潍坊市健康人群A群C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平调查

目的了解潍坊市健康人群A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌（Nm）抗体水平，为制定预防控制流行性脑脊髓膜炎（流脑）措施提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法，在5个县市区共采集1125名健康人群血清标本，应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测A、C群Nm抗体。结果调查的1125名健康人群中，A群Nm抗体阳性率22．58％（254／1125），几何平均滴度（GMP）为1：1．70；C群Nm抗体阳性率11．73％（132／1125），GMP为1：1．30；A、C群Nm抗体水平均较低，A群Nm抗体水平相对较高。A群Nm抗体水平与是否接种A群或A＋C群脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗有关联性，而C群抗体水平与是否接种A＋C群脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗无关联性。结论及时接种A＋C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗对预防控制流脑有重要意义，应提高疫苗的有效接种率。     

潍坊市健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎抗体水平调查

自我市开始实施A群流行性脑脊髓膜炎（下称流脑）多糖体菌苗接种以来，流脑发病率明显下降。为了解掌握潍坊市人群流脑抗体水平情况，为流脑的预防工作提供依据，我们于2007年对潍坊市426名正常人群血清进行了流脑A群杀菌抗体水平进行了检测，结果报告如下。     

驻京某部肾综合征出血热血清流行病学调查

20 0 2年 6月 ,驻京某部报告发生 1例肾综合征出血热 (HFRS)病人。为做好防制工作 ,我们对该部队官兵进行了血清抗体检测 ,结果报告如下。1　材料与方法　 (1)调查点及对象概况 :该部位于城乡结合部 ,属平原及丘陵地貌 ,植被丰富 ,营区被农田环绕。本次共调查了 15 8人 ,调查率 87%。所有对象均未接种肾综合征出血热疫苗 ,既往无出血热病史 ,近期无发热及其他类似出血热症状。 (2 )方法 :我们对一般情况、接触史、接种疫苗情况、既往病史及家庭情况等进行问卷调查 ,并采血检测。羊抗人IgG荧光抗体由本所细菌学实验室提供 ,工作稀释度为 1…     

江苏省健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎血清学监测

目的了解江苏省健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎A群、C群抗体水平及脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)带菌分布情况,评价江苏省流脑多糖菌苗的接种状况、工作质量,为制定控制措施提供依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)检测流脑A群、C群血清抗体水平和流脑免疫成功率,咽拭子用于脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)的分离。结果检测流脑A群抗体1964人,抗体阳性率为86.56%,GMT为1∶5.84;检测流脑C群抗体932人,抗体阳性率为57.51%,GMT为1∶2.68;流脑A群抗体阳性率(χ2=222.51,P<0.05),GMT(F=39.44,P<0.05)均有显著性差异;流脑C群抗体阳性率(χ2=194.12,P<0.05)、GMT(F=42.86,P<0.05)均有显著性差异。健康人群A群、C群流脑带菌率<1%。A群流脑多糖菌苗基础免疫成功率为88.98%,GMT为1∶5.58,抗体4倍增长率为71.65%。结论近期内江苏省不会发生流脑A群流行,存在暴发或散发流脑C群的可能。应加强流脑监测,大力推广A C群流脑疫苗的接种,逐渐将其纳入计划免疫。     

重庆市健康人群A群C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平调查

目的了解重庆市健康人群A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)抗体水平,为制定预防控制流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)措施提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,在5个区、县共采集1 125名健康人群血清标本,应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测A、C群Nm抗体。结果调查的1 125名健康人群中,A群Nm抗体阳性率22.58%(254/1 125),几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶1.70;C群Nm抗体阳性率11.73%(132/1 125),GMT为1∶1.30。A、C群Nm抗体水平均较低,A群Nm抗体水平相对较高。A群Nm抗体水平与是否接种A群或A C群脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗有关联性,而C群抗体水平与是否接种A C群脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗无关联性。结论及时接种A C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗对预防控制流脑有重要意义,应提高疫苗的有效接种率。     

