The effect of time interval between referral and colposcopy on detection of human papillomavirus DNA and on outcome of biopsy

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to assess the effect of the time interval between referral cytology and the outcome of colposcopically directed biopsy in relation to human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detected by polymerase chain reaction in women referred after abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. STUDY DESIGN: The study enrolled 453 women who were referred for colposcopic examination after two Pap smears were reported as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and 553 women who were referred with a single smear reported as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). RESULTS: The results in both patient groups were evaluated in time intervals of 60 days or more, 61 to 120 days, and more than 120 days between referral and colposcopy. A higher proportion of white women than African American women and Hispanic women were seen within 60 days after referral in both referral groups. Women of all race/ethnic backgrounds referred with HSIL were seen within 60 days in a significantly larger proportion than women referred with ASCUS/LSIL. Women referred with ASCUS/LSIL had an increasing frequency of negative HPV findings with the prolonged time intervals. In women referred with a single smear of HSIL, there was a significantly decreasing trend over time in detection of low-risk and unidentified types of HPV and an increasing trend of HPV DNA negative results. CONCLUSION: The frequency of high-risk HPV DNA was similar in patients referred with ASCUS/LSIL or HSIL. In both referral groups, there was a time-dependent increase of negative biopsy results and a decreased frequency of low-risk HPV or of unidentified HPV types. This suggests that the initial abnormality on the Pap smear associated with other than high-risk HPV types may regress over time. The presence of high-risk HPV DNA does not predict the actual histologically verifiable tissue changes but indicates a lower probability of negative biopsy results in all time intervals between referral and biopsy.     

PAX1甲基化检测对细胞学异常(ASCUS、LSIL和ASC-H)患者的分流作用

目的:探讨配对盒基因家族1(PAX1)甲基化检测在细胞学异常女性中的分流作用.方法:选取212例宫颈细胞学(TCT)诊断为意义未明的不典型鳞状细胞(AS-CUS)、不除外高度鳞状上皮内病变(ASC-H)、低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)的病例进行PAX1甲基化检测和高危HPV检测,进行阴道镜检查和宫颈活检.以组织病理结果...     

人乳头瘤病毒L1壳蛋白在筛查宫颈鳞状上皮内病变中的应用

目的:探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)L1壳蛋白筛查HPV阳性妇女宫颈脱落细胞中宫颈鳞状上皮内病变的应用价值。方法:选取2012年5月至2014年12月就诊于温州市人民医院的妇女212例,收集宫颈脱落细胞并行HPV L1壳蛋白检测、HPV DNA分型、TCT(液基细胞学)及阴道镜下活检,比较HPV阳性妇女的宫颈脱落细胞中HPV L1壳蛋白的表达情况。结果:212例细胞学标本中HPV L1壳蛋白阳性率为33.9%,其中未见上皮内病变/恶性细胞组(NILM)、无明确诊断意义的鳞状上皮细胞病变组(ASCUS)、低度鳞状上皮内病变组(LSIL)、不能排除高度鳞状上皮内病变组(ASC-H)、高度鳞状上皮内病变组(HSIL)中阳性率分别为47.1%、35.1%、54.2%、29.2%、16.1%,各组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两两比较,HSIL组与LSIL组和NILM组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.005);进行数据合并后,LSIL/ASCUS组与ASC-H/HSIL组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。178例宫颈细胞学异常患者中,宫颈低级别病变和宫颈高级别病变的HPV L1壳蛋白阳性率比较,在ASCUS组(P=0.000)、LSIL组(P=0.004)中均有差异,在ASC-H组(P=0.127)、HSIL组(P=0.515)中均无差异。HPV 16/18感染患者的HPV L1壳缺失同宫颈高级别病变有更紧密的关系(P=0.003)。结论:子宫颈脱落细胞HPV L1壳蛋白检测在HPV阳性妇女的子宫颈病变筛查中具有一定的价值,可能成为一种合适的分流方法。     

