阿尔茨海默病患者的执行功能障碍

目的了解阿尔茨海默病(A lzhe im er d isease,AD)患者执行功能损害状况及对于生活能力的影响,探讨执行功能障碍与记忆等AD常见认知功能损害的相关性。方法运用神经心理学测验的方法对40例AD患者及30例轻度认知功能损害(m ild cogn itive impairm ent,MC I)患者进行执行功能、记忆及其他认知功能检查,同时进行生活能力评定。另外选择40名健康老人作对照。结果AD组的执行功能测验成绩均显著低于健康对照组(P<0.01),其中额叶功能评定量表(FAB)(5.29±2.47)分,执行性画钟作业(CLOX1)(4.63±3.56)分,Stroop测验错误次数(Stroop1)(14.17±8.99)分,词语流畅性测验(RVR)(17.56±10.51)分。除Stroop测验反应时间(Stroop2)外,MC I组的其他执行功能测验成绩显著低于健康对照组(P<0.05),其中FAB为(7.67±2.44)分,CLOX1为(7.86±3.78)分,Stroop1为(7.21±8.07)分,RVR为(30.86±8.38)分。用多元逐步回归方法分析不同认知功能对生活能力的影响,结果为反映执行功能的FAB测验成绩处于第一位,独立与操作性日常生活能力(IADL)相关(β=-0.778,t=-7.079,P<0.01)。各项执行功能测验与年龄相关性不明显(r=0.026~0.250,P>0.05),与简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、记忆测验成绩相关性好(r=0.438~0.786,P<0.01)。结论AD患者具有明显的执行功能障碍;在尚未到达痴呆水平的MC I阶段也可发现执行功能损害。执行功能和整体认知功能及记忆等认知域功能具有良好的相关性。AD患者的执行功能障碍是导致生活能力下降的重要因素。     

多发性硬化早期患者疲劳认知功能障碍及抑郁和焦虑对生活质量的影响

目的探讨多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)早期患者疲劳、认知功能障碍、抑郁和焦虑对生活质量的影响。方法临床纳入MS患者45例(研究组),同时纳入30例健康者作对照(对照组)。分别采用修订疲劳影响量表、简易精神状态检查量表、Rey听觉词语学测验、简化Rey复杂图形、符号-数字模式测验(symbol digit modalities test,SDMT)、Stroop测验、画钟试验、汉密尔顿焦虑量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表及多发性硬化生活质量量表进行临床测评。结果研究组躯体功能、躯体致角色受限、情绪致角色受限、疼痛、情绪状况、精力、健康认识、社会功能、认知功能、健康压力、健康变化评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组较对照组短延迟记忆与长延迟记忆的成绩降低;SDMT测验成绩下降,Stroop测验反应时间长,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。另外,研究组疲劳得分较高(P0.05)。疲劳与生活质量中的躯体功能、躯体问题导致角色受限、情绪问题导致的角色受限、情绪状况、精力、健康认识、认知功能、健康压力、总体生活质量相关(P0.05)。结论 MS患者早期生活质量即明显降低。虽然早期即出现记忆功能、执行功能/信息处理速度损害及焦虑、抑郁、疲劳症状,但仅疲劳对生活质量造成影响。     

大脑中动脉狭窄患者认知功能改变及胞磷胆碱钠片的疗效观察

目的探讨大脑中动脉狭窄患者与认知功能改变之间的关系,并采用胞磷胆碱钠片对患者进行为期12w的正规治疗,以观察其疗效。方法选择大脑中动脉狭窄患者80例,并根据有无脑梗死分为狭窄无梗死组(41例)和狭窄梗死组(39例),另选健康体检者80例为对照组。进行全面的神经心理学测试,包括简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、记忆力、执行能力、信息处理速度、注意力及结构能力等检查。同时,对认知功能异常的患者给予胞磷胆碱钠片治疗12w后,再次进行神经心理学测试,比较用药前后患者的认知功能有否变化。结果与对照组比较,狭窄梗死组各项认知功能评分明显降低(P<0.05);狭窄无梗死组MMSE、言语性记忆、视觉性记忆、注意力及结构能力的认知功能评分明显降低(P<0.05)。用药后,狭窄梗死组在言语性记忆中即刻回忆功能、视觉性记忆(Rey-Osterrieth复杂图形测验)中临摹和再认功能、执行能力中的Stroop C测验、结构能力中的积木、画钟测验评分较用药前明显升高(P<0.05);狭窄无梗死组在视觉性记忆中临摹功能、结构能力中的画钟测验评分较用药前明显升高(P<0.05)。结论大脑中动脉狭窄者在脑梗死前或脑梗死后都已经存在不同程度的认知功能损伤,胞磷胆碱钠片可以改善认知功能的损害。     