一起流行性脑脊髓膜炎疫情病例密切接触者及周围人群的脑膜炎奈瑟菌菌属类型及抗体检出情况调查

目的 对流行性脑脊髓膜炎患者的密切接触者及周围人群进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌菌属类型及抗体检测调查,为流脑防控工作提供科学依据。方法 采集病例密切接触者和周围人群的血清和咽拭子进行带菌及抗体检测。结果 共采集流脑患者密切接触者30人和周围人群147人,其中密切接触者共3人检出脑膜炎奈瑟菌阳性,且均为C群;周围人群共19人检出脑膜炎奈瑟菌阳性,其中B群17人,W135群2人。在抗体检测中,其中周围人群的检出率高于密切接触者（χ2 = 7.885,P＜0.05）;密切接触者中Y群检出率高于周围人群（χ2 = 12.638,P＜0.05）。在疫苗接种与抗体检出中,密切接触者的A群流脑多糖疫苗、A + C脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗的接种率与周围人群比较均无统计学上差异（P＞0.05）,同时A群与A + C群抗体检测在统计学上也无差异（P＞0.05）。但在未全程接种的A + C群抗体检测中,未全程接种的周围人群抗体阳性率高于密切接触者（χ2 = 6.021,P＜0.05）。结论 本起疫情检测菌属以B群为主,抗体检出以为A群为主,且疫苗接种率越高,抗体阳性检出率越高。     

正常人群A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌免疫水平调查

[目的]了解盐城市正常人群A、C脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(Nm)抗体水平状况,为制定流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)防控措施提供依据.[方法]选择流脑发病水平不同的3个地区,按不同的年龄组采集一定数量的血清标本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(EHSA)检测A、C群Nm抗体.[结果]在调查的正常人群中,A群Nm抗体阳性率为60.31%(541/897),几何平均滴度(GMT)为1:7.79;C群Nm抗体阳性率为40.05%(34/854),GMT为1:2.06.A、C群Nm抗体水平均处于较高的水平,相对而言,A群Nm抗体水平更高,这与长期以来广泛接种脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗有关.[结论]接种A、C群脑膜炎菌多糖疫苗效果是非常明显的,对预防和控制流脑具有重要的意义.     

广州市番禺区健康人群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平调查

目的：了解广州市番禺区健康人群A群、c群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平状况。方法：采用抽样调查方法，于2005年3月在广州市番禺区采集不同年龄段人群血清，应用酶联免疫吸附试验，进行A群、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体检测。结果：调查的205名人员中，A群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体阳性率为81．95％，几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：5．98，C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体阳性率为8．78％，GMT为1：1．52。结论：调查显示番禺区健康人群A群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体保护水平不高可能是导致该区流脑局部暴发的重要因素之一；调查同时显示了该区健康人群c群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平状况，为我市更好地制定相应的流脑防治措施提供数据资料。     

江苏省流脑流行前期人群抗体水平和带菌率调查

目的 :通过开展流脑流行前期人群抗体水平和带菌率的监测 ,评价我省流脑多糖菌苗的接种状况与工作质量。方法 :采用 EL ISA法测定人群流脑血清抗体。结果 :全省 7个年龄组共检测5 91人 ,流脑抗体阳性率 86.3 % ,几何平均滴度 1∶ 12 .2 ,流脑 A群带菌率 <1%。结论 :我省自然人群流脑抗体水平具有保护水平 ,目前可以控制流脑流行发生     

2005年三明市流行性脑脊髓膜炎监测结果分析

目的：为了解我市流脑带菌状况、菌群分布、耐药特性和免疫抗体水平等情况，从而为合理制定有效的预防措施提供依据。方法：按流脑监测方案选择梅列区作为监测点．收集流脑发病疫情资料，采集各年龄组健康人群咽拭子接种含双抗的巧克力色血琼脂进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌（Nm）分离培养、鉴定和药敏试验，同时采集血液分离血清用间接ELISA法检测流脑A群和C群抗体。结果：发现C群流脑病人1例（男，13岁），发病率为0．61／10万；健康人群Nm的带菌率为0．55％（2／360），均为c群Nm；健康人群流脑A群抗体的总阳性率60．00％，GMT为1：5．90，各年龄组人群阳性率的差异非常显著（X^2=65．57，P〈0．01），健康人群流脑C群抗体的总阳性率25．00％，GMT为1：1．60，两种抗体GMT比较差异也非常显著（t=9．48．P〈0．01）。其中有3名15岁以上检测对象的C群抗体滴度≥1：32，提示可能存在C群Nm的自然感染。结论：流脑的发病率和健康人群Nm的带菌率很低，大部分人对A群流脑有免疫力，而对C群流脑的免疫力低，有必要加强A＋C群流脑疫苗的接种．同时应密切注视流脑菌群的变迁。     

