寨卡病毒病疫情及防控对策

世界卫生组织已将目前的寨卡病毒病疫情列为全球紧急公共卫生事件,我国已报告多例寨卡病毒病输入性病例。为加强我国寨卡病毒病的防控工作,本文介绍了寨卡病毒病的病原学和临床学特征、流行病学特征和疫情分布情况,分析了寨卡病毒病疫情对我国的威胁,提出我国应对寨卡病毒病疫情的预防与控制措施。     

寨卡病毒病流行病学概述

寨卡病毒病是一种由寨卡病毒引起的,主要通过伊蚊传播的新发急性病毒性传染病,尚无疫苗和特异性治疗药物。为了加强对寨卡病毒病流行病学特征的了解,本文通过Medline数据库检索寨卡病毒病相关信息,结合相关政府部门、国际卫生组织报告等资料对寨卡病毒病流行病学特征进行综述。目前,该病主要在美洲地区流行,呈快速蔓延之势,34个国家存在病毒本地传播,多个国家报告输入病例。该病临床表现通常较轻,死亡罕见,部分病例可出现神经系统综合征,婴儿出生缺陷等较严重的后果,引起国际社会广泛关注,中国存在因输入病例引发的疫情局部扩散的风险。但该病是一种可防可控的传染病,只要各项策略和措施落实到位,就能够有效控制疫情扩散。     

寨卡病毒病是蚊子惹的祸

正寨卡病毒病是何方妖孽寨卡病毒病是由寨卡病毒引起的一种病毒性疾病,患者主要通过蚊子叮咬而感染寨卡病毒。1947年寨卡病毒首次在乌干达恒河猴中被发现。2015年在西太平洋、美洲和非洲报告发生了相关病例和疫情。随着与相关国家或地区人员往来的日益密切,我国不可避免的存在寨卡病毒病输入风险,当夏季来临之时,伊蚊     

专家述评

正《2016年美国佛罗里达州旅行相关寨卡病毒感染患者的尿液、血清和唾液标本中寨卡病毒RNA检测结果的对比分析》一文报道了美国佛罗里达旅行相关寨卡病毒病病例不同类型标本检测结果的比较,在913例患者中,91例符合寨卡病毒病确诊病例或疑似病例标准,发病都与旅游相关。尿液标本来自70例疑似病例,采集日期在发病当     

中国大陆首例输入性寨卡病毒病病例调查分析

目的 分析2016年2月9日中国大陆首例确诊寨卡病毒病病例的流行病学特征,为防控寨卡病毒病提供参考依据。方法 对中国大陆首例确诊寨卡病毒病病例进行流行病学调查并临床观察病例同行者与接触者。采集病例血清、尿液等标本,应用荧光定量RT-PCR进行核酸检测。结果 该病例确诊为寨卡病毒病,于第18病日解除隔离、痊愈出院。病例第10病日血清标本和第11~13病日尿液标本检测均为寨卡病毒核酸阳性。该病例系江西省赣县籍外派工作回国人员,发病前在寨卡病毒流行地区有蚊虫叮咬史,同行者与接触者医学观察期内均未出现寨卡病毒病症状。结论 该病例为中国大陆首例寨卡病毒感染确诊病例,系境外输入性病例,感染来源与在寨卡疫源地委内瑞拉蚊虫叮咬有关。     

河南省首例输入性寨卡病毒病流行病学调查

描述河南省首例输入性寨卡病毒病的发病就诊过程和流行病学特征,为防控寨卡病毒病提供工作经验和参考依据。对患者进行流行病学调查和临床诊治,同时收集血液、唾液、尿液样本进行寨卡病毒核酸检测。结果显示,该患者为河南省首例输入性寨卡病毒病确诊患者,其在寨卡病毒病疫源地危地马拉感染。该患者体温最高38.5℃,有咽痛,伴有全身麻疹样皮疹,无关节、肌肉痛,无腹痛、腹泻,睑结膜无充血。实验室检测结果显示,血液、唾液、尿液样本病毒核酸阳性并持续一段时间。对此患者的流行病学调查、实验室检测和疫情处置措施进行回顾总结,能够为河南省寨卡病毒防控工作提供经验。     

中国大陆24例输入性寨卡病毒病病例的流行病学分析

目的了解中国大陆输入性寨卡病毒病病例的流行病学特点和发现特点,为寨卡病毒病的防控提供参考依据。方法收集2016年2-9月发现的输入性寨卡病毒病病例的公开信息,分析其三间分布和发现方式。结果共发现24例输入性寨卡病毒病病例,男性15例,女性9例;病例中来自委内瑞拉16例、玻利维亚1例、苏里南2例、萨摩亚3例、危地马拉2例;50.0%为口岸卫生检疫发现,16.7%为疾控部门健康随访发现,33.3%为医疗机构诊察发现。结论口岸卫生检疫、地方疾控部门健康随访、医疗机构诊察构成我国输入性寨卡病毒病防控的"三道防线",加强联防联控是输入性寨卡病毒病防控的核心策略之一。     

