持续军事飞行任务时睡眠剥夺和疲劳对工作能力的影响及其综合对策

目的：分析和综述持续军事飞行任务时睡眠剥夺和疲劳对工作能力的影响及其对策。资料来源与选择：该领域的研究论文、综述、研究报告和论著。资料引用：论文、综述和研究报告41篇，专著3本。资料综合：分析持续军事飞行任务时睡眠与工作负荷的基本特点，简介持续军事飞行任务时睡眠剥夺和疲劳对工作能力的影响及其对策。结论：持续军事飞行任务时睡眠剥夺和疲劳在所难免。综合性对抗措施中强调工作安排和睡眠管理，必要时合理使用中枢兴奋和抑制药物。     

民航飞行人员的飞行时限与休息制度问题

目的 综述民用航空中由于飞行时间不规律,夜航,快速时区变化等对飞行人员睡眠、疲劳和工作能力的影响,提出关于民航飞行人员时限与休息制度的建议。资料来源与选择 国内外该领域的研究论文及综述。资料引用 引用国内外学术刊物上发表的论文及综述。资料综合 就导致民航飞行人员飞行疲劳的相关问题进行讨论,并在此基础上提出民航飞行人员的飞行时限与休息制度的原则。结论 制定民航飞行人员的飞行时限与休息制度必须考虑到昼     

目前我国航空心理学研究的五个具体问题

论述目前我国航空心理学研究中的五个问题：（1）我军飞行人员心理选拔；（2）飞行能力和空间定向；（3）应激对飞行工作的影响及其应付方法；（4）军事飞行员心身疾病；（5）飞行员临时停飞和心理学评估研究。建议在航空心理学的科学研究中，将心理学与医学及其它学科相结合进行研究。     

空间定向障碍发生机制的研究进展

目的 综述近年来空间定向障碍（SD）发生机制的研究进展.资料来源与选择国内外近年相关文献报道.资料引用相关文献34篇. 资料综合主要介绍了与SD发生机制相关的3个方面的问题的概念、表现以及在SD发生机制中的作用意义：①飞行中的各种加速度对前庭的刺激;②视动颈反射;③情景意识丧失.结论 SD发生机制的深入研究对于我们采取相应对策,以及预防SD导致的飞行事故具有重要意义.     

飞行人员合理应用抗抑郁药的研究进展

目的 对飞行人员抗抑郁药的应用研究及发展趋势进行综述. 资料来源与选择该领域的相关论文、综述、专著及技术报告. 资料引用国内外公开发表的论文22篇、综述两篇、著作3部、技术报告6份. 资料综合主要对飞行人员抗抑郁药应用的研究背景,常用抗抑郁药的分类和药理作用,抗抑郁药对飞行工作能力影响的实验评价和实际观察,关于飞行人员使用抗抑郁药的有关管理规定及修订建议4个相关问题进行介绍和讨论. 结论 合理使用抗抑郁药有利于飞行人员身心健康和飞行安全.应在临床治疗、实验评估和实际飞行观察的基础上,逐渐放宽飞行人员使用抗抑郁药的相关鉴定标准.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对飞行操控能力的影响

目的 对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hyponea syndrome,OSAHS)在飞行人员中的发病情况及其对操控及飞行能力影响的国内外研究现状进行综合分析. 资料来源与选择国内外相关研究领域公开发表的文献. 资料引用 引用文献资料26篇. 资料综合 针对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征在飞行人员中发病情况及趋势、对操控及飞行能力的影响、对飞行安全的威胁进行了介绍及探讨,为飞行人员体检标准中增设OSAHS条款提供依据.对该病在失重条件下的情况进行了分析. 结论 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征在飞行人员中发病率比普通人群中高,严重影响操控能力,使飞行人员飞行寿命缩短,对飞行安全构成潜在威胁.飞行人员体检标准中增设OSAHS条款很有必要.航天失重时打鼾可能减轻.     