Trends in predictors of death due to HIV-related causes among persons living with AIDS in New York City: 1993–2001

To examine trends in predictors of HIV-related mortality among cohorts of persons living with AIDS (PLWA) in New York City (NYC), nine calendar year-specific cohorts of PLWA were created from 1993 to 2001. Cohorts were defined as persons who had been alive at any time during that year and had been diagnosed with AIDS before the end of that year. Predictors of death because of HIV-related causes of death were assessed by examinnng year-specific, stratified death rates per 1,000 PLWA and adjusted relative risks (RRs) from proportional hazards models. We conducted an analysis of AIDS surveillance data PLWA in NYC between 1993 and 2001. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were constructed for each calendar year cohort to evaluate trends in the RR of HIV-related death over the subsequent 5 years, adjusting for sex, reace/ethnicity, age, transmission risk borough of residence, category of AIDS diagnosis [opportunistic illness (OI) or CD4 count <200 cells/μL], time since AIDS diagnosis, and CD4 count at time of AIDS diagnosis. Death rates due to all causes and HIV-related causes declined substantially during 1993–1997 and then stabilized in all subgroups of PLWA between 1998 and 2001. Beginning in 1995, differences in survival emerged in some subgroups, such that by 2001 (1) injecting drug users (IDUs) had poorer survival compared with men who have sex with men (MSM) [RR₂₀₀₁=2.1, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)=1.8–2.4]; (2) black and Hispanic PLWA had a significantly higher risk of death than white PLWA (RR₂₀₀₁=1.4, 95% CI=1.2–1.6, RR₂₀₀₁=1.2, 95% CI=1.1–1.4, respectively, and (3) PLWA aged 60 and above had poorer survival compared with younger persons (RR₂₀₀₁=2.4, 95% CI=1.9–3.0), after adjustment for other factors. The observed disparities that began to emerge in 1995 may be attributable to differential effects of, access to, or usage of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). More targeted studies are needed to determine why such disparities have emerged.     

Computer and internet use among urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes

Previous studies have identified a “digital divide” between African Americans and whites, with African Americans having substantially lower rates of Internet use. However, use of the Internet to access health information has not been sufficiently evaluated in this population. Therefore, we conducted a telephone survey to determine the prevalence of computer and Internet use among 457 African American adults with type 2 diabetes. Participants were 78% female, with a mean age of 57±11 years, and about one-third had a yearly income ≦$7,500. Forty percent of the participants reported having a computer at home and 46% reported knowing how to use a computer. Most participants (58%) reported that they had, at some point, used a computer, and of those, 40% reported that they used the computer to find health information. In a stratified analysis, participants with lower education levels (<high school) were less likely to have a computer; older participants, men, and individuals with lower education levels were less likely to know how to use a computer and to use it to search for health information (all P<.05). Nonetheless, of the participants who did not know how to use a computer, 66% reported that they would be willing to learn. In addition, 82% reported that they had friends or family in the neighborhood who would let them use a computer. Furthermore, 89% of participants reported that they would use a computer program to manage their diabetes if it were offered free of charge. These data show promise for the willingness of this under-served population to use computers and access health information using the Internet. New programs are needed to explore Internet-based interventions to improve self-management and diabetes care among African Americans.     

