腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科的应用(附187例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科的应用。方法:回顾分析2002年1月至2008年12月我院用腹腔镜手术治疗187例泌尿系疾病患者的临床资料。肾囊肿去顶减压术90例,肾上腺肿瘤或肾上腺切除术37例,输尿管切开取石术16例,肾肿瘤根治术2例,单纯肾切除术18例,肾盂肿瘤根治术3例,肾肿瘤剜除术1例,肾盂-输尿管成形术5例,前列腺癌根治术2例,全膀胱切除术1例,精索内静脉高位结扎术11例,肾周积液清除术1例。结果:183例手术成功,4例中转开放手术。手术时间0.5~6.5h,平均2.5h。术中及术后均未输血,术后无严重并发症发生。术后住院2~18d,平均5.6d。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿系疾病安全,具有患者创伤小,术后康复快、住院时间短等优点。     

腹腔镜泌尿外科手术326例临床经验总结

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿外科疾病的临床疗效并总结经验.方法 总结2006年3月至2010年8月期间采用腹腔镜手术治疗326例泌尿外科疾病的临床资料.其中精索静脉高位结扎术148例、肾囊肿去顶减压术45例、输尿管切开取石术72例、鞘状突高位结扎术15例、肾蒂淋巴管结扎术7例、肾切除术10例、离断性肾盂成形术10例、肾上腺肿瘤切除术10例、肾癌根治术6例、隐睾下降固定术2例、巨输尿管成形术1例.结果 322例手术获成功,4例中转开放手术.手术时间12-270 min.术中出血量2~500ml,术后住院时间2~11 d.未发生严重并发症.结论 腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿外科疾病具有微创,并发症少、术后恢复快、住院时间短等优势,疗效满意,应用价值高.     

后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附7例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技巧。方法:用后腹腔镜辅助小切口为7例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌4例,输尿管癌3例。结果:7例手术均获成功,手术时间90~120min,平均108min,术中出血50~150ml,平均80ml。术后平均住院10d,无严重并发症发生。随访4~33个月,无肿瘤复发。结论:采用后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有患者创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、并发症少、切除更完全等优点。     

后腹腔镜手术在小儿泌尿外科疾病中的应用

目的总结后腹腔镜手术治疗小儿泌尿外科疾病的经验。方法2004年3月至2006年4月共完成后腹腔镜小儿泌尿外科手术48例,包括肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄28例、肾发育不良3例、肾囊肿3例、肾上腺节细胞神经瘤8例、输尿管息肉3例、输尿管结石2例、肾上腺皮质增生症1例。其中男32例,女16例,平均年龄7岁。结果48例手术均获成功。平均手术时间:离断性肾盂成形术95 min、发育不良肾切除术45 min、肾囊肿去顶术42 min、肾上腺节细胞神经瘤切除术51 min、输尿管息肉切除术70 min、输尿管切开取石术60 min。平均术中出血量18 ml。术中无脏器损伤及气体栓塞等严重并发症。术后平均住院时间8 d。输尿管取石术后出现尿路感染1例,离断性肾盂成形术后吻合口狭窄和术后漏尿各1例,相应处理后均痊愈。平均随访时间6(1～24)个月,患者症状消失或好转,未见原发病复发。结论小儿后腹腔镜手术安全可行,具有切口小、出血少、损伤轻、术后恢复快和并发症少等优点,值得临床进一步推广使用。     

改良自制水囊在泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的介绍一种安全、实用、快捷建立后腹腔操作空间的方法。方法用无菌手套的中指自制成水囊,以一根5mm直径、10cm长中空金属管,一端固定指套,另一端套上16F红色尿管,可容纳350ml生理盐水,在后腹腔镜手术中建立后腹膜空间。结果成功开展了单纯肾切除126例、肾盂,输尿管切开取石112例、肾囊肿去顶减压术103例,肾肿瘤根治术15例。肾部分切除31例,重复肾输尿管切除术3例,肾盂肿瘤根治术8例,肾盂输尿管成型术11例,肾上腺肿瘤或肾上腺切除术5例共414例后腹腔镜泌尿外科手术。仅一例因手套破裂引起失败,成功率为99.8％。结论自制水囊安全有效,可建立良好的后腹腔空间,避免了在盲视下穿刺损伤组织器官的危险,为后腹腔镜手术的开展进行提供了良好的基础。     