子宫颈液基细胞学检查异常的涂片中人乳头状瘤病毒L1蛋白的表达及其意义

目的 探讨人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)L1蛋白在官颈液基细胞学检查异常涂片中的表达及其意义.方法 选择2006年9月-2008年9月间,在中日友好医院就诊的官颈液基细胞学检查诊断为≥未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS),且其第2代杂交捕获试验(HC-Ⅱ)榆测HPV DNA结果均为阳性,同时有组织病理学诊断的患者共274例.其中,宫颈液基细胞学检查诊断为ASCUS 105例、低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)119例、不除外高度病变的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASC-H)9例、高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)36例、官颈鳞癌5例;组织病理学检查(作为金标准)诊断为炎症96例、宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ 85例、CIN Ⅱ 55例、CIN Ⅲ 32例、官颈鳞癌6例.对此274例患者的官颈涂片,采用伞反应抗体的免疫细胞化学染色进行HPV L1蛋白的榆测,分析其对官颈病变进展的预测价值.结果 274例患者中,组织病理学检杏诊断为炎症的组织中HPV L1蛋白阳性表达率为69.8%(67/96),CIN Ⅰ为83.5%(71/85),CIN Ⅱ为41.8%(23/55),CIN Ⅲ为3.1%(1/32),宫颈鳞癌为0(0/6),除CIN Ⅲ与官颈鳞癌比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)外,其他不同病变问比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);细胞学检查诊断为LSIL的细胞中HPV L1蛋白阳件表达率(75.6%,90/119)最高,其次为ASCUS细胞(63.8%,67/105)和HSIL+宫颈鳞癌细胞(9.8%,4/41),3者问比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).71例未经治疗的ASCUS、LSIL患者中,55例HPV L1蛋白阳性表达者中无一例疾病进展,16例HPV L1蛋白阴性表达者疾病进展的发生率为19%(3/16),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 HPV L1蛋白在宫颈液基细胞学检查异常涂片中的表达情况可以帮助了解宫颈的病变程度,预测宫颈病变的发展趋势,尤其对细胞学检查诊断为ASCUS和LSIL的患者可协助指导临床处理.     

Human papillomavirus infection and cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected women

OBJECTIVE: To report on the natural history of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected women living in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 400 untreated, HIV-1-infected women who underwent high-risk HPV DNA testing, cytology, colposcopy, histology, and CD4 count testing every 6 months for 36 months. Human immunodeficiency virus viral loads and HPV type distribution were determined at entry and after 18 months. RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of the women were high-risk HPV DNA positive at entry, 35% had a cytologic diagnosis of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 13% had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). There were no cancers. Abnormal cytology and high-risk HPV positivity were strongly correlated with low CD4 counts and high HIV viral loads. The most prevalent types of HPV were HPV-16, -52, -53, -35, and -18. Incident high-risk HPV infection occurred in 22%, and of those infected with high-risk HPV, 94% of infections persisted over an 18-month period, and 6% cleared their infections. Cytologic progression to SIL from normal/atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance cytology occurred in 17% of cases, but only 4% of cases of LSIL progressed to HSIL. CONCLUSION: There is a high level of high-risk HPV infection in HIV-1 infected women, but progression to HSIL over 36 months occurred in the minority of cases. We recommend an initial colposcopy for an abnormal test, and if no high-grade lesion is identified, triennial screening would be appropriate. Human papillomavirus type 16 was the commonest, and HPV-18 was the fifth commonest, suggesting that vaccination against these two types would have a significant effect. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.     

CIN in pregnancy: antepartum and postpartum cytology and histology

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of antepartum and postpartum cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse in pregnant women with abnormal cervical cytology. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, cohort study of 283 pregnant women referred for colposcopy between 1992 and 1999 for the evaluation of abnormal Pap smears. In this analysis, the population was stratified by severity of referral cytology (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASCUS] or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [LSIL] versus high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL] and atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance [AGUS]). RESULTS: Sixty-seven women (24%) had ASCUS, 147 (52%) LSIL, 67 (24%) HSIL and 2 (0.7%) AGUS. As compared to women with HSIL or AGUS, women with ASCUS or LSIL were less likely to undergo antepartum biopsy (relative risk [RR] .34, 95% CI .23-.51) and if biopsied, less likely to have CIN 2 or worse (OR .49, 95% CI .24-.99). Women with antepartum ASCUS or LSIL were less likely to have postpartum HSIL (OR .29, 95% CI, .17-.52) and tended to have fewer histologically severe biopsies as compared to women with antepartum HSIL (OR .55, 95% CI .31-1.05). CONCLUSION: Among those biopsied, pregnant women with mildly abnormal cytology (ASCUS or LSIL), as compared to pregnant women with HSIL, were less likely to have either antepartum or postpartum CIN 2 or worse.     