A vulnerable population in a time of crisis: Drug users and the attacks on the World Trade Center

In this article, we present preliminary findings from a qualitative study focused on the impact of the World Trade Center attacks on New York City residents who are current or former users of heroin, crack, and other forms of cocaine. In it, we present data describing their responses to and feelings about the attacks, changes in drug use after the attacks, and factors affecting changes in use. Our analysis is based on 57 open-ended interviews conducted between October 2001 and February 2002. The majority of study participants reported that the attacks had a significant emotional impact on them, causing anxiety, sadness, and anger. Several described practical impacts as well, including significant reductions in income. On September 11th and the weeks and months that followed, several participants who had been actively using did increase their use of heroin, crack, and/or other forms of cocaine. Reductions in use were, however, as common over time as were increases. There was some relapse among former users, but this was limited to those who had stopped using drugs within the 6 months immediately preceding the attacks. A diverse set of factors interacted to control use. For some participants, these factors were internal, relating to their individual motivations and drug use experiences. Other participants were essentially forced to limit use by marked reductions in income. For others, access to health and social service professionals, as well as drug treatment, proved to be key. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health at Montefiore Medical Center     

Absorption,metabolism and elimination of N,N-dimethylformamide in humans

Summary Excretion of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and DMF metabolites N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (MF), N-hydroxymethyl-formamide (F) and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC) has been monitored in the urine of volunteers during and after their 8-h exposure to DMF vapour at a concentration of 10, 30 and 60 mg · m^–3. The pulmonary ventilation in these experiments was typically about 101 · min^–1 and the retention in the respiratory tract was 90%. After exposure to 30 mg DMF · m^–3, the yield of compound determined in the urine represented 0.3% (DMF), 22.3% (MF), 13.2% (F) and 13.4% (AMCC) of the dose absorbed via the respiratory tract. The excretion curves of the particular compounds attained their maximum 6–8h (DMF), 6–8h (MF), 8–14h (F) and 24–34h (AMCC) after the start of the exposure. The half-times of excretion were approximately 2, 4, 7 and 23 h respectively. In contrast to slow elimination of AMCC after exposure to DMF, AMCC was eliminated rapidly after AMCC intake. This discrepancy could be explained by rate-limiting reversible protein binding of a reactive metabolic intermediate of DMF, possibly methylisocyanate.     

Antimicrobial antibodies in Danish slaughterhouse workers and greenhouse workers

Summary As a consequence of contact with animals and animal products slaughterhouse workers might be at risk of infection with pathogenic microorganisms. This hypothesis has been supported by some earlier studies. In this study 217 slaughtermen and a control group of 113 greenhouse workers were investigated for the prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Campylobacter jejuni (IgA and IgG), Yersinia enterocolitica types 3 and 9, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis types I, II, III, IV, and V, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Borrelia burgdorferi. No significant differences were found concerning either frequency of positive tests or magnitude of titers. The prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies was remarkably high in both groups.     

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to<Emphasis Type="Italic"> N</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-dimethylformamide in synthetic leather manufacturing factories in Korea

Objectives To investigate the relationship between N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exposure and excretion of urinary N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC) and N-methylformamide (NMF) in workers at synthetic leather manufacturing factories in Korea, for the first time.Methods One-hundred forty-four male workers at nine synthetic leather manufacturing factories were surveyed. Exposure to DMF was evaluated through breathing zone air sampling followed by analysis via a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The levels of NMF and AMCC were determined by a GC with a flame thermionic detector (GC-FTD). Urine samples were collected at the end of the workshift.Results and Conclusions Geometric mean of workplace air DMF and urinary NMF was 8.8 ppm and 47.5 mg/l, respectively, and the level of DMF and NMF was significantly correlated. The biological exposure limit for NMF (15 mg/ml) was exceeded in 89.5% of urine samples, and 37.9% of air samples exceeded the environmental DMF exposure limit (10 ppm), indicating a serious health risk to the employees of the synthetic leather industry in Korea. Exposure to 10 ppm DMF in the workplace air corresponded to a urinary NMF concentration of 53.4 mg/l. Alcohol intake the day before urine was sampled influenced NMF excretion into urine (40.5 mg/l NMF for the no-alcohol group and 94.6 mg/l for the group consuming more than 63.0 g alcohol/day). We could not find a significant relationship between air DMF and urinary AMCC concentration. Exposure to 10 ppm DMF corresponded to an AMCC concentration of 8.0 mg/l in the urine samples collected on the same day as the air was sampled.     

