核受体PXR、CAR、LXR和FXR作为代谢性疾病治疗靶点的研究进展

PXR、CAR、LXR 和FXR 是核受体家族的重要成员,在体内广泛分布,经配体活化后调控众多机体代谢相关的酶、转运蛋白和信号途径,在糖异生、脂类代谢及其胆汁平衡中扮演着重要的角色。通过主要介绍核受体家族主要成员PXR、CAR、LXR和FXR 在糖异生、脂类代谢以及胆汁平衡中的调控作用,从而可能为糖脂代谢和胆汁平衡紊乱相关代谢性疾病的药物治疗提供新依据。     

Liver X receptor modulators: Effects on lipid metabolism and potential use in the treatment of atherosclerosis

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that play a crucial role in regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Ligand activation of LXRs improves cholesterol homeostasis via multiple coordinated effects, and this function is likely to explain in part the protective effects of LXR activation on atherosclerosis reported in animal models. However, LXR activation may also induce undesirable side effects, such as lipogenesis and hypertriglyceridemia. This review discusses the potential to develop LXR modulators as therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis.     

Novel roles of liver X receptors exposed by gene expression profiling in liver and adipose tissue

Liver X receptor (LXR) alpha and LXRbeta are nuclear oxysterol receptors whose biological function has so far been elucidated only with respect to cholesterol and lipid metabolism. To expose novel biological roles for LXRs, we performed genome-wide gene expression profiling studies in liver and white and brown adipose tissue from wild-type (LXRalpha(+/+)beta(+/+)) and knockout mice (LXRalpha(-/-)beta(-/-)) treated with a synthetic LXR agonist. By an adapted statistical analysis, we detected 319 genes significantly regulated by LXR agonist treatment in wild-type but not in knockout mice, fulfilling most stringent criteria with an overall confidence of 94%. Down-regulation of essential enzymes of gluconeogenesis in liver could point to possible beneficial effects of LXR agonists in diabetes mellitus. LXR agonist treatment also altered expression of genes involved in steroid hormone synthesis and growth hormone receptor signaling, emphasizing a potential impact on endocrine function. Notably, LXR agonist treatment up-regulated CYP4A10 and CYP4A14 together with cytochrome P450 reductase, indicating a possible enhancement of microsomal lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, these gene expression profiling data identify novel areas of regulation by LXRs and provide a highly valuable basis for further research on the biological functions of these nuclear receptors and the pharmacological characteristics of their ligands.     

Nuclear receptors and the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters: implications for interindividual variability in response to drugs

Erratic or unpredictable response to drugs remains a challenge of modern drug therapy. An important determinant of such interindividual differences in drug response is variability in the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters at sites of absorption and/or tissue distribution. Variable drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter expression can result in unpredictable exposure and tissue distribution of drugs and may manifest as adverse effects or therapeutic failure. In the past decade, important new insights have been made relating to the regulatory mechanisms governing the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters by ligand-activated nuclear receptors. Specifically, there is compelling evidence to demonstrate that PXR, CAR, FXR, LXR, VDR, HNF4alpha, and AhR form a battery of nuclear receptors that regulate the expression of many important drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporters. In this review, the authors focus on clinically important drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, UGT1A1, SULT2A1, and glutathione S-transferases and their regulation by nuclear receptors. They also review the nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of drug transporters such as MDR1, MRP2, MRP4, BSEP, BCRP, NTCP, OATP1B3, and OATP1A2. Finally, they outline how the drug development process has been affected by the current understanding of the involvement of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug disposition genes.     

LXRs: new therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis?

The liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors activated by oxysterols that are now recognized to play an important role in the control of lipid homeostasis. LXRs have been implicated in the regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in multiple tissues, including liver and intestine, as well as in macrophages. The importance of these receptors in physiological lipid metabolism suggests that they may also influence the development of metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Strong support for this idea has been provided by recent studies that directly linked LXR activity to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These observations identify the LXR pathway as an attractive target for intervention in cardiovascular disease.     

孕烷X受体生物特性及其在药物代谢中的作用研究进展

核受体孕烷X受体是一类生物体内广泛分布的激素和环境感受器,不仅可参与能量、胆固醇、胆汁酸等物质的代谢以及调节炎症反应,还可以调控工相、Ⅱ相药物代谢酶和相关药物转运蛋白的表达而调节药物代谢,其作用对维持机体诸如细胞增殖分化、生长发育、新陈代谢、稳态维持等多种生理功能有重要意义。本文就孕烷x受体结构功能、生物学效应以及其对药物代谢酶和药物转运调节的作用等作一综述。