric anomalies in the permanent dentition of patients with Down syndrome by means of panoramic radiographs. The sample consisted of panoramic radiographs from 70 subjects. We examiend the radiographs to detect hypodontia as well as supernumerary teeth. Our results confirm the high prevalence of hypodontia among patients with Down syndrome (60%), mostly with mild expression. The teeth most often missing were the upper lateral incisors, usually bilaterally, followed by the lower second premolars and upper second premolars. Supernumerary teeth were seen in 6% of the subjects, and the concomitant occurrence of hypodontia and supernumerary teeth occurred in one patient.     

Dentition patterns in bilateral cleft lip subphenotypes: multicenter study

Objectives

Here, we retrospectively investigated cases of bilateral oral clefts (OCs) to determine the clinical relevance of detailed distinction of incomplete cleft lip subphenotypes, based on morphological severity of the cleft, within the categories cleft lip with or without alveolus (CL ± A) and cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (CLAP). We further assessed possible associations between CL subphenotypes (complete vs different incomplete types) and different dentition patterns of the lateral incisor.

Materials and methods

Our analysis included 151 non-syndromic Caucasian bilateral OC-patients (8–20 years old) from the Dutch Association for Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies registry. Six different deciduous and permanent lateral incisor patterns were distinguished: normal position (z/Z), supernumerary lateral incisor (n/N), presence in the anterior (x/X) or posterior (y/Y) segment of the cleft, one in each cleft segment (xy/XY), and agenesis (ab/AB). Logistic regression was performed to show the associations between the CL subphenotypes and dentition patterns of the lateral incisor.

Results

One hundred three had complete, while 48 had incomplete CLs. Patterns z/Z and n/N were associated with a submucous/vermillion notch, incomplete CL, and intact alveolus. Patterns x/X, y/Y, and xy/XY were most common in patients with two-thirds to subtotal CL and complete CL. The most severe pattern, ab/AB, was most commonly associated with complete CL.

Conclusions

Based on the morphological severity of the CLs, it can be stated that the more severe the CL in bilateral CL ± A and CLAP, the more severe the abnormal pattern of the dentition.

Clinical relevance

Further distinction of incomplete cleft lip subphenotypes (submucous/vermillion notch, one-third to two-thirds CL, two-thirds to subtotal CL) in bilateral CL ± A and CLAP has clinical relevance.

     

正畸治疗对恒牙晚期单侧完全性唇腭裂患者鼻部形态影响的研究

目的　研究恒牙晚期单侧完全性唇腭裂患者正畸治疗后的鼻部形态变化。方法　21例恒牙晚期单侧完全性唇腭裂患者在正畸治疗前、治疗后分别拍摄X线头颅侧位定位片,通过12个测量参数进行治疗前后的比较分析。数据资料用SPSS 13.0软件作统计学处理,治疗前后比较用t检验。结果　患者经上颌扩弓和正畸治疗后,鼻背长由（37.0±2.3）mm增加到（41.5±4.2）mm,P<0.05;鼻背深度1由（16.1±1.3）mm增加到（18.3±1.5）mm,P<0.05;鼻背深度2由(18.5±1.9)mm增加到(20.4±2.3)mm,P<0.05;鼻唇角由(66.9±5.6)°增大到(72.2±6.6)°,P<0.05;面型角由(-5.0±2.1)°变为(4.6±3.4)°,P<0.01。结论　恒牙晚期单侧完全性唇腭裂患者经过正畸治疗后,患者的鼻部长度及深度增加,鼻部形态改善,患者侧貌更加美观。     

Assessment of arch constriction in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate and isolated cleft palate: a pilot study

The objective of this study was to test the use of the modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system on patients with a bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) or an isolated cleft palate (CP). Study models of 5- and 10-year-old patients with BCLP (n = 19) and isolated CP (n = 55) from the Cleft Services in Scotland database were scored using the system by four examiners on two separate occasions to test inter- and intraexaminer reliability. The weighted kappa statistic was used to evaluate reliability. The interexaminer reliability ranged from 0.48 to 0.74 (moderate to good agreement) for the BCLP group and 0.77 to 0.86 (good to very good agreement) for the isolated CP group. The number of study models available for the BCLP group was small due to the low incidence of this cleft group, but the scoring system was shown to be reliable when used in cleft types other than unilateral cleft lip and palate. The modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system provides a useful tool suitable for assessing arch constriction in all types of orofacial clefting, which is objective, sensitive, and versatile.     

Dental arch dimensions in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate

In this investigation, dental arch dimensions during different ages were studied in 72 children with unilateral cleft of the lip, alveolar process, and palate and were compared with those of normal children. All the children with clefts were treated surgically by surgeons of the Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic. The dental arch dimensions were studied with the use of dental casts during the time of full deciduous dentition (3 to 4 years of age), mixed dentition (8 to 9 years of age), and permanent dentition (12 years of age). The major findings were: (1) all maxillary interdental widths and lengths were significantly smaller than the normal dimensions at all ages, except for intermolar width at age 12 years; and (2) the mandibular arch dimensions seemed to be related to changes in the maxillary arch; however, the influence of surgical procedures in the maxillary arch is not reflected severely in mandibular arch dental position.     

Satisfaction with treatment outcome in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients

The aim of this case-controlled study was to assess satisfaction with facial appearance and function, and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients (BCLP). The study sample was composed of adult BCLP subjects and controls matched for age, gender and socioeconomic status. Outcome measures included a self-administered questionnaire evaluating satisfaction with facial appearance, function and HRQL. Bivariate statistics were computed to analyse the association between BCLP status and outcome measures. Forty-three treated adult BCLP patients (mean age 28.2 years, SD 7.8) were compared to 43 controls without clefts (mean age 28.5 years, SD 8.0). Quantitative and qualitative assessment revealed that BCLP patients were significantly less satisfied with the appearance of the upper lip, the nose and nasal breathing. Additionally, satisfaction with facial appearance correlated positively with HRQL. For speech, hearing and drinking, quantitative scores did not differ between BCLP and controls, while qualitative assessment revealed that BCLP patients had considerable problems and concerns with these functions. This study underlines the importance of qualitative assessment of patient satisfaction with treatment outcome to identify individual problems and concerns not revealed by quantitative measures alone.