腹膜后腹腔镜治疗泌尿外科疾病（附175例报告）

目的探讨腹膜后腹腔镜在治疗肾上腺、肾脏及输尿管疾病中的临床效果。方法采用腹膜后间隙小切口建立手术空间和通道的方法，对175例肾上腺疾病、肾脏良性肿瘤、肾囊性疾病、输尿管上段结石及肾盂输尿管畸形患者行腹膜后腹腔镜手术。结果166例获得成功，中转开放手术9例，无输血、无严重并发症发生，疗效满意。结论腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术、肾脏切除术、肾肿瘤剜除术、肾囊肿去顶术、输尿管切开取石术及肾盂输尿管成形术具有创伤小、出血少、并发症少等优点，临床疗效可靠，实用性较强。     

县级医院泌尿外科腹腔镜手术1000例报道

目的总结基层医院泌尿外科开展腹腔镜手术技巧和经验教训。方法回顾分析2003年4月至2011年4月8年来采用后腹腔镜手术的治疗泌尿外科疾病1000例患者的临床资料。其中肾上腺肿瘤手术43例;肾盂、输尿管切开取石366例,乳糜尿肾蒂淋巴管剥脱术227例,单纯性肾切除73例,肾癌根治性肾切除28例,肾盂癌根治术8例,小肾肿瘤剜除术13例,重复肾切除术6例,肾盂成形术18例,肾囊肿去顶减压术205例,肾盏憩室2例;腔静脉后输尿管成形术4例;腹膜后肿瘤切除术7例（淋巴管囊肿2例、腰大肌腱鞘囊肿1例、异位嗜铬细胞瘤2例、肾门脂肪瘤1例、腹膜后苗勒管囊肿1例）。结果手术成功983例,转开放手术17例。无大出血病例,手术主要并发症有复发、漏尿、双J管异位、结石残留。CO2血症酸中毒昏迷1例。结论基层医院广泛开展泌尿外科腹腔镜手术是安全有效可行的。只有经过大量手术经验的积累,才能更加体现腹腔镜手术痛苦小、恢复快等微创优势。     

泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术500例临床分析

目的:总结泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术经验,提高其临床应用水平。方法:2001年9月至2006年11月为500例患者施行泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术,其中男293例,女207例,9~76岁,平均44.6岁;其中肾上腺手术176例,肾囊肿去顶减压术75例,肾盂切开取石术10例,单纯肾切除术26例,根治性肾切除术31例,肾部分切除术2例,肾输尿管全切术18例,肾蒂淋巴管结扎术9例,输尿管切开取石术9例,输尿管成形术11例,精索静脉高位结扎术133例。并对15例后腹腔镜肾切除术与18例开放式肾切除术进行比较。结果:484例(96.8%)完成手术,其中1例因大出血于手术次日行开放手术;术中膈肌穿孔1例,术后切口感染6例,无大血管破裂、腹腔内脏器损伤、死亡等并发症发生;中转开放手术16例。肾切除手术中,后腹腔镜组的术中出血量及术后患者康复时间少于开放组。结论:后腹腔镜手术适于治疗肾上腺、肾、输尿管及精索静脉疾病,具有患者创伤小、安全、术后康复快等优点,可作为有适应证患者的首选手术方法。     

腹膜后腹腔镜手术在泌尿外科重建手术中的应用（附258例报告）

目的：评价腹膜后腹腔镜手术用于泌尿外科重建手术的疗效、安全性,并总结治疗体会。方法：应用腹膜后腹腔镜手术行肾部分切除术54例,肾固定术26例,肾盂切开取石术12例,肾盂成形术82例,输尿管切开取石术84例。结果：254例成功,4例中转开放手术。手术时间30~150min,平均80min,术中出血20~400ml,平均150ml。术后住院4~23d,平均14d。无严重并发症发生。结论：腹膜后腹腔镜重建手术治疗泌尿外科疾病安全、有效,患者创伤小,痛苦轻,术后康复快。     

3D腹腔镜系统在泌尿外科手术中的应用体会

目的:探讨3D腹腔镜系统在泌尿外科手术中的应用。方法:回顾性分析2013年11月15~29日进行的3D腹腔镜手术6例患者的临床资料,包括前列腺癌根治性切除术2例,肾部分切除术1例,肾癌根治术1例,肾上腺部分切除术1例,输尿管癌根治术1例。统计分析其手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后拔管时间以及术后住院天数等数据。结果:6例患者手术均获得成功。手术时间80~180min,其中2例前列腺癌根治术手术时间分别为148min和180min,出血量分别为210ml和350ml。肾部分切除术手术时间为90min,出血量50ml。肾癌根治术手术时间为115min,出血量20ml。肾上腺部分切除术手术时间为80min,出血量15ml。左输尿管癌根治术手术时间为128min,出血量90ml。患者术后1~2天恢复胃肠道功能,随访1个月无明显并发症。结论:3D腹腔镜系统较传统腹腔镜技术视野更清晰,立体效果更强,在术中提供了良好的解剖层次,降低了手术难度,从手术时间及出血量方面均优于传统的2D腹腔镜,且不增加手术费用,有应用推广前景。     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma--transperitoneal anterior approach