飞行员睡眠呼吸暂停综合征五例

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征定义为睡眠中发生呼吸暂停和（或）低通气的临床综合征，现称之为睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，SAHS）。目前国内外尚无飞行人员大规模临床资料分析，我军飞行人员体格检查标准中对本征亦未作出明确规定。     

高G作用下飞行员脊柱的损伤及其防护

目的 综述飞行中高G作用下飞行员脊柱的损伤问题及其作用机制，分析提出防护对策。资料来源 与选择国内外近20年来的文献报道。资料引用国内外发表的相关文献36篇。资料综合论述了 Gz作用对飞行员脊柱的椎体、椎间盘、肌肉韧带的影响，分析了其损伤的作用机制，提出了防护对策。结论 Gz复合因素作用下脊柱过重负荷具有加速脊柱退变的作用，对飞行效能与飞行安全有不利影响，建议加强对其综合预防措施研究。     

飞行人员合理用药飞行安全性评价方法和指标体系

目的 回顾与分析国内外有关飞行人员合理用药飞行安全性评价的研究资料,提出相关的评价方法和指标体系.资料来源与选择 国内外相关研究论文、综述和专著.资料引用论文及综述66篇,专著6部.资料综合 基于飞行人员合理用药对飞行工作能力影响评价的研究文献作者所采用的方法和指标,对资料进行分析、综合.结论 提出了军事飞行人员合理用药飞行安全性评价的主要方法和指标体系,对制定飞行人员合理用药方案、确保飞行安全具有重要意义.     

飞行人员用药对工作能力影响的评价方法和指标体系初探

目的回顾与分析国内外有关飞行人员用药对工作能力影响的研究资料，提出用药对飞行工作能力影响的评价方法和指标体系。资料来源与选择国内外相关研究论文、综述和论著。资料引用论文及综述36篇，专著4本。资料综合基于用药对飞行工作能力影响的研究文献作者所采用的方法和指标进行分析、综合。结论初步提出了飞行人员用药对工作能力影响的基本评价方法和指标体系，对制定飞行人员合理用药方案、确保飞行安全具有重要意义。     

Idiopathic hypersomnia in an aircrew member.

In aviation, it is essential that all aircrew members remain alert and contribute, by their observations and actions, to flight safety. Especially in helicopter operations, crewmembers riding in the rear of the aircraft play an integral role in many aspects of flight, such as take-offs, landings, turns, formation flights, hazard avoidance, situational awareness, military operations, and crew coordination. We present the case of a helicopter crew chief with idiopathic hypersomnia, briefly review the disorder, and give the recent U.S. military aviation experience with sleep disorders. Flight surgeons and aeromedical examiners should be active in considering and diagnosing sleep-related disorders as the aviator or crewmember may not be aware of the disease or may not volunteer the history. A directed history is important in making the diagnosis, as are reports from family and other aircrew members. Referral to a sleep specialist is required in performing objective sleep studies, establishing the diagnosis, recommending treatment, and providing a prognosis. Many sleep disorders are treatable and aeromedically waiverable.     

航天辐射危害及其防护剂研究进展

目的综述国内外航天辐射危害及防护剂研究的进展，提出加强防护剂研究的建议。资料来源与选择国内外有关航天辐射剂量、生物效应的数据以及航天辐射防护剂研究的文献。资料引用相互和独立地引用文献资料，共引用23篇参考文献。资料综合就载人航天辐射危害、航天辐射损伤的生物学效应以及航天辐射防护剂研究发展方向等3个方面进行综合。结论航天辐射防护剂研究应予加强。     

飞行中推拉效应的研究进展

目的 综述近年来有关飞行中推拉效应的研究进展。资料来源与选择 国内外本领域正式发表的研究论文和综述。资料引用 引用文献27篇。资料综合 阐述了有关推拉效应的提出、发生机制和对人体的影响、研究的模拟方法和预防措施，并在此基础上提出了今后研究需关注的方面。结论 推拉效应仍是高性能战斗机飞行中需要关注的问题，因此有关的研究应予加强。     

飞行中过度换气的发生机制及应对措施

目的 对飞行中过度换气发生机制及应对措施进行文献综述,为飞行中过度换气的防控、监测、训练及飞行安全保障提供参考. 资料来源与选择 该领域相关研究论文、综述和专著等.资料引用 国内外公开发表的文章44篇,专著6部及科技报告3篇. 资料综合 简要概述了过度换气,综述了飞行中过度换气发生情况、发生机制与防控措旌等,并对其相关研究进行了展望. 结论 飞行中过度换气发生率较高,症状很难与缺氧鉴别,容易被忽视.提高对飞行中过度换气认识,并加强研究,对提高飞行效率、保障飞行安全具有重要意义.     