寨卡病毒的传播媒介——蚊子

正寨卡病毒病是由寨卡病毒引起的一种病毒性疾病,患者主要通过蚊子叮咬而感染寨卡病毒。2013年前仅在非洲、东南亚、太平洋岛国有散发病例报告,2015年在西太平洋、美洲和非洲发生了相关病例和疫情。随着与相关国家或地区人员往来的日益密切,我国不可避免地存在寨卡病毒输入风险。当夏季来临之时,伊蚊的密度增加,存在局部地区发生寨卡病毒本地传播扩散的可能,必须引起高度重视。     

寨卡病毒病诊疗方案（2016年第1版）

寨卡（Zika）病毒病是由寨卡病毒引起的一种自限性急性传染病，主要通过埃及伊蚊叮咬传播。临床特征主要为发热、皮疹、关节痛或结膜炎，极少引起死亡。 WHO认为，新生儿小头畸形、格林-巴利综合征可能与寨卡病毒感染有关。     

寨卡病毒病的危害及防控

近年的寨卡病毒病疫情波及全球40多个国家和地区,2016年2月,世界卫生组织将其定为"国际关注的突发公共卫生事件",并指定紧急研究和发展计划。本文着重阐述了寨卡病毒的发现、寨卡病毒的传播途径、寨卡病毒病疫情发展及医学危害,以及口岸防控建议。     

Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State.

A study of Zika virus infections was carried out in four communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Virus isolation studies between 1971 and 1975 yielded two virus isolations from human cases of mild febrile illness. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests revealed a high prevalence of antibodies to Zika and three other flaviviruses used. The percentages of positive sera were as follows: Zika (31%), Yellow fever (50%), West Nile (46%), and Wesselsbron (59%). Neutralization tests showed that 40% of Nigerians had Zika virus neutralizing antibody. Fifty per cent of zika virus immune persons had neutralizing antibody to Zika alone or to Zika and one other flavivirus. A total of 121 sera had antibody to Zika virus; of these 48 (40%) also showed antibody to two other flaviviruses, and 12 (10%) had antibodies to three or more other viruses. The percentage of neutralizing antibodies to other flaviviruses in Zika virus immune sera was 81% to Dengue type 1, 58% to Yellow fever, 7% to Wesselsbron, 6% to West Nile and 3% to Uganda S.     

Perceptions of Zika Virus Prevention Among College Students in Florida

Zika virus in Florida prompted a strong public health response, due to its causal association with birth defects. While primarily spread by mosquitos, Zika can be transmitted sexually. The spread of Zika may influence reproductive behaviors among sexually active persons in Florida. This study examined factors associated with willingness to change birth control method use in response to Zika virus among college women and men in Florida. Women and men ages 18–44 at a Florida university (N?=?328) were surveyed about Zika knowledge, beliefs about Zika, use of contraceptives and condoms, and socio-demographics between November 2016–April 2017. The outcome variable was willingness to change birth control method were Zika in their area. Logistic regression models in SAS 9.4 were used. Most participants were women (80%), and 47% were 20–22 years old. Only 27% of participants said they would change their birth control method if Zika were in their area. Participants who knew that Zika was sexually transmitted were more likely to be willing to change their birth control method (aOR?=?1.71, 95%CI 1.01–2.91). Participants who agreed or strongly agreed that they were fearful of being infected with Zika virus were more likely to be willing to change their birth control methods (aOR?=?1.98, 95%CI 1.07–3.67). This study found that, among Florida college students, Zika beliefs and knowledge were associated with a willingness to change birth control method in response to Zika. Understanding the factors that motivate individuals to change reproductive behaviors during an emerging health issue can help tailor preventative messages.     