An analysis of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA-negative cervical precancers in the ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study (ALTS)

OBJECTIVE: To describe women diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-grade 3 (CIN-3) diagnosed over the 2-year duration of the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) Triage Study (ALTS) that tested negative for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) at enrollment. METHODS: Clinical center pathologists and quality control pathology group reviewed all histology; any CIN-3 diagnosis on biopsy or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (n=621) by at least one pathology review over the duration of ALTS led to inclusion in this analysis. Enrollment cervical specimens were tested for high-risk HPV DNA by two HPV assays; results were combined to minimize simple testing errors. We compared the characteristics of baseline high-risk HPV-negative (n=33) to baseline high-risk HPV-positive (n=588) cumulative diagnosed CIN-3. RESULTS: High-risk HPV-negative CIN-3 cases were less likely to have a second, confirming diagnosis of CIN-3 (24% compared with 56%) by the other pathology group, were more likely to be diagnosed later in follow-up, and more likely to be referred into ALTS because of an ASCUS Pap test rather than an LSIL Pap. Upon review of case histories of the 33 baseline high-risk HPV-negative CIN-3 (5.3% of all cases), there was evidence that these cases were due to incident (new) cases (n=12, 1.9%), non-high-risk HPV (n=5, 0.8%), misclassified histology (n=8, 1.3%), and false-negative high-risk HPV (n=8, 1.3%). CONCLUSION: In any sizeable population, even among women with evidence of cytologic abnormalities, there will be a few cases of cervical precancer that will test high-risk HPV negative for one or more reasons.     

The distribution and differential risks of human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical preinvasive lesions: a Taiwan Cooperative Oncologic Group Study

To clarify the distribution and relative risk of different human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in cervical preinvasive lesions, 1246 women with abnormal Papanicolaou smear including atypical squamous cell of unknown significance (ASCUS), atypical glandular cell of unknown significance (AGUS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were enrolled in a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Colposcopy and HPV tests with hybrid capture 2 and polymerase chain reaction-reverse line blot were performed. The prevalences of HPV in ASCUS/AGUS-negative histology, ASCUS/AGUS, LSIL, HSIL, and invasive cancer were 33.8%, 38.3%, 74.9%, 84.3% and 100%, respectively, with an overall positive rate of 68.8%. The most common HPV types were HPV 16 (18.5%), 52 (16.5%), 58 (13.2%), 33, 51, 53, 18, 39, 59, 66, MM8, and 31. In comparing the relative risk of HPV infection in different disease status, LSIL and HSIL/carcinoma had a 4.64 (95% CI: 2.98-7.24) and 10.53 (95% CI: 6.69-16.58) folds of risk of high-risk HPV infection than the negative group. The same was true in mixed HPV infection, but not in low-risk type infection. Looking into each high-risk HPV type, the relative infection risks for LSIL and HSIL/carcinoma, in comparison with the negative group, were 1.67 (0.63-4.43) and 8.67 (3.46-21.70), 2017 (1.01-4.68) and 3.04 (1.42-6.47), and 1.40 (0.52-3.77) and 5.22 (2.07-13.19) for HPV type 16, 52 and 58, respectively. The study confirmed the high prevalence and risky nature of HPV 52 and 58 in Taiwanese population and conveyed the need to include these HPV types in vaccine development.     

Usefulness of human papilloma virus testing in the screening of cervical cancer precursor lesions: a retrospective study in 314 cases

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of human papilloma virus (HPV) typing for predicting pre-malignant and malignant cervical lesions. STUDY DESIGN: 314 women, who underwent colposcopy, biopsies and high and low-risk HPV typing after a confirmed abnormal routine Pap test were studied. HPV-DNAs were typed by using PCR technique. RESULTS: We found a significant increasing rate of high-risk-HPV by the increasing severity of histology, ranging from 40% in negative cases to 86.9% in those with CIN3 lesions. The positive predictive value of high-risk-HPV ranged from 13.3% in patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) to 29.4% in those with HSIL. By contrast, negative predictive value was 96% in patients with ASCUS, 97.2% in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 71.4% in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Sensitivity and specificity for detecting CIN2 or CIN3 was 86.0% and 41.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The high negative predictive value of high-risk HPV testing suggests that HPV negativity could be used for predicting the absence of important cervical lesions, and therefore avoiding unnecessary colposcopy in ASCUS and LSIL cases.     