军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定

目的 对军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定进行综述. 资料来源与选择该领域的相关研究论文、综述与标准. 资料引用国内外公开发表的论文、综述及标准42篇. 资料综合主要对梅尼埃病的研究进展、梅尼埃病对军事飞行的影响、军事飞行员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定3个相关问题进行了介绍和讨论. 结论 对于军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定,应该对其眩晕与耳鸣症状的控制情况、听觉及前庭功能进行全面的评估,并权衡梅尼埃病对飞行安全的影响以及飞行人员培养的巨大花费,在风险评估的基础上,个别评定,做出最佳选择. Abstract： Objective To review the medical identification of Meniere's disease (MD) in military aircrews. Literature resource and selection Research papers, reviews and standards in this field. Literature quotation Forty-two papers, reviews and standards that published in China and abroad were cited. Literature synthesis Three major issues, including progress of MD, the impact of MD to military flying, medical identification of MD in military aircrews, were reviewed and discussed. Conclusion For medical identification of MD, it's suggested to comprehensively evaluate the success rate of controlling vertigo and tinnitus, hearing level and vestibular function. In balancing the effects of MD on flight safety and expensive training cost, the best choice would be a personal assessment on the basis of risk evaluation.     

Sleep disorders in a military population

INTRODUCTION: Sleep disorders are common in the civilian population, but little is known about which sleep disorders are common in members of the military. This article compares a group of military personnel referred to our sleep disorders center with a group of civilian controls also referred to our sleep disorders center. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 70 Canadian military personnel and 70 civilian controls matched for age and gender. All subjects had full polysomnography. We compared reasons for referral and final sleep diagnoses for both groups. RESULTS: The mean age of each group was 40.8 +/- 7.0 SD (military) and 40.8 +/- 7.3 SD (civilians), and there were 61 men and 9 women in each group. Both groups were obese (body mass index, 30.2 +/- 5.3 (military) versus 32.5 +/- 6.9 (civilian)). Both groups were also pathologically sleepy during the day (Epworth Sleepiness Score, 10.4 +/- 4.6 (military) versus 11.3 +/- 5.4 (civilian)). The majority of referrals in each group were to rule out a sleep breathing disorder (SBD) (66% military versus 79% civilian, p = not significant). Only military patients were referred to rule out a movement disorder (17.1% military versus 0% civilian; 95% confidence interval of the difference = 8.4%-27.6%, p < 0.05). Fewer military were referred because of excessive daytime sleepiness or insomnia (7.1% military versus 20.0% civilian, 95% confidence interval of the difference = -24.4% to -1.4%, p < 0.05). The most common diagnosis confirmed in both groups was a SBD (53% military, 66% civilian, p = not significant). CONCLUSIONS: The range and distribution of sleep disorders seen in the military population is similar to that in the civilian population. Both groups were overweight and sleepy and were found to have SBD and movement disorders. These findings underscore the importance of diagnosing and treating sleep disorders in both groups. The neurocognitive impairment associated with SBD and movement disorders impacts highly on the ability of these groups to safely perform their jobs.     

Fatigue in trans-Atlantic airline operations: diaries and actigraphy for two- vs. three-pilot crews

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to compare intercontinental flights with two-pilot and three-pilot crews with respect to fatigue/sleepiness and sleep, as there is considerable economic pressure on the airlines to use two-pilot crews. METHODS: Twenty pilots participated. Data were collected before, during, and after outbound and homebound flights using a sleep/wake diary (sleepiness ratings every 2-3 h) and wrist actigraphy. The duration of flights was approximately 8 h, and six time zones were crossed. The same pilots participated in both conditions. RESULTS: Napping during the outbound flight was 26 min for the two-pilot crew, and 48 min for the three-pilot crew. Napping during the homebound flight was 54 min and 1 h 6 min, respectively, and the difference was directly related to the time allotted for sleep. Subjective sleepiness was significantly higher for the two-pilot condition in both directions, peaking a few hours into the flight. Performance at top of descent for the two-pilot condition was rated as lower than the three-pilot condition. In the overall evaluation questionnaire there was a significant negative attitude toward two-crew operations. Sleep, sleepiness, subjective performance, boredom, mood, and layover sleep were assessed as having deteriorated in the two-pilot condition. The homebound flight was associated with considerably higher levels of sleepiness than the outbound flight. DISCUSSION: The study indicates that the reduction of crew size by one pilot is associated with moderately increased levels of sleepiness. It is also suggested that time allotted to sleep in the two-pilot condition might be somewhat extended to improve alertness.     

活动监测仪在临床医学和航空航天医学的应用研究进展

目的综述活动监测仪在临床医学和航空航天医学的应用研究进展。资料来源与选择该领域的相关研究论文和综述。资料引用国外公开发表的论文和综述29篇。资料综述简介活动监测仪的基本原理和功能及其在国外的临床医学、航空航天医学等领域的应用研究进展。结论活动监测仪具有廉价、方便、可靠等特点，在航空航天、军事作业等需要长时间、连续监测睡眠的医学领域具有广阔的应用前景。