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of transperitoneal anterior approach in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for patients with renal cell carcinoma. MATERIAL: Ten patients (Eight males and two females) with small renal cell carcinoma less than 7 cm in diameter were treated with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy between June 1997 and May 1999. Clinical stage was T1aN0M0 in 6 cases and T1bN0M0 in 4 cases. METHOD: Of the 10 patients, the initial four received preoperative embolization of the renal artery. Under general anesthesia laparoscopic radical nephrectomy via transperitoneal anterior approach was performed in all patients. This procedure facilitates initiated early access to the renal vessels as does open radical nephrectomy. The kidney was dissected en bloc with Gerota's fascia and delivered from the small skin incision without morcellation. RESULT: Two patients needed conversion to open surgery. The mean operating time of eight patients except for conversion cases was 247 minutes and the mean blood loss was 258 ml. There was no major complication associated with laparoscopic procedure. CONCLUSION: Transperitoneal anterior approach in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a suitable and useful procedure for the treatment of small renal cell carcinoma because it enables us to avoid possible tumor manipulation by early access to the renal vessels as open radical nephrectomy.     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术与开放手术临床疗效的对比研究

目的 评价经腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术和开放式肾癌根治术的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析30例后腹腔镜肾癌根治性手术（A组）及42例开放肾癌根治性手术患者（B组）的临床资料。结果 两组手术均获成功。与B组相比,A组术中出血量少(p＜0.05)。A组平均手术时间较B组手术时间长,但二者之间差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05)。A组在...     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治术中肾血管变异的22例处理体会

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术中肾血管变异的处理方法与注意事项。方法 2004年11月至2010年11月共收治63例肾癌患者,均行后腹腔镜肾癌根治术,其中22例分别于术前影像资料及术中发现存在肾血管变异。结果 22例患者行后腹腔镜肾癌根治术成功。其中2例腔静脉破裂出血,1例上极副肾动脉出血,采用腔镜下或手辅助缝合或结扎止血成功。手术时间平均93.4min。术中出血量平均84ml。结论后腹腔镜肾癌根治术中仔细分离,认真判断,冷静处理所发现的肾血管变异,多可以顺利完成手术。     

后腹腔镜肾切除术23例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾切除术的可行性及临床应用价值。方法2005年7月～2009年2月行后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术16例,肾盂癌根治性切除术3例,结核肾切除2例,萎缩肾切除2例。结果23例均获成功,无中转开放者。手术时间100～240min,平均（130±11）min;出血量40-200mL,平均（100±10）mL;术后住院时间4～7d,平均6．5d;术中及术后无明显并发症。术后病检报告：肾透明细胞癌16例,肾盂移行细胞癌3例。随访2～28个月,未见肿瘤复发及穿刺通道的种植转移。单纯肾切除亦无其他并发症。结论后腹腔镜肾切除术安全可行、疗效肯定。     

Correlation of preoperative three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography with intraoperative findings in laparoscopic renal surgery

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (3D-MRA) with image reconstruction has important applications in laparoscopic urologic surgery. We now use 3D-MRA as part of our preoperative evaluation in selected patients undergoing laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, pyeloplasty, radical nephrectomy, and partial nephrectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 2001 to December 2002, 50 patients underwent preoperative 3D-MRA at 1.5 T prior to laparoscopic renal surgery. In general, preoperative 3D-MRA was obtained for donor nephrectomies and pyeloplasties and for cases where prior imaging suggested a possible vascular anomaly. Patients who underwent preoperative imaging included those having donor nephrectomy (N = 28), pyeloplasty (N = 12), radical nephrectomy (N = 5), partial nephrectomy (N = 3), and other laparoscopic renal procedures (N = 2). The 3D-MRA studies were interpreted by one radiologist, and all laparoscopic cases were performed by one of two surgeons. The findings of 3D-MRA were correlated with the intraoperative findings with special attention to aberrant vasculature, including duplicated renal arteries or veins, accessory vessels, or crossing vessels. RESULTS: Among patients undergoing laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, 3D-MRA correctly predicted the number of renal vessels in 27 of 28 cases (96%), including all 3 cases of left retroaortic renal vein. Also, 3DMRA correctly predicted the presence or absence of a crossing vessel in 10 of 12 cases (83%) of laparoscopic pyeloplasty. The imaging study also correctly predicted the number of hilar vessels in all five cases of radical nephrectomy, all three cases of partial nephrectomy, and both cases of other renal operations. Overall, 3D-MRA correctly defined the renal hilar anatomy in 48 of 50 patients, for an overall accuracy of 96%. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional MRA findings correlate well (96%) with intraoperative findings in laparoscopic renal surgery. The imaging study provides exquisite vascular detail and is highly accurate, making it sufficient imaging prior to laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and useful for pyeloplasty and other complex renal operations.     