首次发病的强迫症患者认知功能的研究

目的:探讨首次发病的强迫症(OCD)患者认知功能的特点及相关影响因素。方法:采用逻辑记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验、数字广度、Stroop测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验分别对35例首次发病的OCD患者(OCD组)及30名健康对照者(HC组)进行神经心理学测评;应用Yale-Brown强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)评定患者的病情及抑郁、焦虑程度。结果:OCD组的逻辑延迟记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验A、B时间、数字广度倒背、Stroop测验字色阅读时间、威斯康星卡片分类测验成绩较明显差于健康对照组(P均<0.05)。OCD患者的病程与其视觉延迟记忆、数字广度倒背分呈负相关(r=-0.39,P=0.024;r=-0.38,P=0.027),SDS分与Stroop测验字色阅读时间正相关(r=0.37,P<0.05),Y-BOCS分、SAI分及TAI分与各神经心理学指标的相关性无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论:首次发病的OCD患者存在记忆、注意和执行功能损害。     

精神分裂症首次发病患者及其健康同胞认知功能的比较研究

目的 比较精神分裂症首次发病患者与健康同胞及正常对照认知功能的差异,探讨精神分裂症在认知功能领域的内表型.方法 采用目前常用的范畴流畅测验(CFT)、数字符号编码测验(DSCT)、连线测验(TMT)、韦克斯勒记忆量表第3版(WMS-Ⅲ)空间广度测验(WMS-ⅢSST)、霍普金斯词汇学习测验-修订版(HVLT-R)、简易视觉空间记忆测验-修订版(BVMT-R)、定步调听觉连续加法测验(PASAT)和威斯康星卡片分类测验-64(WCST-64)对92例精神分裂症首次发病患者(患者组)、56例健康同胞(同胞组)和62名健康对照者(对照组)的认知功能进行检测.结果 (1)患者组所有神经心理测验成绩均差于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)同胞组的CFT、DSCT、TMT、HVLT-R即刻记忆和延迟记忆、BVMT-R即刻记忆、PASAT、WCST-64持续错误数、持续反应数和完成分类数的测验成绩差于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)患者组与同胞组的CFT、WCST-64中的持续错误数、持续反应数和完成分类数测验成绩分别为(18.40±12.12)分比( 18.86±5.19)分、(16.48±8.19)分比(14.80±5.86)分、(18.76±10.91)分比(16.86 ±7.73)分、(1.33±2.81)分比(1.63±1.36)分,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),其他神经心理测验成绩比较,患者组差于同胞组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 精神分裂症首次发病患者存在处理速度、工作记忆、言语记忆、空间记忆、注意警觉和执行功能广泛性的认知功能损害,精神分裂症健康同胞存在处理速度、言语记忆、视觉记忆、注意警觉、执行功能的认知缺陷;语义流畅性功能和执行功能可能是精神分裂症的潜在内表型.     

脑血管狭窄或闭塞对认知功能的影响：病例对照研究

目的 通过对脑血管狭窄或闭寒患者的认知功能进行评价,探讨认知障碍的相关危险因素.方法 对经颈动脉超声和脑血管造影检查证实的脑血管狭窄或闭塞患者进行简易智能状念检查量表(MMSE)、记忆力(包括听觉记忆力和视觉记忆力)、执行能力、信息处理速度、视空间能力、结构能力、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)以及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)榆古,全面评价其认知功能.结果 经校正性别、年龄、受教育程度、高血压、糖尿病、腔隙性脑梗死、收缩压,血糖和吸烟因素后,狭窄组患者MMSE评分、记忆力、执行能力、信息处理速度、视空间能力及结构能力方面的测试成绩均低于对照组(P<0.05),而视觉记忆力中的再认、HAMA评分和HAMD评分,组间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).狄窄组中的腔隙性脑梗死患者,MMSE评分、听觉记忆力、执行能力中的控制能力、思维灵活性以及结构能力方面的测试成绩均低于非腔隙性脑梗死患者(P<0.05);单支血管狭窄患者简化Rey-Osterrieth复杂图形长时延迟同忆以及书氏成人智力量表修订版中的图片排列测验和数字符号测验成绩均优于多支血管狭窄患者(P<0.05)结论 脑血管狭窄或闭塞患者存在认知障碍,且不能用血管性危险因素或腔隙性脑梗死来解释腔隙性脑梗死患者和多支血管狭窄患者认知功能损害严重.认知障碍与脑血管狭窄或闭塞导致的慢性脑组织供血不足密切相关.     