液基薄层细胞学ASCUS发生宫颈高级别上皮内病变的高危因素分析

目的:探讨宫颈细胞学不能明确意义的非典型鳞状细胞(ASCUS)发生宫颈高级别上皮内病变(HSIL)及以上的高危因素.方法:选取2018年7月至2019年11月就诊于郑州大学人民医院妇科的1074例患者,患者宫颈液基细胞学为ASCUS、高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)阳性,且均行阴道镜检查+宫颈活检术,统计分析患者的临床资料...     

Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, after six months delay: A three-year experience in an Iranian university hospital

Background: A Pap test result of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) presents a clinical challenge. Only 5–10% of women with ASCUS harbour serious cervical disease.
Methods: We screened 3619 women, who attended to Mirza Koochak Khan Hospital at Tehran University of Medical Sciences with Pap smears, of whom 100 returned with ASCUS. After six months, each subject underwent a standard cytology (conventional Pap smear), human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing (identifying high-risk HPV types with polymerase chain reaction) and colposcopy with multiple cervical biopsies.
Results: Mean age was 44.09 ± 8.6 years. The estimated prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or higher was 4%. When histologically verified high-grade lesions (≥ CIN II) were observed, the relative sensitivity of HPV DNA testing was 100% compared with conventional Pap smear, which performed 75% versus 100% relative sensitivity, respectively, using cytological diagnosis high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) as the cut-off. Negative and positive predictive values (NPV and PPV) of Pap test were 98.9% and 100%. The NPV and PPV of HPV DNA testing were 100%.
Conclusions: Although less complicated than colposcopy, the repeat Pap smear triage algorithm for ASCUS may underdiagnose some women with high-grade CIN, when compared with colposcopy. Considering the high sensitivity of HPV testing, it may be useful as an alternative to the current policy of six-month repeat cytology for women with ASCUS results.     

High-risk HPV DNA detection by Hybrid Capture II. An adjunctive test for mildly abnormal cytologic smears in women > or = 50 years of age

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing could improve the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer in older women (> or = 50 years old) with mildly abnormal results on conventional cytology. STUDY DESIGN: The study was based on 119 patients aged over 50 (median, 62; range, 50-78) referred for colposcopy with Pap smears reported as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) from February 1997 to September 1998. The presence of high-risk HPV DNA (including HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68) was determined with the Hybrid Capture II (Digene, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland) microplate method. Cytologic examination by Pap smear was based on the Bethesda System and, cervical biopsy was done via colposcopy. RESULTS: High-risk HPV DNA was demonstrated in 75.6% (34/45) of patients with LSIL and 52.7% (39/74) with ASCUS. Those who were HPV positive were significantly more likely to have CIN or cancer (odds ratio, 33.40; 95% confidence interval, 11.89-93.97; P < .0001). The sensitivity of HPV assay for detection of lesions more severe than CIN 2 was 100%, specificity 64.8%, positive predictive value 66.7% and negative predictive value 100%. CONCLUSION: The addition of a high-risk HPV DNA assay to cytologic examination appears to provide excellent sensitivity and negative predictive value for early detection of high grade CIN or cancer in older women with minimally abnormal Pap smears.     

Comparison of HPV test versus conventional and automation-assisted Pap screening as potential screening tools for preventing cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate new techniques in primary cervical cancer screening programmes. DESIGN: Cross sectional pilot study. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Hospital. POPULATION: Consecutive 2032 human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and Pap smear samples were taken. Histological diagnoses were obtained from 460 patients. METHODS: We compared the validity of the high risk (HR) HPV DNA detection test to automation-assisted and conventional Pap smear screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Specificity and sensitivity of screening methods. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of women were HPV positive. Forty-five of 46 had high grade lesions and cancers were HR HPV DNA positive, whereas 72/93 of low grade and more severe lesions were HR HPV DNA positive. When histologically verified high grade lesions were observed, the relative sensitivity of HR Hybrid Capture 2 (HR HC2) test was 98% compared with conventional Pap smear and Papnet tests, which performed 54%versus 58%, 83%versus 86% and 93%versus 98% relative sensitivity respectively, using cytological diagnoses HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion), LSIL (low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) or ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) as the cutoff. The specificity of HC2 test (77-79%) was comparable with the ASCUS+ (ASCUS and more severe) cytology (68-79%), but lower when compared with LSIL+ (91-95%) or especially HSIL+ (97-99%) Pap smear results. CONCLUSION: Pap smear, as a screening test, is very different from HPV DNA detecting test HR HC 2. If cutoff LSIL or more severe lesions is used, primary Pap smear is clearly more specific than HR HC2, but markedly less sensitive. Due to high relative sensitivity of the HPV, only very few histologically confirmed high grade lesions would be detected among HPV negatives using simultaneous cytology. On the other hand, using HPV DNA test alone would lead to multifold amounts of referrals for colposcopy. A posterior Pap smear assessment among HPV positives might be helpful in increasing sensitivity and specificity of screening and defining those who need an immediate referral or treatment. We plan to incorporate primary HR HPV DNA test with posterior Pap smear reading of HPV positives into our ongoing randomised prospective multiarm trial evaluating new techniques in organised screening for cervical cancer in Finland.     