后腹腔镜下与开放性肾癌根治术治疗局限性肾癌的比较

目的对比腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术与开放性肾癌根治术治疗局限性肾癌的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2010年1月至2013年6月我院收治的局限性肾癌患者65例,其中行后腹腔镜下肾癌根治术35例,开放性肾癌根治术30例,比较两组的一般临床资料和疗效指标的差别。结果两组患者的年龄、BMI、肿瘤位置、肿瘤大小、手术时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而手术出血量、术后拔除引流管时间、术后下床活动时间、术后住院时间等方面后腹腔镜下手术优于开放性手术,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论与开放肾癌根治术相比,后腹腔镜下肾癌根治术具有出血少、术后恢复快的优点,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,可作为局限性肾癌的首选治疗方法。     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术的疗效分析

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析为80例肾癌患者行根治性肾切除术的临床资料,其中42例行腹膜后腹腔镜手术(腔镜组),38例行常规开放性肾癌根治性切除术(开放组)。对比分析两组患者术中、术后情况,临床疗效及并发症等。结果:两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后下床活动时间、住院时间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组术后2例发生并发症,开放组8例发生并发症,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后随访6～12个月,两组均无复发、穿刺通道的种植及远处转移。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗肾癌疗效显著,并发症少,术后患者康复快,值得推广应用。     

腹腔镜下上尿路解剖与腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术

目的:分析腹腔镜下上尿路解剖特点与腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术临床效果的关系,并探讨腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术的手术技巧。方法:我院收治63例局限性肾癌患者,其中左侧35例,右侧28例;肿瘤最大径1.5～8.2cm,平均3.6cm;所有患者均根据上尿路解剖特点完成腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术,常规建立腹膜后腔,腹腔镜下在无血管区游离肾脏后内侧,找到输尿管并向上游离肾蒂,Hem-O-lock结扎肾血管并剪断,在肾筋膜前间隙充分游离肾脏。结果:所有手术均获成功,无中转开放手术,术中无明显并发症发生。手术时间35～90min,平均48min;出血20～150ml,平均40ml;术后3～7d出院。62例患者术后随访5～34个月,其中1例出现腹膜后淋巴结转移,余经B超及胸片检查未见局部复发或远处转移。结论:根据腹腔镜下上尿路解剖特点,选择无血管平面入路解剖肾周间隙,并采用相应的手术技巧处理肾蒂行腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术能有效减少术中出血,降低并发症的发生率。     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer with level I renal vein involvement

PURPOSE: Venous involvement develops in 5% to 10% of patients with renal cell carcinoma and is generally considered a relative contraindication to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. To our knowledge we report the initial clinical series of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma associated with level I renal vein thrombus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At our 2 institutions 8 patients each underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for level I microscopic renal vein thrombus (group 1) and level I gross thrombus (group 2). In all 8 group 2 patients the level I thrombus was preoperatively diagnosed by computerized tomography. Mean renal tumor size in groups 1 and 2 was 7.8 and 12.4 cm., respectively. After controlling the renal artery the renal vein was secured by firing an endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler on its collapsed, uninvolved proximal part adjacent to the vena cava. Intraoperative, postoperative and pathological parameters were assessed in the 2 groups. RESULTS: In group 1 laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was technically successful in all 8 patients. Mean operative time was 3.1 hours, mean estimated blood loss was 382 cc and mean hospital stay was 1.9 days. In 1 patient each a soft tissue and a vascular margin was positive for cancer. At a mean follow up of 19.5 months (range 2 to 36) metastatic disease occurred in 3 cases (38%). In group 2 laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was technically successful in 7 cases with open conversion in 1. Mean operative time was 3.3 hours, mean estimated blood loss was 354 cc and mean hospital stay was 2.3 days. Surgical soft tissue and the renal vein vascular margin of the transected vein were negative for cancer in all 8 cases. At a mean followup of 9.4 months (range 5 to 16) pulmonary metastasis developed in 1 patient (13%). CONCLUSIONS: Although it is an advanced procedure, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in patients with level I renal vein thrombus is feasible, safe and follows established oncological principles.