Pregnant women’s attitudes toward Zika virus vaccine trial participation

IntroductionAs Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause a range of congenital anomalies, pregnant women may be a target population for vaccination in future outbreaks. Their inclusion in vaccine trials is critical to ensure safe and effective vaccines in pregnancy. Though many vaccine candidates are in development, pregnant women’s willingness to participate in Zika virus vaccine research is unknown. This study aims to describe pregnant women’s attitudes toward Zika virus vaccine research participation, as well as perceived barriers to and facilitators of enrollment.MethodsPregnant and recently postpartum women (n = 128) attending prenatal care at Massachusetts General Hospital completed surveys querying their willingness to participate in four hypothetical Zika virus vaccine trials and their motivations for participation. Demographics, information on prior Zika virus exposure, and vaccine acceptance were collected.ResultsMost women (77%) accepted participation in at least one hypothetical Zika virus vaccine trial, and women were significantly more likely to accept prospective enrollment in an inactivated vaccine trial compared to a live-attenuated vaccine trial (p-value <0.0001) or a nucleic acid-based vaccine trial (p-value <0.0444). Important motivators for participation included evidence from research with pregnant and non-pregnant people, a desire to protect the baby from Zika, perceptions of vaccine safety, and provider recommendation.ConclusionsA majority of women in this cohort were willing to participate in a Zika virus vaccine trial while pregnant, however, differences in acceptance exist between vaccine platforms. The high value placed on evidence by participants highlights the importance of gathering and communicating pregnancy-specific data to potential research participants and their providers. Women’s motivations for accepting research participation during pregnancy are important to inform the Zika virus vaccine research agenda, candidate prioritization, and trial design.     

Case Series of Laboratory-Associated Zika Virus Disease,United States, 2016–2019

Zika virus diagnostic testing and laboratory research increased considerably when Zika virus began spreading through the Americas in 2015, increasing the risk for potential Zika virus exposure of laboratory workers and biomedical researchers. We report 4 cases of laboratory-associated Zika virus disease in the United States during 2016–2019. Of these, 2 were associated with needlestick injuries; for the other 2 cases, the route of transmission was undetermined. In laboratories in which work with Zika virus is performed, good laboratory biosafety practices must be implemented and practiced to reduce the risk for infection among laboratory personnel.     

寨卡病毒病若干流行病学问题

寨卡病毒病是由寨卡病毒引起并主要通过蚊媒传播的一种病毒性疾病。2015年在美洲地区发生大规模的传播与流行,因可能与新生儿小头畸形、格林-巴利综合征有关,2016年2月被WHO列为全球紧急公共卫生事件。本文搜集期刊、在线论文及WHO文件进行综述。寨卡病毒病的传染源主要为患者、隐性感染者及非人灵长类动物等;目前该病传染期尚不明确,但通过患者血液、唾液、精液及尿液DNA检测期推断,其传染期至少可达2个月;寨卡病毒主要经虫媒传播,但也可能通过母婴、血液及性传播。目前越来越多的证据支持寨卡病毒感染与小头畸形、格林-巴利综合征,脑膜脑炎以及其他神经和自身免疫综合征之间存在因果关系,但仍需更多的研究予以证实。依靠灭蚊、防蚊可阻断绝大多数的寨卡病毒感染,但仍需采取更多的措施预防寨卡病毒通过母婴、血液及性传播。该病目前仍有一系列的流行病学问题尚待解决,亟需更多的研究以全面地了解其流行病学规律。     

Zika Virus and Zika Virus Disease

During recent months, there has been growing international public concern about the Zika virus. As scientific understanding of the Zika virus unfolds, there are still many unanswered questions. Public health officials, clinicians, and consumers alike have questions about the Zika virus and the Zika virus disease. There is a need to know where to turn for the most up-to-date and reliable online information sources. Although aspects of Zika virus disease and associated medical conditions can be frightening, information seekers may find reassurance in the following online sources to guide their understanding of risk, prevention, transmission, affected geographical areas, symptoms, and disease management.     

Zika virus knowledge,attitudes, and vaccine interest among university students

BackgroundZika virus vaccine development is underway. We examined interest in receiving a Zika virus vaccine (after one becomes commercially available) among students at a large public university in Northern Virginia.MethodsAn online survey of Zika virus-related knowledge, attitudes, and interest in receiving a Zika vaccine was completed by 619 undergraduate students in April, 2016. Stepwise logistic regression with backward elimination was used to identify the variables most strongly associated with interest in being vaccinated against Zika virus.ResultsMore than half of participants (52.8%) reported that they would be likely or very likely to be vaccinated against Zika virus. Vaccination interest was significantly higher among participants who received an influenza vaccine in the past year (p = 0.002), had higher levels of knowledge about Zika virus (p = 0.046), reported knowing where to access information about Zika virus (p = 0.041), had higher perceived susceptibility to Zika virus (p < 0.001), and believed that the U.S. Government should prioritize actions to control Zika virus (p = 0.001).ConclusionsCommunication and intervention strategies encouraging vaccine uptake may benefit from increasing knowledge of Zika virus, addressing perceived susceptibility, and reaching students, travelers, and others who may be seeking information about prevention of Zika virus and other emerging infectious diseases.