Distribution of various types of low-risk human papillomavirus according to cervical cytology and histology in northern Chinese women

Objective

To describe the distribution of specific types of low-risk (LR) human papillomavirus (HPV) among a general population of northern Chinese women.

Methods

Between 2007 and 2012, 118 096 women were tested with the HPV Geno-Array Test Kit (HybriBio) at China Medical University’s Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, Shenyang, China. Among these women, 80 418 underwent cervical cytology and colposcopic examination, and 30 961 of these had a cervical biopsy. The prevalence of HPV infection among the women was analyzed according to age, and cytologic and histologic findings.

Results

CP8304 was the most common type of LR-HPV overall, and was most prevalent in the youngest age group. The overall prevalence of LR-HPV (averaged across all types) was 1.7% in women with normal cytology, 8.8% in those with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 8.0% in those with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 5.8% in those with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). LR-HPV alone, without any high-risk (HR)-HPV, was most common among women with ASCUS and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) not otherwise specified (CINNOS) together. Co-infections of LR-HPV and HR-HPV were most common among women with LSIL and CIN1.

Conclusion

These data will facilitate modeling of the cost-effectiveness of a prophylactic LR-HPV vaccination in China.     

高危型人乳头状瘤病毒DNA检测与细胞学联合检查对子宫颈癌前病变筛查的研究

目的评价高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)DNA检测联合宫颈细胞学检查对宫颈癌前病变筛查的效果。方法2003年1月至2004年6月,对广东省人民医院妇科门诊5210名妇女进行宫颈癌前病变筛查,采用第二代杂交捕获试验(HC-Ⅱ)检测高危型HPV DNA联合细胞学检查,同时进行阴道镜检查,并以宫颈活检的组织病理学结果为确诊标准。结果受检者平均年龄(34±9)岁,筛查并最后经病理诊断为HPV感染890例,宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅰ级83例,CINⅡ73例,CINⅢ80例,宫颈浸润癌54例,子宫内膜癌5例,阴道上皮内瘤样病变1例,宫颈结核1例。以组织病理学为确诊标准,高危型HPV DNA检测CINⅡ、Ⅲ的敏感度是92·22%,特异度是74·71%,阳性预测值5·19%,阴性预测值99·84%。宫颈细胞学筛查CINⅡ、Ⅲ,以未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS)为分界点的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是90·00%、80·34%、11·94%和99·63%;以低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)为分界点的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是70·13%、91·58%、11·11%和99·51%;以高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)为分界点的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是48·05%、98·46%、31·90%和99·21%。高危型HPV DNA检测联合细胞学检查筛查CINⅡ、Ⅲ的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别是98·70%、73·08%、5·21%和100·00%。高危型HPV DNA在不同宫颈病变中的阳性率分别是:宫颈癌85·2%(46/54),CINⅢ92·5%(74/80),CINⅡ86·3%(63/73)和CINⅠ45·8%(38/83)。结论高危型HPV DNA检测在宫颈癌前病变的筛查中有很高的敏感度和阴性预测值,高危型HPV DNA检测联合细胞学检查可使敏感度和阴性预测值有提高,但特异度未能提高。     

Coexistence of Low and High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix: Morphologic Progression or Multiple Papillomaviruses?