我国几种非嗜肺军团菌感染的血清流行病学研究

本文报告了1986年对我国五个地区994名健康成人、373名儿童和100例肺炎病人进行三种军团菌抗体检测的结果。健康成人抗体阳性率(≥1:16)Lm为9.26%,Ld为9.05%,Lg为3.32%。儿童Lm为5.36%,Ld为2.14%,Lg为3.75%。肺炎病人抗体阳性率以Ld最高(44%),Lm次之(23%),Lg均阴性。提示我国南方和北方地区人群中均存在这三种军团菌感染的可能性,应予以注意。     

Clinical and laboratory evidence of the importance of the tick D. marginatus as a vector of B. burgdorferi in some areas of sporadic Lyme disease in Bulgaria

56 adult ticks D. marginatus and 38 adult ticks H. punctata were sampled by the flagging method, transferred to the laboratory, dissected and tested for infection with Lyme disease spirochetes. 3 (7.9%) of the adult H. punctata and 2 (3.57%) of the adult D. marginatus were infected with B. burgdorferi (Bb). This report also presents the case of a patient, who developed Lyme disease symptoms after he had been bitten by a D. marginatus tick. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by serological testing and by a biopsy, taken from the patient's skin lesion. The skin biopsy was examined under an electron microscope and Bb was found in the sections of the deeper strata of the dermis in two structural forms: (a) cylindrical bodies (protoplasm cylinder) with circular ends covered with a three-layered membrane; (b) granules, situated among the collagenous fibres either closely adhered to them or covered with a membrane. The result of the study demonstrates that in single cases in some ecosystems, ticks D. marginatus might be implicated in Bb transmission to humans as secondary vectors.     

成人灰色小克银汉霉侵袭性毛霉菌病1例并文献复习

目的 探讨灰色小克银汉霉感染导致成人毛霉菌病患者的临床特点及诊治方案。方法 总结某院血液内科收治的1例灰色小克银汉霉感染致成人侵袭性毛霉菌病患者的临床诊疗过程,并检索数据库相关文献进行复习。结果 患者男性,54岁,因“反复乏力1年余,加重伴发热1周”入院,肺组织病理检查可见宽大、不规则、无分隔的菌丝,形态学鉴定为毛霉菌,肺泡灌洗液及外周血宏基因组二代测序(mNGS)检测示灰色小克银汉霉,诊断为灰色小克银汉霉感染致侵袭性毛霉菌病,给予脂质体两性霉素B联合泊沙康唑、卡泊芬净治疗后感染获得控制。检索出符合条件的文献37篇,加上本病例,共纳入44例患者,其中男性26例,女性18例,中位年龄52.5(18～79)岁;基础疾病主要为血液系统疾病(65.9%,29例),进行造血干细胞或实体器官移植者14例;最常见的侵犯部位为肺、脑及皮肤,分别为36、9、9例;组织病理学、真菌培养、直接镜检及分子学检测阳性者分别为28、37、29、17例。41例患者接受了抗真菌治疗,其中8例联合手术治疗;30例死亡,病死率为68.2%,抗真菌治疗联合手术者生存率(62.5%,5/8)高于单独抗真菌治疗者(24.2%,...     

DNA relatedness,karyotyping and gene probing of Candida tropicalis,Candida albicans and its synonyms Candida stellatoidea and Candida Claussenii

Isolates of Candida albicans with varied phenotypes, including sucrose-negative variants (C. stellatoidea, serotypes A and B) and avirulent germ tube-negative forms (C. claussenii) showed significant (> 90%) DNA relatedness to classical C. albicans, but insignificant relatedness to C. tropicalis and sucrose-negative C. tropicalis. A transverse alternating-field gel electrophoresis procedure (TAFE) showed discrete karyotype patterns among the phenotypic variants of C. albicans including the sucrose-negative C. stellatoidea. The number of chromosome-sized DNA bands for C. tropicalis (7 bands) were within the range of bands observed for C. albicans (5 to 10 bands). The general DNA-migration pattern for C. albicans appeared distinct from that of C. tropicalis. An aspartyl proteinase (PrA) gene probe from C. albicans hybridized with chromosomal DNA from C. albicans, C. claussenii and C. stellatoidea but not with that from C. tropicalis.