首发精神分裂症患者神经认知功能的遗传学分析

目的 探索精神分裂症患者及其亲属共同存在的神经认知功能损害,并对22号染色体上儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶(COMT)基因和脯氨酸脱氢酶(PRODH)基因的5个候选单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点进行相关的遗传学分析。方法 采用14个神经心理测验(共29项)对235例首发精神分裂症患者(患者组)、322名未患病亲属(亲属组)和133名正常对照(正常对照组)进行有关智力、注意、记忆、言语功能和执行功能等评定,比较各组间的神经认知功能有无差异,并对上述神经认知功能测验与COMT和PRODH基因的5个候选SNP进行定量性状的传递不平衡测试。结果 (1)患者组所有测验的成绩均差于正常对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.01和P<0.05),而亲属组的记忆、注意、言语功能和执行功能界于患者与正常对照之间;(2)PRODH1 195G/A与即刻逻辑记忆测验(P=0.03)、言语流畅性测验的正确数(P=0.03)和连线测验B的犯规数(P=0.01)相关,PRODH1945G/A与数字符号测验(P:0.01)、连线测验A的错误数(P:0.02)、HANOI塔测验的总分(P=0.01)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)的总错误数(P=0.01)、WCST的非持续错误数(P:0.02)和WCST的总分类数(P=0.02)相关。结论 精神分裂症患者在记忆、注意、言语功能和执行功能等方面存在广泛的神经认知功能损害,这种损害可能是精神分裂症的遗传“内表     

认知康复治疗在多发性硬化认知功能损害中的积极作用

目的 探讨认知康复治疗在多发性硬化(MS)认知功能损害中的积极作用。 方法 对广州医学院第二附属医院神经内科自2008年9月至2010年10月收治的40例MS存在认知功能损害的患者采用神经心理学测验方法系统评价神经行为认知状况、执行功能及整体认知功能,针对其出现的不同类型认知功能损害早期实行认知康复治疗策略,比较治疗前后患者各神经认知功能评分的差异。 结果 与认知康复治疗前相比,治疗后MS患者智能损害明显改善,神经行为认知状况中定向能力、专注能力、理解、语言、空间结构、记忆、判断等项目评分明显增高,执行功能相关量表评分明显增高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 认知康复治疗能明显改善MS患者认知损害中智商、神经行为认知状况、执行功能的损害,对MS患者的生活状况改善有积极的意义。     

初发精神分裂症患者神经认知功能早期受损状况调查

目的：通过分析初发精神分裂症患者与健康人群认知功能的差异,探讨初发精神分裂症患者早期神经认知功能缺陷的程度与特点。方法选取住院的初发精神分裂症患者120例为患者组,健康人群120例为对照组,采用阳性与阴性症状量表、成套神经认知功能测验全面评定患者的精神症状与认知功能。结果（1）阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理以及PANSS总分无性别差异（P＞0.05）。（2）在11项神经认知功能测验中,患者组与对照组之间差异显著（P＜0.05）,患者组学习和记忆、精细动作、信息处理速度以及执行功能的成绩显著低于对照组（ P＜0.001）。（3）男患者的颜色连线2测验（ P＜0.05）、Stroop色词测验（单词总数 P＜0.05,颜色总数 P＜0.05,色/词总数 P＜0.01）、WMS-Ⅲ空间广度总分（P＜0.01）的成绩显著低于女患者。结论初发精神分裂症患者的认知功能全面损害,且男性患者执行功能与视觉空间记忆的缺陷更严重。     

首发精神分裂症的认知功能及其与血清同型半胱氨酸的关系

目的研究首发精神分裂症患者的认知功能及其与血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平的关系。方法采用词汇流畅测验、视觉再生测验、联想学习测验、数字广度测验、相似性测验、领悟测验、木块图测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)8项神经心理测试工具,对57例首发精神分裂症患者于治疗前和非典型抗精神病药治疗8周后各评定认知功能1次,同时采用酶免疫法测定其血清Hcy水平,阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床症状。结果①治疗前,除WCST的随机错误数外,患者组各项认知功能指标均显著差于正常对照(P<0.01);血清Hcy水平明显高于正常对照(P<0.01);患者组中WCST的正确数、完成分类数与血清Hcy水平呈负相关(r=-0.376,P<0.01;r=-0.397,P<0.01),WCST的错误总数、持续错误数与血清Hcy水平呈正相关(r=0.376,P<0.01;r=0.298,P<0.05)。②治疗后,患者组PANSS总分显著下降(P<0.01);认知功能除WCST的随机错误数外较治疗前有所改善(P<0.05),但总体仍显著差于正常对照(P<0.01);血清Hcy水平无显著变化;患者组中WCST的正确数、完成分类数仍与血清Hcy水平呈负相关(r=-0.388,P<0.01;r=-0.383,P<0.01),WCST的错误总数、持续错误数仍与血清Hcy水平呈正相关(r=0.388,P<0.01;r=0.315,P<0.02)。结论精神分裂症患者存在认知损害,其执行功能损害可能与Hcy的代谢失衡有关。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.