Background.The diagnosis of both low (LSIL) and high (HSIL) grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in the same cervical specimen may reflect classification variation, morphologic progressionin situ,and, conceivably, different HPV infections. We addressed these possibilities in cervical specimens previously diagnosed as containing both LSIL (condyloma/CIN1) and HSIL (CIN2/3).Methods.All cases with a histologic diagnosis of LSIL and HSIL from 1994–1996 were reviewed. On review, lesions were scored as (1) no significant variation in lesion grade (classification discrepancies) and showing a (2) one (CIN1–2) or (3) two (CIN1–3) grade shift in the same case. In cases in which a one or two grade shift was confirmed, low (CIN1) and high (CIN2–3) grade foci were microdissected and extracted DNA analyzed for HPV by PCR and RFLP analysis.Results.Of 98 cases available for review, 58 (59%) did not exhibit significant variation in grade (classification discrepancy), and 40 (41%) showed a one (25) or two (15) grade shift. Of the latter group both LSIL and HSIL foci were HPV(+) in 26 (65.0%). The same HPV was present in both LSIL and HSIL foci in 15/15 lesions with a one grade shift (CIN1–2). In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of lesions with a two grade shift (CIN1–3) contained two different HPV types (4/11 vs 0/15;P= 0.01). Combinations of HPVs in the low/high grade foci, respectively, included HPV 11/16 (1), 11/16 + 18 (1), and HPV39/16 (2).Conclusions.Lesions containing LSIL and HSIL which span two grades (CIN1 and CIN2) most likely represent morphologic progression in a single infection. Lesions containing CIN1 and CIN 3 may be attributed to both lesion progression and two coincident infections; the latter sometimes present in the same histologic section. The latter phenomenon has implications for both the diagnosis of CIN and interpretation of “morphologic progression” from very low to high grade in the same case.     

Human papillomavirus testing improves the accuracy of colposcopy in detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

To assess the performance of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and colposcopy in detection of cervical pathology. A series of 389 women referred for colposcopy due to an abnormal Pap smear had cervical swabs analyzed for oncogenic (high-risk [HR]) HPV types using Hybrid Capture II (HC2) assay. Loop electrical excision procedure cone biopsy (88%) or colposcopic biopsy (11%) was used as the gold standard. Of the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) smears, 48% were positive for HR HPV, as compared to 76.3% of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) smears. HR HPV was detected in 66.7% and 90% of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and CIN2 (or higher), respectively. The sensitivity of the Pap smear using an ASCUS threshold in detecting high-grade CIN was 94.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 91-97%) and that of colposcopy 98.5% (95% CI: 95-99%). The respective specificities were 30% (95% CI: 17-28%) and 35.6% (CI: 29-42%). HC2 test had comparable sensitivity, 90% (95% CI: 85-93%), but higher specificity, 54.3% (95% CI: 47-61%). Combining HC2 test with Pap increased specificity, 66.7% and 41.3% for ASCUS and LSIL cutoff, respectively. The minor-abnormality threshold together with HC2 increased specificity of colposcopy with no changes in sensitivity. High viral load (>100 relative light unit/positive control) was associated with significant disease. HPV DNA testing improves the accuracy of colposcopy in the detection of high-grade CIN in women with ASCUS or LSIL smears.     

应用TERC基因检测子宫颈病变的临床研究

目的 探讨TERC基因作为宫颈病变筛查指标的临床意义.方法 选取在北京大学人民医院和北京大学深圳医院妇科门诊进行官颈病变筛杳的715例患者为研究对象,对其宫颈脱落细胞行液基细胞学榆查,并行第2代杂交捕获试验(HC-II)检测高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV),必要时行阴道镜活榆及病理检查.荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术检测细胞内TERC基因的异常扩增情况.以病理检查结果为"金标准",将TERC基因异常扩增结果与液基细胞学检查和高危型HPV检测结果进行比较.结果 在宫颈液基细胞学检查结果为正常、未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS)、不除外高度病变的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASC-H)、低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)、高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)和不典型腺细胞(AGC)中,TERC基因异常扩增率分别为5.8%、22.2%、30.8%、27.8%、86.4%和1/1,正常、ASCUS、ASC-H和LSIL者均明显低于HSIL者(P<0.01).在病理检查结果为官颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)I、CIN Ⅱ～Ⅲ和浸润癌中,TERC基冈异常扩增率分别为9.3%、77.8%和96.7%,CIN I明显低于后两者(P<0.01).HPV检测结果为阳性患者的TERC基因扩增阳性率明显高于HPV阴性者(分别为33.5%和5.2%,P<0.01).TERC基因异常扩增诊断CIN Ⅱ及以上病变的敏感度为81.88%,明显高于细胞学检查的36.96%(P<0.01);其特异度(93.32%)明显高于HPV 检测的33.93%(P<0.01);阳性预测值(81.29%)与细胞学检查(86.44%)相似(P>0.05);而阴性预测值(93.56%)低于HPV检测(97.06%,P<0.05).结论 随着宫颈病变程度的加重,TERC基因异常扩增率增加,且其扩增与HPV感染有关.应用FISH技术检测TERC基因异常扩增作为分子遗传学指标,可以辅助细胞学榆查和HPV检测,协助筛出CIN Ⅱ及以上的高度病变和宫颈癌.     

妊娠期妇女子宫颈细胞学检查结果异常的相关因素分析

目的 探讨妊娠期妇女宫颈细胞学检查结果异常的相关因素.方法 选择2007年9月至2008年9月在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院产科定期产前检查的妊娠12～36周的妇女,除外先兆流产、胎膜早破、前置胎盘等并发症共12 112例,于初次产前检查时常规行宫颈液基细胞学检查(TCT),同时记录妊娠期妇女的职业、受教育程度、户口地址、家庭收入、民族、初次性生活年龄、性伴侣个数、避孕方法、孕产史、妇科伴随症状、相关肿瘤家族史、既往妇科病史、吸烟史,并记录当天妇科检查情况,分析TCT结果异常的相关危险因素.结果 资料完整的妊娠期妇女共11 906例,资料满意率为98.30%(11 906/12 112).其中,TCT结果正常10 354例,占86.96%(10 354/11 906)、未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS)1134例,占9.52%(1134/11 906)、未明确诊断意义的不典型腺上皮细胞(ACUS)112例,占0.94%(112/11 906)、低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)229例,占1.92%(229/11 906)、高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)74例,占0.62%(74/11 906),宫颈鳞癌3例,占0.02%(3/11 906).多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,与ASCUS及AGUS相关的危险因素包括初次性生活年龄(OR_(ASCUS)=2.90、OR_(AGUS)=7.32)、性伴侣个数(OR_(ASCUS)=1.49、OR_(AGUS)=2.02)、流产次数(OR_(ASCUS)=1.68、OR_(AGUS)=3.50);与LSIL、HSIL相关的危险因素包括初次性生活年龄(OR_(LSIL)=6.34、OR_(HSIL)=9.26)、性伴侣个数(OR_(LSIL)=1.69、OR_(HSIL)=1.65)、流产次数(OR_(LSIL)=1.53、OR_(HSIL)=5.33)、吸烟(OR_(LSIL)=1.84、OR_(HSIL)=1.77);与TCT结果异常(包括ASCUS、AGUS、LSIL、HSIL)相关的感染因素包括滴虫性阴道炎(P<0.01)、人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染(P<0.01);柱状上皮异位与TCT结果异常密切相关(χ~2=43.269,P=0.000),但与柱状上皮异位的程度无关.结论 妊娠期妇女宫颈细胞学检查结果异常发生的相关因素与非妊娠期相同.     

Prospective follow-up suggests similar risk of subsequent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 among women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or negative colposcopy and directed biopsy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of cumulative cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 or 3 according to initial colposcopy and directed biopsy results among women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) or human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA positive atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). STUDY DESIGN: A 2-year follow-up of 897 cases of LSIL and 1193 cases of HPV DNA positive ASCUS from the ASCUS/LSIL Triage Study was used to simulate American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Consensus Conference recommendations. Women with CIN grade 1 or less were followed up for 2 years by semiannual cytologic examination, with universal exit colposcopy. The clinical end point was a cumulative clinical center histologic diagnosis of CIN grade 2 or 3. RESULTS: The cumulative risk of CIN grade 2 or 3 was equivalent for LSIL (27.6%) and HPV positive ASCUS (26.7%). After excluding the women with a diagnosis of CIN grade 2 or 3 at initial colposcopy and directed biopsy (17.9%), the remaining women were at nearly identical risk for subsequent CIN grade 2 or 3 regardless of initial colposcopy result (completely negative colposcopy-11.3%; negative colposcopically directed biopsy-11.7%; and CIN grade 1 biopsy-13.0%). CONCLUSION: LSIL and HPV positive ASCUS are clinically equivalent. Initial colposcopic detection of obviously prevalent CIN grade 2 or 3 reduces risk. However, for the remaining women who have CIN grade 1 or less on colposcopy and directed biopsy, the risk for subsequent CIN grade 2 or 3 (whether missed, prevalent, or truly incident) is approximately 12% over 2 years. This risk does not vary meaningfully by initial distinction of histologic CIN grade 1 from negative colposcopy and biopsy.